A

IB CHEM SL TOPIC 8

cids and Bases

NOTE CARDS
 Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases
 8.11-8.13

Definition of Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

Acids are proton / H+ donors.

Bases are proton / H+ acceptors.

 Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

Acids are something that can be ionized (dissociated) to form

H+. For example:
HCl  H+ + Cl-
Bases are something that will accept H+ to form water. For
example,
Hydroxide:
H+ + OH–  H2O
Oxide:
2H+ + O2–  H2O
Carbonate:
2H+ + CO32-  H2O + CO2
 Conjugate Acids and Bases

Conjugate Acids and Bases

When an acid donates a H+, the species formed is called a
conjugate base as it has the ability to accept a H+.
When a base gains a H+ the species formed is called a conjugate
acid as it has the ability to donate a H+.

Example 1
CH3COOH + H2O  CH3COO- + H3O+
Acid Base Conj. base Conj. acid
–
Pair 1: CH3COOH (acid) and CH3COO (conjugate base)
Pair 2: H2O (base) and H3O+ (conjugate acid)
 Conjugate Acids and Bases

Example 2
H2SO4 + Cl–  HSO4- + HCl
Acid Base Conj. base Conj. acid

Example 3
NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH–
Base Acid Conj. acid Conj. base
 Lewis Acids and Bases
 8.11-8.13

Definition of Lewis Acids and Bases

Acids are electron pair acceptors.

Bases are electron pair donors.

 Lewis Acids and Bases

Example 1
H2SO4 + Mg  MgSO4 + H2
Acid Base Conj. base Conj. acid
+ -
H (in H2SO4) accepts e to form H2, H2SO4  Lewis acid
Mg can donate its outer e- to form Mg2+  Lewis base

Example 2
BF3 + NH3  (BF3NH3)
Acid Base
-
BF3 accepts e pair from NH3 (form dative bond)  Lewis acid
NH3 donates its lone pair e- to BF3  Lewis base
 Properties of Acids and Bases
 8.21

Difference between Alkalis and Bases

Bases soluble in water are called alkalis.

Effects of Indicators on Acids and Alkalis

Indicators Acids Alkalis

Phenolphthalein Colourless Pink
Methyl Orange Red Yellow
Litmus Solution Red Blue
 Reactions of Acids (1)

Reaction 1 (Neutralization):

Acid + Base  Salt + Water

Example (hydroxide):
HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H2O
Example (oxide):
2HCl + CaO  CaCl2 + H2O
 Reactions of Acids (2)

Reaction 2:

Acid + Carbonate / Hydrogencarbonate 

Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

Example (carbonate):
2HCl + CaCO3  CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
Example (hydrogencarboante):
HCl + NaHCO3  NaCl + H2O + CO2

* Effervesence is the observation for this type of reactions.

 Reactions of Acids (3)

Reaction 3:

Acid + Metal  Salt + Hydrogen

Example:
2HCl + Mg  MgCl2 + H2
 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
 8.31 – 8.33

Definition of Strong and Weak Acids

Strong acids are acids that completely ionize (dissociate) in

water.

Weak acids are acids that partly ionize (dissociate) in water.

 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases

In strong acids, [H+] is high while [acid] is low.

Three commonly used strong acids: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3
Example
HCl  H+ + Cl-

In weak acids, [H+] is low and [acid] is high.

Example (ethanoic acid)
CH3COOH  CH3COO- + H+

Example (carbonic acid)

H2CO3  HCO3- + H+
* Ionization (dissociation) is a reversible reaction for weak acids.
 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases

Definition of Strong and Weak Bases

Strong bases are bases that completely ionize (dissociate) in

water.

Weak bases are bases that partly ionize (dissociate) in water.

 Strong and Weak Acids and Bases

Strong bases include all Group I metal hydroxide and Ba(OH)2.

Example
NaOH  Na+ + OH-

Weak bases include ammonia (NH3) and amine (RNH2).

Example (ammonia)
NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH-

Example (amine)
RNH2 + H2O   RNH3+ + OH-
* Ionization (dissociation) is a reversible reaction for weak bases.
 Experimental Determination of Strength of Acids (1)

Method 1
(Conductivity)

Use a circuit connected to a voltmeter.

