TRANSCRIPTION

First Aid LD Session 1: Introduction to First Aid

the need for first aid training emergencies are unexpected occurrences that may lead to sudden deaths and incapacitating injuries especially if
timely help is not readily available causes can be accidents sudden illnesses natural and human induced disasters and situations of armed conflicts
and violence in such situations where someone is injured or having a life-threatening medical emergency it matters significantly to be of help and
consequently prevent profound disabilities or even the loss of lives for someone to be able to help effectively it is important that the person
should be adequately trained and first aid and willing to do so as taking immediate action and applying the appropriate techniques makes a
difference when saving lives a trained first aider is a valuable resource during emergencies at home in the workplace and in the community and
especially when involved in emergency and disaster response such as a red cross first aid or a responder definition of first aid first it is an
immediate help provided to a sick or injured person until professional medical help arrives or becomes available it is concerned not only with
physical injury or illness but also with other initial care including psychosocial support for people suffering emotional distress from experiencing
or witnessing a dramatic event the objectives of first aid one to preserve life giving first aid is in itself an attempt at saving lives two to prevent
further harm and complications it protects the patient from further injuries and prevents the injury or illness from becoming worse three to seek
immediate medical help care for a patient does not end with first aid four to provide reassurance psychological support is also as important as
physical help first aid aims to accomplish these goals and helps improve a patient's chances of survival during an emergency concepts and
principles of first aid including legal concerns scalp and limitation first aid does not imply medical treatment and is by no means a replacement
for such its scalp and limitations are generally based on the concept of protection. protection includes the application of basic techniques to
ensure the comfort safety and well-being of an ill or injured person improvisation because emergencies are unexpected first aid kits and other
equipment may not be available always at such time that they are needed a first aider should be able to adapt improvise and overcome he or she
must have the ability to adapt to the situation and has to improvise materials and equipment until more help arrives consent people have the legal
right to accept or refuse emergency care therefore before giving care to an injured or an ill person you must obtain the person's permission do not
touch or give care to a conscious person who refuses care or withdraws consent at any time instead step back and call for more advanced medical
personnel negligence is failure to follow a reasonable standard of care thereby causing or contributing to injury or damage abandonment is
discontinuing care once it has begun care must continue until someone with equal or more advanced training takes over confidentiality is the
principle that information learned while providing care to a victim is private and should not be shared with anyone except to those health care
directly associated with a victim's medical care health hazards and risks helping others is not without risks and hazards and for most of them is
the risk of contracting an infectious disease infectious diseases those that can spread from one person to another develop when germs invade the
body and cause illness the most common germs are bacteria and viruses and can spread from one person to another through the following ways
direct contact occurs when the person touches an infected person's body fluids indirect contact occurs when a person touches objects that have
been contaminated by the blood or another body fluid of an infected person airborne transmission occurs when a person inhales droplets that have
become airborne as an infected person coughs or sneezes animals including humans and insects also can spread some diseases through bites
common transmissible diseases as a first aider it is important to be familiar with diseases that can have severe consequences if transmitted
especially when responding to emergencies these include the following herpes is a viral infection that causes eruptions of the skin and mucous
membranes meningitis is an inflammation of the brain or spinal cord caused by a viral or bacterial infection tuberculosis is a respiratory disease
caused by bacteria hepatitis is a viral infection of the liver human immune deficiency virus is the virus that destroys the body's ability to fight
infection the resultant state is referred to as acquired immune deficiency syndrome aids coronavirus disease of 2019 or covet 19 according to the
world health organization is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus most people infected with the covet 19 virus will
experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without requiring special treatment older people and those with underlying medical
problems like cardiovascular disease diabetes chronic respiratory disease and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness prevention and
protection universal precautions are a set of strategies developed to prevent a transmission of blood-borne pathogens and it focuses on blood
and selected body fluids body substance isolation or bsi are precautions taken to isolate or prevent risk of exposure from body secretions and any
other type of bodily substance regardless of the type of exposure risk you must observe the following basic precautions and safe practices each
time you prepare to provide care to prevent disease transmission avoid contact with blood and other body fluids or objects that may be soiled with
blood and other body fluids use barriers such as disposable gloves between the person's blood or body fluids and yourself use protective cpr
breathing barriers before putting on personal protective equipment such as disposable gloves cover any of your own cuts scrapes or sores with a
bandage do not eat drink or touch your mouth nose or eyes when giving care or before you wash your hands after care has been given avoid
handling any of your personal items such as pins or combs while giving care before you wash your hands do not touch objects that may be soiled
with blood or other body fluids be prepared by having a first aid kit handy and stocked with ppe such as disposable gloves cpr breathing barriers
eye protection and other supplies wash your hands thoroughly with soap and warm running water when you have finished giving care even if you
wore disposable gloves alcohol-based hand sanitizers allow you to clean your hands when soap and water are not readily available and your
hands are not visibly soiled this video is about using disposable medical gloves first remove all jewelry and or watches and perform hand hygiene
thoroughly with soap and water or an alcohol-based hand rub because gloves come in a variety of sizes choose a non-latex glove that fits your
hands snugly gloves are universal so they can be put on either hand inspect each glove to ensure there are no tears put on each glove being careful
not to rip them gloves should fit snugly on the fingers hand and around the wrist replace gloves that are damaged or heavily soiled or
contaminated and be sure not to use an alcohol-based hand rub on them as it could be damaging it is very important to remove your gloves safely
so you don't contaminate yourself disposable gloves should never be washed and reused or turned inside out they are meant for one-time use only
always treat the outside of your gloves as contaminated to remove your gloves first turn your palm up to make the glove easier to remove then
pinch the outside edge of the glove below the wrist this is glove to glove slowly peel the glove off turning the glove inside out this ensures any
contaminants remain inside the glove hold the removed glove in your gloved hand next slide your fingers of your ungloved hand inside the
remaining glove at your wrist this is skin to skin peel off the second glove over the first glove being careful to avoid contamination ensure you
don't put used gloves in your pocket or bag or leave them lying around they should be disposed of right away in the appropriate waste container
and always perform hand hygiene after removing them

