GERUNDS

EXAMPLES :
A S NOUNS  SMOKING IS BAD
 PLAYING BASKET IS REALLY FUNNY

CAN ’ T HELP
ADMIT ENJOY ( HELP = EVITAR )
PUT OFF
APPRECIATE ESCAPE IMAGINE
RESENT
AVOID EXCUSE INVOLVE
RESIST
CONSIDER FACE KEEP
RISK
CONTEMPLATE FANCY LEAVE OFF
A FTER CERTAIN VERBS SPEND
DELAY FEEL MENTION
CAN ’ T STAND SUGGEST
DENY LIKE MIND
UNDERSTAND
DETEST FINISH MISS
WASTE
DISLIKE FORGIVE POSTPONE
ENDURE GIVE UP PRACTISE

 I NTERESTED IN WORKING
 G OOD AT LEARNING
 F ED UP WITH STUDYING
 A DVANTAGES OF STUDYING
 T HE KNIFE IS ONLY GOOD FOR CUTTING BREAD
 H OW ABOUT PLAYING TENNIS TOMORROW ?
 I BOUGHT A NEW CAR INSTEAD OF GOING AWAY ON HOLIDAY
 H E PASSED THE EXAMS BY STUDYING PREVIOUSLY
A FTER PREPOSITIONS
AFTER EXPRESSIONS WITH TO ( WHEN IT IS USED AS A PREPOSITION ):

EXAMPLES :
 LOOK FORWARD TO : I LOOK FORWARD TO HEARING FROM YOU
 PREFER … TO …: H E PREFERS LEARNING MATHS TO WATCHING TV
 BE USED TO : JANE IS USED TO DRIVING ON THE RIGHT
 GET USED TO : AFTER A LOT OF PRACTICE , SHE GOT USED TO DRIVING ON THE LEFT

 I T IS NO USE CRYING
 I T ’ S NO GOOD COMPLAINING TO HIM
 I T ’ S A WASTE OF TIME GOING THERE
A FTER CERTAIN EXPRESSIONS
 I T ’ S A WASTE OF MONEY BUYING THINGS YOU DON ’ T NEED
 T HERE IS NO POINT IN HAVING A CAR IF YOU NEVER USE IT
 I T IS NOT WORTH WORRYING ABOUT

1
INFINITIVES

2
 AFFORD HOPE
AGREE LEARN
AIM MANAGE
APPEAR OFFER
ARRANGE PLAN
ATTEMPT PRETEND
CLAIM PROMISE
DECIDE REFUSE
DESERVE SEEM
1. VERB + TO
FAIL TEND
( E . G . DECIDE TO DO / FORGET TO DO , ETC .) FORGET THREATEN

EXAMPLES :

 IT WAS LATE , SO WE DECIDED TO TAKE A TAXI HOME

 I AGREED TO LEND HIM SOME MONEY
 THEY SEEM TO HAVE PLENTY OF MONEY
 I LIKE GEORGE BUT I THINK HE TENDS TO TALK TOO MUCH
 ANNE PRETENDED NOT TO SEE ME AS SHE PASSED ME IN THE STREET

ADVISE

ENABLE

FORCE

GET (= PERSUADE , ARRANGE FOR ) EXAMPLES :

INVITE

ORDER  CAN YOU REMIND ME TO PHONE ANN TOMORROW ?

PERSUADE  PETER TAUGHT ME TO DRIVE

REMIND  I COULDN ’ T WRITE THE LETTER . I GOT SOMEBODY TO HELP ME

TEACH

TELL
2. AFTER VERB + OBJECT
WARN

ALSO WITHOUT OBJECT :

ASK EXAMPLES :
BEG
EXPECT
HELP  WE EXPECTED TOM TO BE LATE or WE EXPECTED TO BE LATE
MEAN (= INTEND )
 WOULD YOU LIKE ME TO GO NOW ? or WOULD YOU LIKE TO GO NOW ?
WANT
WARN  HE DOESN ’ T WANT ANNE TO KNOW or HE DOESN ’ T WANT TO KNOW
WOLD KIKE
WOULD HATE

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 WOULD LOVE
WOULD PREFER

3. AFTER THE FOLLOWING EXPRESSIONS :

ASK
DECIDE
KNOW HOW TO
REMEMBER WHERE TO
+ INFINITIVE
FORGET WHETHER TO
EXPLAIN WHAT TO
LEARN
UNDERSTAND
WONDER

E XAMPLES :
 W E ASKED HOW TO GET TO THE STATION
 I DON ’ T KNOW WHETHER TO APPLY FOR THE JOB OR NOT

 ( NOT ) ADJECTIVE / ADVERB + ENOUGH + INFINITIVE . EXAMPLE : I ’ M NOT TALL ENOUGH TO REACH THE TOP SHELF
 ENOUGH + NOUN + INFINITIVE . EXAMPLE : I HAVE ENOUGH MONEY TO BUY A CAR
 WITH THE SAME SUBJECT : TOO + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB + INFINITIVE . EXAMPLE : I ’ M TOO SHORT TO REACH THE TOP SHELF .
4. AFTER TOO / ENOUGH
 WITH A DIFFERENT SUBJECT : TOO + ADJECTIVE / ADVERB + FOR SUBJECT + INFINITIVE
EXAMPLE : THAT SHELF IS TOO HIGH FOR TOBY TO REACH ( NOTE : THE SUBJECT OF THE MAIN VERB , THAT SHELF , IS ALSO THE
OBJECT OF THE INFINITIVE , IT . WE HAVE TO TAKE THE WORD IT OUT OF THE SENTENCE )