The stronger the acid  the acid molecules ionize (dissociate)
more completely  more ions (include H+)  higher
conductivity higher voltage
 Experimental Determination of Strength of Acids (2)

Method 2
(By reaction with metal, carbonate, hydrogencarbonate)

Add a piece of magnesium / sodium carbonate / sodium

hydrogencarbonate to each acid
The stronger the acid  the acid molecules ionize (dissociate)
more completely  more H+ ions  gases are given out at a
faster rate
 Experimental Determination of Strength of Acids (3)

Method 3
(pH measurement)

Measure the pH of the acids using pH meters

The stronger the acid  the acid molecules ionize (dissociate)
more completely  the lower the pH
 The pH scale
 8.41 – 8.44

pH depends on [H+]

[H+] pH Colour of universal indicator Example

1  10-1 1 Red Stomach acid
1  10-3 3 Orange Vinegar
1  10-7 7 Green Pure water
Washing
1  10-9 9 Blue
powder
1  10-14 14 Purple Drain cleaner
 The pH scale

Note:
pH can be measured by
1. universal indicator: a mixture of a lot of indicators
2. pH meter

* If pH increases by 1, [H+] decreases by a factor of 10.

* If pH decreases by 1, [H+] increases by a factor of 10.
 The pH scale (Calculations)
Example
(a) What is the pH of 25 cm3, 0.005 moldm-3 of H2SO4?
(b) What happens to the pH if the acid is diluted to 250 cm3?

Solution:
(a) [H+] = 2  0.005 (H2SO4 is a diprotic acid, one acid molecule
can give two H+)
= 0.01 moldm-3
= 10-2 moldm-3
pH = 2
(b) The acid is diluted with a factor 10 = 101. (= 250  25)
pH increases by 1
A
IB CHEM HL TOPIC 18

cids and Bases

NOTE CARDS
 Ionic Product of Water
18.11-18.12
Water ionizes (dissociates) according to the equation
H2O  H+ + OH- H = +ve
Ionic product of water (Kw) = [H+][OH-]
At high temperature, equilibrium shifts to the right and Kw increases.
At 25C, Kw = 10-14 mol2dm-6.

Example
What is the concentration of hydrogen ions when Kw = 10-12 mol2dm-6?
Solution:
Since [H+] = [OH-] (their mole ratio is 1 : 1) and Kw = [H+][OH-],
[H+]2 = 10-12 giving [H+] = 10-6 moldm-3
 Calculations Involving pH and pOH
18.13
pH = –log[H+] and pOH = –log[OH-]
and pH + pOH = 14 at 25C

Example: Finding pH of a strong acid from concentration

What is the pH of a solution of 0.005 moldm-3 H2SO4?
Solution:
H2SO4  2H+ + SO42-
Since H2SO4 is a strong acid, it will completely ionize.
[H+] = 2[H2SO4] (mole ratio of H+ to H2SO4 = 2 : 1)
[H+] = 2  0.005
= 0.010
pH = –log[H+] = –log0.010 = 2
 Calculations Involving pH and pOH

Example: Finding pH of a strong alkali from concentration

Calculate the pH of NaOH with concentration 0.10 moldm-3 at 25C.
Solution:
NaOH  Na+ + OH-
Since NaOH is a strong alkali, it will completely ionize.
[OH-] = [NaOH] = 0.10
Method 1
At 25C, Kw = [H+][OH-] = 10-14
[H+] = 10-14  0.10 = 10-13
pH = –log[H+] = –log10-13 = 13
Method 2
pOH = –log0.10 = 1
pH = 14 – pOH = 14 – 1 = 13
 Calculations Involving pH and pOH

Example: Finding concentration of a strong acid from pH

Calculate the concentration of hydrochloric acid of pH = 1.
Solution:
HCl  H+ + Cl-
Since HCl is a strong acid, it will complete ionize.
pH = –log[H+] = 1
log[H+] = –1
[H+] = 10-1 = 0.1
Since [HCl] = [H+] (mole ratio of HCl to H+ = 1 : 1)
Concentration of acid is 0.1 moldm-3.
Note
This method cannot be used in weak acids that are not completely ionized.
 Calculations Involving pH and pOH

Example: Finding concentration of a strong alkali from pH

Calculate the concentration of a barium hydroxide solution of pH = 13.