question which is not a good reason why we should take first aid training a it matters significantly to be of help and prevent disabilities or even
the loss of lives during emergency situations b to help effectively it is important that the person is adequately trained and first aid and willing to
apply the appropriate techniques c a trained first aider is a valuable resource at home in the workplace and in the community especially during
emergency and disaster situations d none of the above the correct answer is d none of the above a b and c are all good reasons why a person
should train in first aid question you found an injured person who is conscious and refuses help but moments later turned unconscious what
should you do a call 9-1-1 and leave the victim to other bystanders b call 9-1-1 and begin to give care c call 9-1-1 and wait until professional help
arrives d call 9-1-1 and do nothing else the correct answer is b call 9-1-1 and begin to give care at first you need to stay back since the person
refused to be cared for but the moment the patient went unconscious consent becomes implied then you must call 9-1-1 and begin caring for the
victim immediately question how can you reduce the risk of disease transmission when caring for open bleeding wounds a apply direct pressure
with bare hands b it is okay to make direct contact with blood c use protective barriers such as gloves or plastic wrap when caring for wounds d
wipe contacted blood with tissue paper the correct answer is c use protective barriers such as gloves or plastic wrap when caring for wounds
transmissible diseases can be acquired through direct contact with patient and bodily fluids using barrier devices are important to protect the first
aider