 AFTER MODAL VERBS . EXAMPLE : IT MAY RAIN or I WOULD GO

 AFTER WOULD RATHER AND HAD BETTER
5. INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO EXAMPLE : I ’ D RATHER HAVE A CUP OF TEA or YOU ’ D BETTER CLEAN UP THIS MESS BEFORE MUM GETS BACK

 VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO : FEEL , HEAR , HELP , LET , LISTEN , MAKE , NOTICE , SEE , TASTE , WATCH
EXAMPLE : HOT WEATHER MAKES ME FEEL TIRED or LET ME CARRY YOUR BAG FOR YOU

VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUNDS OR INFINITIVES

1. WITH THE SAME MEANING BEGIN

BOTHER
CAN ’ T BEAR
CONTINUE
LIKE , LOVE , HATE , PREFER
START

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 EXAMPLES :
I LIKE WATCHING THE LATE NIGHT SHOW
I LIKE TO WATCH THE LATE NIGHT SHOW

EXAMPLES :
ADVISE
NEED
ALLOW
 I NEED TO DO SOMETHING (= IT IS NECESSARY FOR ME TO DO IT ). E . G . I NEED TO STUDY SO AS TO PASS
FORBID
THE EXAM .
FORGET
 SOMETHING NEEDS DOING (= SOMETHING NEEDS TO BE DONE ). E . G . THE BATTERIES IN THE RADIO NEED
GO ON
CHANGING (= THEY NEED TO BE CHANGED )
HELP
REMEMBER
MEAN
2. WITH DIFFERENT  YOU REMEMBER DOING SOMETHING AFTER YOU HAVE DONE IT . E . G . I’ M ABSOLUTELY SURE I LOCKED THE
NEED
MEANING DOOR . I CLEARLY REMEMBER LOCKING IT . (= I LOCKED IT , AND NOW I REMEMBER THIS )
PERMIT
 YOU REMEMBER TO DO SOMETHING BEFORE YOU DO IT .
RECOMMEN
E . G . PLEASE REMEMBER TO POST THE LETTER (= DON ’ T POST IT )
D
TRY
REGRET
 TRY TO DO (= ATTEMPT TO DO , MAKE AN EFFORT TO DO ). E. G . I WAS VERY TIRED . I TRIED TO KEEP MY
REMEMBER
EYES OPEN BUT I COULDN ’ T .
STOP
 TRY DOING (= DO SOMETHING AS A AN EXPERIMENT , “ PROBAR ”). E. G . THE PHOTOCOPIER DOESN ’ T SEEM TO
TRY
BE WORKING . TRY PRESSING THE GREEN BUTTON .

ADVISE
1. VERB + GERUND
ALLOW
 I WOULDN ’ T RECOMMEND STAYING IN THAT HOTEL
ENCOURAGE
3. OTHERS ( TWO  SHE DOESN ’ T ALLOW SMOKING IN THE HOUSE
FORBID
STRUCTURES ) PERMIT
2. VERB + OBJECT + INFINITIVE
RECOMMEN
 I WOULDN ’ T RECOMMEND YOU TO STAY IN THAT HOTEL
D
 SHE DOESN ’ T ALLOW US TO SMOKE IN THE HOUSE

VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO OR GERUND

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 1. VERB + OBTECT + INFINITIVE ( SEE IT HAPPEN )
E . G . WE SAW LOUISE PLANT THE TREE ( LOUISE PLANTED THE TREE . WE SAW HER DO THE WHOLE JOB
AFTER THE VERBS :
E . G . THE REPORTERS WATCHED THE PLAYERS TRAIN IN THE GYM ( THEY WATCHED ALL THE TRAINING )
SEE , WATCH , NOTICE , HEAR , 2. VERB + OBJECT + GERUND ( SEE IT HAPPENING )
E . G . WE SAW LOUISE PLANTING THE TREE ( LOUISE WAS PLANTING THE TREE . W E SAW HER IN THE MIDDLE OF THE JOB )
LISTEN TO , TASTE , FEEL
E . G . THE REPORTERS WATCHED THE PLAYERS TRAINING IN THE GYM ( THEY WATCHED SOME OF THE TRAINING , PERHAPS NOT
ALL OF IT