Solution:
Ba(OH)2  Ba2+ + 2OH-
Since Ba(OH)2 is a strong alkali, it will complete ionize.
Method 1
pH = –log[H+] = 13
[H+] = 10-13

At 25C, Kw = [H+][OH-] = 10-14

[OH-] = 10-14  10-13 = 0.1
[Ba(OH)2] = [OH-]  2 = 0.05 moldm-3 (mole ratio of Ba(OH)2 : OH- = 1:2)
Example: Finding concentration of a strong alkali from pH (Cont‘d)

Method 2
At 25C, pOH = 14 – pH
= 14 – 13
=1

` –log[OH-] = 1
[OH-] = 10-1 = 0.1

[Ba(OH)2] = [OH-]  2 = 0.05 moldm-3

(mole ratio of Ba(OH)2 : OH- = 1:2)
Note
This method cannot be used in weak alkalis that are not completely
ionized.
 Ka and Kb
18.14
Consider the reaction between a weak acid and water:
HA  H+ + A-
Acid dissociation constant Ka is given by
[H + ][A - ]
Ka 
[HA]
And
pK a   log K a

The higher the value of pKa  the lower the value of Ka  the smaller
the degree of ionization (dissociation)  the weaker the acid
Note pKa of common acids can be found in data booklet.
 Ka and Kb
Consider the reaction between a weak alkali and water:
BOH  B+ + OH-
Base dissociation constant Kb is given by
[B+ ][OH - ]
Kb 
[BOH] and pK b   log Kb
The higher the value of pKb  the lower the value of Kb  the smaller the
degree of ionization (dissociation)  the weaker the base
Note
pKb of common alkalis can be found in data booklet.
[NH 4 + ][OH - ]
Kb 
For ammonia, NH + H O  NH + + OH-, [NH 3 ]
3 2 4
Water is not included in the expression for Kb.
 Ka and Kb

Example: Finding pH of a weak acid from concentration

The pKa of ethanoic acid is 4.75. Find the pH of a solution of ethanoic acid
of concentration 1.0 moldm-3.
Solution:
CH3COOH  CH3COO- + H+
Since pK a   log K a , K = 10-4.75 = 1.78  10-5
a
Assuming little dissociation and thus [CH3COOH] = 1.0
Since [CH3COO-] = [H+],
5 [CH 3COO- ][H + ] [H + ]2
K a  1.78  10  
Thus, [CH 3COOH] 1.0
5
[H+] = 1.78  10  0.00422
 pH = –log[H+] = –log0.00422 = 2.38
Ka and Kb

Example: Finding pH of a weak alkali from concentration

The pKb of ammonia is 4.75. Find the pH of an ammonia solution of
concentration 2.00 moldm-3.

Solution:
NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH-

For the ionization equation of weak alkalis, remember to add an H2O on

the reactant side but do NOT include it in the expression of Kb.

K  104.75  1.78 105

Since pKb   log Kb , b
Assuming little dissociation and thus [NH3] = 2.00

Example: Finding pH of a weak alkali from concentration (Cont‘d)

[NH 4 + ][OH - ]
Kb 
[NH3 ]
+ -
Since [NH4 ] = [OH ],
[OH - ]2
Kb 
[NH3 ]
5 [OH - ]2
1.78 10 
2.00
5
[OH-] = 3.56  10  0.00596 An alternative method
pOH = –log[OH-] = –log0.00596 = 2.22 is to find [H+] first
pH = 14 – pOH using ionic product of
water Kw and then find
pH.
 = 14 – 2.22
= 11.78
Ka and Kb

Example: Finding concentration of a weak acid from pH

Find the concentration of a solution of propanoic acid with pH = 2.
(Note: From data booklet, pKa of propanoic acid = 4.87)

Solution:
CH3CH2COOH  CH3CH2COO- + H+
Since pK a   log K a , Ka = 10-4.87 = 1.35  10-5
pH = –log[H+], [H+] = 10–2 = 0.01
Since [CH3COO-] = [H+] = 0.01,
 [CH 3CH 2 COO - ][H + ] (0.01) 2
K a  1.35  105  
Thus, [CH 3CH 2COOH] [CH 3CH 2COOH]
[CH3CH2COOH] = 7.41 moldm-3
Ka and Kb