First Aid LD Session 2: Emergency Action Steps

the emergency action steps and emergency scene can be overwhelming for the first aider to help effectively it is important that actions have to be
prioritized and planned well the emergency action steps serves as a guide for responders to follow at such situations that demand immediate but
careful and calculated response step one check check the scene for safety immediately approach the person maintaining a safe distance to start
your assessment assessing the person's response to you by asking are you okay for someone who appears to be not so active you can tap or gently
shake the patient preferably by the lower extremities and ask if he or she is okay step 2 call if the person does not respond call 911 immediately
for help this is the most important action you can take to help an injured or ill person it will send emergency medical help on its way as soon as
possible make the call quickly and return to the person if possible ask someone else to make the call step 3 cover if you found the person not
wearing a mask put on a mask or cloth over the person's mouth and nose this will decrease the risk of exposure if the person is infected step 4
care or compress if the person is unresponsive prepare to start cpr by doing chest compressions only or if there are other injuries like severe
bleeding begin to care for the person immediately if you determine that an injured or ill person has no immediate life-threatening conditions you
can begin to check for other conditions that may need care checking a conscious person with no immediate life-threatening conditions involves
two basic steps interview the person and bystanders and check the person from head to toe if you determine that life-threatening conditions have
been addressed you can begin to check for other conditions that may need care interview the person and bystanders ask the person and bystanders
simple questions about what happened and about the person's medical history keep these interviews brief ask the patient questions based on the
sample approach or samplee acronym to guide your questions s for signs and symptoms a for allergies m for medications p for pertinent past
medical history l for last intake and output e for events leading up to the injury or illness write down the information you learned during the
interview or preferably have someone else write it down for you be sure to give the information to ems personnel when they arrive remember to
question family members friends or bystanders as well head to toe exam check the patient head to toe during the hands and physical exam going
in the following order head face ears neck chest abdomen pelvis genitals each arm each leg and back look for d o t s which stands for deformity
open injuries tenderness and swelling do not move any areas where there is pain or discomfort or if you suspect a head neck or spinal injury
check the person's head by examining the scalp face ears mouth and nose look over the body ask again about any areas that hurt ask the person to
move each part of the body that does not hurt watch the person's face and listen for signals of discomfort or pain as you check for injuries
question you find a person lying on the ground you check the scene for safety and decide it is safe to help you check the person and is
unresponsive what should you do next a cover person with mask b call 911 c give rescue breaths d begin cpr the correct answer is b call 911
question you called 9-1-1 after determining a person is unresponsive what to do next a compress the chest at 100 to 120 per minute b begin rescue
breathing c cover person's mouth and nose with mask or cloth d move to side lying position the correct answer is c cover person's mouth and nose
with mask or cloth you

