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Static Characteristics of Instruments

This document discusses the static and dynamic characteristics of instruments. Static characteristics include accuracy, precision, repeatability, reproducibility, tolerance, range, span, linearity, sensitivity, threshold, resolution, drift, and hysteresis. These describe how an instrument performs when quantities are constant or vary slowly. Dynamic characteristics describe how an instrument responds to rapidly changing quantities over time and include factors like rise time, delay time, and settling time.

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1K views17 pages

Static Characteristics of Instruments

This document discusses the static and dynamic characteristics of instruments. Static characteristics include accuracy, precision, repeatability, reproducibility, tolerance, range, span, linearity, sensitivity, threshold, resolution, drift, and hysteresis. These describe how an instrument performs when quantities are constant or vary slowly. Dynamic characteristics describe how an instrument responds to rapidly changing quantities over time and include factors like rise time, delay time, and settling time.

Uploaded by

Sarvesh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STATIC AND DYNAMIC

CHARACTERISTICS OF
INSTRUMENTS
by
K . Jayasimha Reddy
Assistant professor of Mechanical engineering department
G . Pulla Reddy Engineering College , Kurnool , Andhra pradesh , India
Introduction
• Instrument performance is described by
quantitative qualities which are described as
characteristics.
• The two characteristics are:
1) Static characteristics
2) Dynamic characteristics
Static characteristics
• The static characteristics pertain to a
system where quantities to be measured
are constant or vary slowly with time
E.g. the temperature of furnace
Static characteristics
Accuracy and Precision
Repeatability & Reproducibility
Tolerance
Range & span
Linearity
Sensitivity
Threshold
Resolution
Drift
Hysteresis
Accuracy and Precision
The accuracy of an instrument is a measure of how close the
output reading of the instrument is to the correct value.
Measurements that are close to each other are precise
Measurements can be:
• Precise but inaccurate
• Neither precise nor accurate
• Precise and accurate
Three industrial robots were programmed to place components
at a particular point on a table. The target point was the center
of a circle shown below. The results are:

(a)Low precision, low accuracy (b) Precise not accurate (c) Precise and accurate
Repeatability and Reproducibility
• Repeatability describes the closeness of output readings
when the same input is applied repetitively over a short
period of time, with the same measurement conditions,
same instrument and observer, same location and same
conditions of use maintained throughout.
• Reproducibility describes the closeness of output
readings for the same input when there are changes in
the method of measurement, observer, measuring
instrument, location, conditions of use and time of
measurement.
• Both terms thus describe the spread of output readings
for the same input.
Tolerance
• Tolerance is a term that is closely related to accuracy and
defines the maximum error that is to be expected in some
value.
• Example
Electric circuit components such as resistors have tolerances
of perhaps 5%. One resistor chosen at random from a batch
having a nominal value 1000W and tolerance 5% might have an
actual value anywhere between 950W and 1050 W.
Range and Span
• The range of an instrument defines the minimum and
maximum values of a quantity that the instrument is
designed to measure.
• Span is the difference between maximum value and the
minimum value that the instrument is designed to measure
• Example: 0-20 V Range -- Span is 20
25c – 100 c Range – Span is 75c
Linearity
• It is highly desirable that the measurement system has a
linear relationship between input and output means that the
change in output is proportional to the change in the value of
the measurand .
• Deviation from true linearity is called linearity error
Sensitivity
• Sensitivity is the ratio of change in magnitude of the output
to the change in magnitude of the measurand
Sensitivity = D(output) / D(input)
• Example:
• If the measured output is increased by 100 mV for a
temperature change of 4 C, the sensitivity is
S = DV/DT = 100 mV/4 C = 25 mV/C
Threshold
• If the input to an instrument is gradually increased from
zero, the input will have to reach a certain minimum level
before the change in the instrument output reading is of a
large enough magnitude to be detectable. This minimum
level of input is known as the threshold of the instrument.

• Example : Fuel level indicator


Resolution
• Resolution is the lower limit on the magnitude of the
change in the input measured quantity that produces an
observable change in the instrument output.
• Example
Using a car speedometer as an example again, this has
subdivisions of typically 20 km/h. This means that when
the needle is between the scale markings, we cannot
estimate speed more accurately than to the nearest 5 km/h.
This figure of 5 km/h thus represents the resolution of the
instrument.
Hysteresis

• Non coincidence of loading and unloading curves is


known as hysteresis
Drift
• It is an undesired gradual departure of the instrument
output over a period of time that is unrelated to change
in input , operating conditions or load
• Zero drift is said to set in where there is gradual shift in
entire calibration due to slippage.
• The drift is said span drift if there is proportional
change in the indication all along the upward scale
Dynamic Characteristics

• Continued…

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