Example: Finding concentration of a weak alkali from pH

Find the concentration of a solution of methylamine with pH = 10.
(Note: From data booklet, pKb of methylamine = 3.34)

Solution:
CH3NH2 +H2O  CH3NH3+ + OH-

For the ionization equation of weak alkalis, remember to add an H2O on

the reactant side but do NOT include it in the expression of Kb.
 3.34 4
An alternative method is
Since pK b   log K b ,
K b  10  4.57  10 to find [OH-] first and
pOH = 14 – 10 = 4 using ionic product of
pOH = –log[OH-], [OH-] = 10-4 water Kw to find [H+].
Example: Finding concentration of a weak alkali from pH (Cont‘d)

[CH 3 NH 3+ ][OH - ]
Kb 
[CH 3 NH 2 ]
+ - -4
Since [CH3NH3 ] = [OH ] = 10 ,
[OH - ]2
Kb 
[CH 3 NH 2 ]
(104 ) 2
4.57 104 
[CH 3 NH 2 ]
 [CH3NH2] = 2.18  10-5 moldm-3

Ka and Kb

Example: Finding pKa from pH and concentration

Find the pKa of a 0.01 moldm-3 monoprotic acid with pH = 3.1.

Solution:
HX  H+ + X-
Since pH = –log[H+], [H+] = 10–3.1 = 7.94  10-4
Assuming little dissociation and thus [HX] = 0.01
Since [CH3COO-] = [H+] = 7.94  10-4
 [X - ][H + ] (7.94 10 4 ) 2
Ka    6.31 105
[HX] 0.01
pKa = –logKa = –log(6.3110-5) = 4.2
Comparing with the values in data booklet, the acid is benzoic acid.
Buffers
18.21

A buffer is a solution that resists pH change when a small amount of acid

or alkali is added to it.

It can be formed by mixing roughly equal amount of weak acid and its
conjugate base (Acid Buffer) or equal amount of weak base and its
conjugate acid (Base Buffer),
A buffer can be made by reacting excess amount of weak acid with a
strong alkali or excess amount of weak alkali with a strong acid.
For example, CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COO-Na+ + H2O
Since CH3COOH is in excess, the final mixture contains both CH3COOH
and CH3COO-Na+, which can be used as a buffer.
Buffers
Acid Buffer
An acid buffer contains a weak acid and its conjugate base at roughly
equal amount.
For example, 1 moldm-3 of CH3COOH with 1 moldm-3 CH3COO-Na+
CH3COOH  CH3COO- + H+ ……………(1)
CH3COO-Na  CH3COO- + Na+ ……………(2)
When acid is added, [H+] increases  equilibrium (1) shifts to the left to
lower [H+]  pH remains roughly unchanged.
 When alkali is added, OH- reacts with H+ to form H2O  [H+] decreases
 equilibrium (1) shifts to the right to increase [H+]  pH remains
roughly unchanged.

The presence of CH3COONa is to provide sufficient amount of CH3COO-.

Buffers
Base Buffer
A base buffer contains a weak base and its conjugate acid at roughly equal
amount.
For example, 1 moldm-3 of NH3 with 1 moldm-3 NH4Cl
NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH- ……………(1)
NH4Cl  NH4+ + Cl- …………..…………(2)
 When acid is added, H+ reacts with OH- to form H2O  [OH-] decreases
 equilibrium (1) shifts to the right to increase [OH-]  pH remains
roughly unchanged.
When alkali is added, [OH-] increases  equilibrium (1) shifts to the left
to lower [OH-]  pH remains roughly unchanged.

The presence of NH4Cl is to provide sufficient amount of NH4+.