First Aid LD Session 3: Breathing Emergencies

foreign body airway obstruction also known as choking is a common breathing emergency that occurs when the person's airway is partially or
completely blocked by a foreign object such as a piece of food or a small toy by swelling in the mouth or throat or by fluids such as vomit or
blood the two types of airway obstruction are mild airway obstruction it occurs when there is only partial blockage of the airway severe airway
obstruction it happens when there is complete or total blockage of the airway the most common cause of choking in adults is airway obstruction
caused by food such as when trying to swallow large pieces of poorly chewed food drinking alcohol before or during meals dulls the nerves that
aids swallowing wearing dentures it is difficult to sense whether food is fully chewed before it is swallowed eating while talking excitedly or
laughing or eating too fast walking playing or running with food or objects in the mouth in infants and children choking occurs while eating or
with non-food items such as coins or toys during games in all cases recognition of airway obstruction is the key to successful outcome signs and
symptoms clutching the throat with one or both hands also referred to as the universal sign of choking coughing either forcefully or weakly
usually in mild airway obstruction inability to cough speak cry or breathe usually in severe airway obstruction making high-pitched noises while
inhaling or noisy breathing panic bluish skin color losing consciousness if blockage is not removed it is important that the patient is asked are you
choking in order to elicit any verbal or physical response foreign body airway obstruction management for conscious adult or child one stand to
the side and slightly behind the victim support the chest with one hand and bend the victim well forward so that when the obstructing object is
dislodged it comes out of the mouth rather than further down the airway two give up to five sharp blows between the shoulder blades with the
heel of your other hand check to see if each back blow has relieved the airway obstruction the aim is to relieve the obstruction with a blow or slap
not to necessarily give all five three if five back blows fail to relieve the airway obstruction give up to five abdominal thrusts as follows stand
behind the victim and put both arms around the upper part of the abdomen lean the victim forward clench your fist and place it just above the
belly button grasp this hand with your other hand and pull sharply inwards and upwards repeat up to five times if the obstruction is still not
relieved continue alternating five back blows with five abdominal thrusts four if the patient becomes unconscious support the victim while
carefully lowering him to the ground if advanced medical help has not arrived or been called immediately call for 911 special choking
circumstances for an obese person or pregnant woman if you cannot reach far enough around a person to perform abdominal thrusts or if you are
aiding a woman who is obviously pregnant alternate between five firm back blows and five chest thrusts to perform chest thrusts stand behind the
person and wrap both of your arms around the person's chest just under the armpits two make a fist and place it in the middle of the person's chest
with your thumb facing inward and place your other hand over your fist three give up to five chest thrusts by pulling straight back toward you if
you find your thrusts are not effective pull more sharply and deeply a person in a wheelchair give abdominal thrusts in the same way that you
would for a person who is standing it may be necessary to kneel behind the wheelchair if features of the wheelchair make it difficult to give
abdominal thrusts give chest truss instead if you are alone call 911 and leave the phone off the hook this will tell the dispatcher to send help if
there are people nearby move to a place where you can be noticed attempt to dislodge the object by performing an abdominal thrust against a safe
object with no sharp edges or corners such as the back of a chair or the edge of a table if the child is short enough kneel on the floor with one
knee raised perform five back blows with a child leaning across your raised leg alternating with either five chest thrusts or five abdominal thrusts
continue until the object comes out the child begins to breathe or cough or the child becomes unresponsive asthma attack asthma is an illness in
which certain substances or conditions called triggers cause inflammation and constriction of the airways making breathing difficult triggers of an
asthma attack include exercise cold air allergens or irritants such as perfume people diagnosed with asthma can reduce the risk of an attack by
controlling environmental variables when possible this helps to limit exposure to the triggers that can start an asthma attack a trigger is anything
that sets off or starts an asthma attack a trigger for one person is not necessarily a trigger for another asthma triggers include the following dust
and smoke air pollution respiratory infections fear or anxiety perfume exercise plants and molds medications such as aspirin animal dander
temperature extremes and changes in weather the following are the signs and symptoms for asthma attack horse whistling sound during
exhalation or wheezing trouble breathing or shortness of breath rapid shallow breathing sweating tightness in the chest inability to talk without
stopping for a breath feelings of fear or confusion first aid management for asthma attack remain calm help the person to sit comfortably loosen
any tight clothing around the neck and abdomen assist the person with his or her prescribed quick relief medication under the following
conditions one the victim states that he is having an asthma attack and has medications like a prescribed wrong codilater or an inhaler 2. the
victim identifies the medication and is unable to administer it without assistance quick relief or rescue medications are used to stop an asthma
attack these medications work quickly to relieve the sudden swelling they lessen wheezing coughing and chest tightness this allows the person to
breathe easier they also are called short acting bronchodilators a metered dose inhaler sends a measured dose of medicine and mist form directly
into the person's mouth hyperventilation occurs when a person's breathing is faster and more shallow than normal when this happens the body
does not take in enough oxygen to meet its demands hyperventilation is the body's way of compensating when there is a lack of oxygen the result
is an excess of carbon dioxide which alters the acidity of the blood hyperventilation often results from fear or anxiety and usually occurs in
people who are tense and nervous however it also can be caused by head injuries severe bleeding or illnesses such as high fever heart failure lung
disease and diabetic emergencies asthma and exercise can also trigger hyperventilation signs and symptoms of hyperventilation people who are
hyperventilating feel as if they cannot get enough air often they are afraid and anxious or seem confused they may say that they feel dizzy or that
their fingers and toes feel numb or tingly first aid management if the person is hyperventilating and you are unsure whether it is caused by
emotion such as excitement or fear tell the person to relax and breathe slowly if the person's breathing still does not slow down seek medical help
immediately a person who is hyperventilating from emotion may resume normal breathing if he is reassured and calmed down question what is
the universal signal for choking a coughing b clutching of the neck c vomiting d rapid breathing the correct answer is b clutching of the neck
question in choking if you cannot reach far enough around a person to perform abdominal thrusts or if you are aiding a woman who is obviously
pregnant what should you do a still continue abdominal thrust b apply direct pressure c perform chest thrusts d execute head tilt chin lift
technique the correct answer is c perform chest thrusts question you are caring for a person who is having an asthma attack you let the person stay
calm and in a relaxed position what else would you do a assist the person with his prescribed quick relief medication b let the person move
around to see if it gets better c massage the back and shoulders d apply bandage around the chest the correct answer is a assist the person with his
prescribed quick relief medication