Buffers
Example: Finding pH of a buffer solution
A buffer solution was prepared by adding 2.00 g of sodium ethanoate to
200 cm3 of ethanoic acid of concentration 0.5 moldm-3. Calculate the pH
of the resulting buffer.
(Note: From data booklet, pKa of ethanoic acid = 4.76)
Solution:
CH3COOH  CH3COO- + H+
2.00
 0.0244
Number of moles of sodium ethanoate = 82.04
Assume little dissociation, all CH3COO- comes from sodium ethanoate.
0.0244
 0.122
[CH3COO-] = 0.2
Example: Finding pH of a buffer solution (Cont‘d)

Assume little dissociation, [CH3COOH] = 0.5

Since pK a   log K a , Ka = 10-4.76 = 1.74  10-5

 [CH 3COO- ][H + ]
Ka 
[CH 3COOH]
So,
0.122  [H + ]
1.74  105 
0.5
5
1.74  10  0.5
 7.12 10 5
+
[H ] = 0.122
pH = –log[H ] = –log(7.1210-5) = 4.15
+

Buffers
Example: Finding pH of a buffer solution from neutralization
A buffer solution was prepared by mixing 20.0 cm3, 2.0 moldm-3 ethanoic
acid with 15.0 cm3, 1.0 moldm-3 sodium hydroxide solution. Calculate the
pH of the resulting buffer.
(Note: From data booklet, pKa of ethanoic acid = 4.76)

Solution:
CH3COOH + NaOH  CH3COO-Na+ + H2O
Number of moles of CH3COOH = 0.020  2.0 = 0.040 mol
Number of moles of NaOH = 0.015  1.0 = 0.015 mol
Since one mole of CH3COOH reacts with one mole of NaOH, CH3COOH
is in excess.
Number of moles of CH3COO- formed = 0.015 mol
Example: Finding pH of a buffer solution from neutralization
(Cont‘d)

Number of moles of CH3COOH left = 0.040 – 0.015 = 0.025 mol

 0.015
 0.43moldm -3
[CH3COO ] = 0.020  0.015
-

0.025
 0.71moldm-3
[CH3COOH] = 0.020  0.015

Since pK a   log K a , Ka = 10-4.76 = 1.74  10-5

[CH 3COO - ][H + ] 0.43  [H + ]
Ka   1.74 105 
[CH 3COOH] 0.71
1.74  105  0.71
 2.9  105
+
[H ] = 0.43
pH = –log[H ] = –log(2.910-5) = 4.5
+

Buffers
Example: Finding composition of a buffer solution
An alkaline buffer was prepared by adding some solid ammonium chloride
in 10.0 cm3, 0.5 moldm-3 ammonia solution. To get a buffer solution of
pH = 8, what mass of solid ammonium chloride is needed?
(Note: From data booklet, pKb of ammonia = 4.75)

Solution:
 8
Since pH = –log[H+], [H ]  10
  14 8  14  6
Since [H ][OH ]  10  (10 )[OH ]  10  [OH ]  10
K  104.75  1.78 105 An alternative method is
Since pKb   log Kb , b to find pOH first by
Assume little dissociation, [NH3] = 0.5. pOH = 14 – pH
and find [OH-] by
pOH = –log[OH-].
Example: Finding composition making up a buffer solution
(Cont‘d)

NH3 + H2O  NH4+ + OH-

[NH 4 + ][OH - ]
Kb 
[NH3 ]
[NH 4 + ] 106
1.78 105 
0.5
Giving [NH4+] = 8.9
Number of moles of NH4Cl = Concentration  Volume
= 8.9  0.010 = 0.089
Mass of NH4Cl = Number of moles  Molar mass (Mr)
= 0.089  (14.01 + 4  1.01 + 35.45) = 4.8 g
Mass of ammonium chloride needed is 4.8 g.
 Salt Hydrolysis
18.31
Salts are formed from the neutralization of an acid with an alkali.

The nature of the salt formed is summarized in the table below:

Acid Base Salt Example
Strong Strong Neutral NaCl
Strong Weak Acidic NH4Cl
Weak Strong Basic CH3COO-Na+
Weak Weak Neutral CH3COO-NH4+

Explanations of Acid Base Characters of Salts

NH4Cl is acidic as NH4+  NH3 + H+ (H+ donor)
CH3COO-Na+ is alkaline as CH3COO- + H+  CH3COOH (H+ acceptor)
 Salt Hydrolysis