First Aid LD Session 4: Cardiac Emergencies

first aid for medical emergencies heart attack it is also called as myocardial infarction it occurs when the blood and oxygen supply to the heart is
reduced causing damage to the heart muscle and preventing blood from circulating effectively it is usually caused by coronary heart disease the
effects of a heart attack depend largely on how much of the heart muscle is affected the following are the signals of the heart attack one chest pain
the most common signal is persistent pain discomfort or pressure in the chest that lasts longer than three to five minutes or it goes away and
comes back the pain associated can range from discomfort to an unbearable crushing sensation in the chest the person may describe it as pressure
squeezing tightness aching or heaviness in the chest some individuals may show no signals at all 2. discomfort and other areas of the upper body
in addition to the chest discomfort pain or a pressure may also be felt in or spread to the shoulder arm neck jaw stomach or back three trouble
breathing another signal of a heart attack is trouble breathing the person may be breathing faster than normal because the body tries to get the
much needed oxygen to the heart the person may have noisy breathing or shortness of breath four other signals the person's skin may be pale or
gray especially around the face some people suffering from a heart attack may be damp with sweat or may sweat heavily feel dizzy become
nauseous or vomit they may become fatigued lightheaded or lose consciousness these signals are caused by the stress put on the body when the
heart does not work as it should some individuals may show no signals at all however it is important to note that women are somewhat more
likely to experience some of the other warning signals particularly shortness of breath nausea or vomiting back or jaw pain and unexplained
fatigue or melees when they do experience chest pain women may have a greater tendency to have atypical chest pain sudden sharp but short-
lived pain outside of the breastbone first symptom was severe indigestion which was not fixed by an antacid first thing was the chest pain i
noticed that almost immediately um it was very uncomfortable felt like somebody was standing on my chest seemed like it was getting tighter
like a fist was in there it was like something's just crushing it then came profuse sweating just out of nowhere pain radiated right up into my jaw
and then down into my arm and fingertips all of a sudden you can't breathe and you start sweating and your chest start hurting something's wrong
then a sense of doom that that the whole world was coming to an end was very scared um had decided that it was time to tell my wife it was time
to go to the hospital and you know see if it was in fact what i feared which was a heart attack i said i told my wife i say i have never felt this way
and i was serious when i told her this too i said it's time to go she probably looked at my face and said he's not playing sweating he was sweating
you know and things that he never did before that made me know something was wrong it's important to know what to do when someone that you
love becomes pale or sweaty and has chest pains it can happen to anybody and it can happen overnight it can happen in the blink of an eye i'm
just very glad to be here telling the story and that i knew what to look for sometimes i get a little emotional i'm when i talk about it it's not usually
a tear drop out of my eye you know because this was real serious so i immediately got help i went to to someone at the front of the store and
asked them to call 9-1-1 for me and within 15 minutes i was in the hospital emergency room being treated for a heart attack because it can happen
at any time and anywhere and you just don't know when it's going to happen i'm glad to be here today he's my beat he's my beat and i love him i
love him a lot first aid management for heart attack if you suspect that someone might be having a heart attack you should 1 call 9-1-1
immediately 2. have the person stop doing anything and rest comfortably this will ease the heart's need for oxygen three loosen any tight or
uncomfortable clothing for closely watch the person until advanced medical personnel take over monitor the person's condition five be prepared
to perform cpr and use an automated external defibrillator if available once the person loses consciousness and stops breathing six ask the person
if he has a history of heart disease and if he is taking any prescribed medication for chest pain 7. offer aspirin if it is prescribed by his physician
for his condition and only if the patient can swallow 8. become and reassuring comforting the person helps to reduce anxiety and eases some of
the discomfort 9 talk to bystanders and if possible the person to get more information 10 do not try to drive the person to the hospital yourself he
or she could quickly get worse on the way cardiac arrest occurs when the heart stops beating or beats too ineffectively to circulate blood to the
brain and other vital organs under normal circumstances a network of special cells in the heart muscle conducts electrical impulses that
coordinate contractions causing the heart to beat rhythmically in cardiac arrest the electrical impulses become abnormal and chaotic this causes
the heart to lose the ability to beat rhythmically or to stop beating altogether the respiratory and circulatory systems are very closely linked after
breathing stops it is not long before the heart stops sudden cardiac arrest cardiac arrest can happen suddenly and without any warning signs this is
called sudden cardiac arrest people who have a history of cardiovascular disease or a congenital heart disorder are at higher risk for sudden