Exercise: Determining the acid base nature of salts

1. KCl
2. Na2SO4
3. CH3CO2K
4. NH4NO3
5. Na2CO3
6. (NH4)2CO3
7. NaNO3
8. (NH4)2SO4
 Salt Hydrolysis

Answer to Exercise: Determining the acid base nature of salts

1. KCl Neutral (From HCl and KOH)
2. Na2SO4 Neutral (From NaOH and H2SO4)
3. CH3COOK Basic (From CH3COOH and KOH)
4. NH4NO3 Acidic (From NH3 and HNO3)
5. Na2CO3 Basic (From H2CO3 and NaOH)
6. (NH4)2CO3 Neutral (From NH3 and H2CO3)
7. NaNO3 Neutral (From NaOH and HNO3)
8. (NH4)2SO4 Acidic (From NH3 and H2SO4)

Note
The weak acids and bases are highlighted.
 Salt Hydrolysis
Acid Base Character of Metal Ions
The higher the charge density of a metal ion, the higher is its acidity.

Group I metal ions (e.g. Na+, K+) are usually neutral but ions with two or
more positive charges (e.g. Mg2+, Al3+, Fe3+) tend to be acidic:
[Fe(H2O)6]3+  [FeOH(H2O)5]2+ + H+ (proton donor)
and
[Al(H2O)6]3+  [Al(OH)3(H2O)3]+ 3H+ (proton donor)
Note
H2O is a ligand to the complex ions shown above. H2O acts as a lewis base
which donates the lone pair electrons to the (transition) metal ions (lewis
acid). Thus, the formation of a complex ion is a neutralization reaction.
 Acid Base Titration
18.4.1
Equivalence Point and Half Equivalence Point
Equivalence point is the pH when all H+/OH- are neutralized by OH-/H+.
Half equivalence point is the pH when half
of H+/OH- are neutralized.

It is the point where pH = pKa (acid against

alkali) / pH = pKb (alkali against acid).

To find the half equivalent point on curve,

Find the volume of titrant required to reach
the equivalence point.
The pH corresponds to half of that volume is half equivalence point.
 Acid Base Titration
Buffer Region

Buffer region is the region around

the equivalence point such that the
pH does not change significantly
upon the addition of titrant.

The buffer region is just the flat

region on titration curve around
the equivalence point.

Note
Buffer region only exists in titration curves involving weak acid/base
 Acid Base Titration
Strong acid against strong base
Initial pH is low (~1-2) as
the acid is strong and final
pH is high (~13-14) as the
base is strong

Equivalence point = 7

No buffer region as there is

no flat region around the
equivalence point
 Acid Base Titration
Strong acid against weak base
Initial pH is low (~1-2) as
the acid is strong and final
pH is low (~9-11) as the
base is weak

Equivalence point < 7 and

the salt formed is acidic
Recall
Strong acid + weak base 
acidic salt

Buffer region at low pH

 Acid Base Titration
Weak acid against strong base
Initial pH is high (~3-4) as
the acid is weak and final pH
is high (~13-14) as the base
is strong

Equivalence point > 7 and

the salt formed is alkaline.
Recall
Weak acid + strong base 
basic salt

Buffer region at high pH

 Acid Base Titration
Weak acid against weak base
Initial pH is high (~3-4) as the
acid is weak and final pH is low
(~9-11) as the base is weak

Equivalence point = 7 and the

salt formed is neutral.
Recall
Weak acid + weak base 
neutral salt

Buffer region at both low and

high pH
 Indicators
18.51
Indicators are weak acids / bases.

Acid Indicator:

HIn  In- +H+

Colour A Colour B
Working Principle
When acid is added, [H+] increases  equilibrium shifts to the left
 [HIn] increases  colour A is observed.
When alkali is added, OH- reacts with H+ to form H2O  [H+]
decreases  equilibrium shits to the right  [In-] increases 
colour B is observed.
 Indicators
End point
When there is an equal amount of [HIn] and [In-], the indicator starts to
change colour. This is called the end point.
At this point, pKa = pH (half equivalence point).
The higher the pKa of an indicator, the higher is the pH of its end point.

Choice of Indicators
A suitable indicator is one at which the end point coincides with the
equivalence point.
 Indicators
Example: Finding suitable indicator
For titration between NaOH (strong) and CH3COOH (weak), the
equivalence point is greater than 7.

Phenolphthalein changes colour at pH = 8.2 to 10.0. It coincides with the

equivalence point of the titration. So phenolphthalein is a suitable
indicator for this case.

Note
The pH ranges for which indicators change colour are given in data
booklet.