cardiac arrest however sudden cardiac arrest can happen in people who appear healthy and have no known heart disease or other risk factors for
the condition a person who experiences sudden cardiac arrest is unlikely to survive without immediate care cardiac arrest is a life-threatening
condition so starting cpr is the top priority a person in cardiac arrest may have other conditions as well such as a possible head neck or spinal
injury but caring for other injuries is lower priority than starting cpr and getting an aed compression only cpr uses chest compressions without
rescue breaths to pump the heart and circulate oxygen that is already in the person's body if you are unwilling or unable to give rescue breaths for
any reason like you do not have a barrier device or the ill or injured person has facial trauma compression only cpr is acceptable as a minimum
you should always perform compression only cpr for any person in cardiac arrest you are encouraged to perform traditional cpr compressions
with rescue breaths whenever possible compression only cpr is always better than no care and can be effective however if you were caring for a
child a baby or any person who entered cardiac arrest because of a respiratory problem like choking drowning anaphylaxis asphyxiation the
person may not have much oxygen remaining in his or her blood and circulating deoxygenated blood is not very useful in these circumstances
traditional cpr with rescue breaths is the recommended method of care cpr compression when providing cpr to an adult you should perform
compressions in the middle of the chest on the lower half of the sternum push deeply and push steadily ensuring a compression depth of about 2
to 2.4 inches first aiders should perform chest compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 beats per minute counting out loud as you give compressions
can help you to keep a steady even rhythm that allows time for adequate chest recoil you should avoid leaning on the person's chest wall in
between compressions instead ensure that the chest recoils fully it is during recoil that the coronary arteries of the heart are filled with blood and
the heart muscle gets oxygen if you are leaning on the person's chest between compressions the coronary arteries will not get sufficient blood
flow and heart death can occur remember compression is for the brain recoil is for the heart continue giving chest compressions until you notice
an obvious sign of life such as movement or breathing the scene becomes unsafe an automated external defibrillator or aed is available you are
too exhausted to continue another trained first aider is available and can take over compressions arrest can happen anytime anywhere you can
help save lives with a few simple steps of hands-only cpr if you see an adult or an adolescent suddenly collapse immediately check the scene for
safety step one check the person immediately approach the victim maintaining a safe distance to start your assessment assess if the patient
responds to you by asking are you okay step two if the person does not respond call red cross 143 or 911 for help step 3 if you are the patient is
not wearing a mask cover your face with a cloth or face mask step 4 prepare to give chest compression place the patient in lying position and
kneel beside the patient positionthe heel of one of your hands at the center of the chest and place the other hand on top interlace your fingers and
lock straighten your elbows and lean slightly forward directly over the chest push at the depth of 2 to 2.4 inches with a rate of 100 to 120 beats
per minute step 5 connect the patient to the automated external defibrillator or aed when available do not stop until the patient shows signs of life
or until help arrives saving a person's life through cpr is simplified with five c's if by any chance someone experiences a cardiac arrest remember
to check call cover compress connect be cpr trained train with us and help save lives question in hands-only cpr how deep and how fast should the
chest compressions be a 1.5 inches 120 to 130 beats per minute b 1 inch 90 to 100 beats per minute c 2.4 inches and 100 to 120 beats per minute
d 2 inches and 130 to 150 beats per minute the correct answer is c 2.4 inches and 100 to 120 beats per minute question what are the signals for a
heart attack a headache coughing sore throat b chest pain discomfort trouble breathing c stomach pain diarrhea vomiting d high body temperature
flushed skin the correct answer is b chest pain discomfort trouble breathing question which is not a valid reason for not continuing chest
compressions during hands-only cpr a the scene becomes unsafe b person has still no signs of life c e m s personnel take over d another trained
first aider takes over chest compressions the correct answer is b person has still no signs of life if the person still has no signs of life then there is
more reason to continue chest compressions a c and d are valid reasons to stop performing chest compressions

First Aid LD Session 5: Traumatic Injuries

bleeding technically known as hemorrhaging is the loss of blood escaping from the circulatory system bleeding that is severe enough to critically
reduce blood volume is life-threatening this can cause tissues to die from the lack of oxygen life-threatening bleeding can be either external or
internal external bleeding occurs when a blood vessel is opened from the outside such as through a tear in the skin the techniques of controlling
bleeding are direct pressure the pressure created by placing a sterile dressing and then a gloved hand or even a gloved hand by itself on a wound
can control external bleeding this technique is called applying direct pressure pressure placed on a wound restricts the blood flow through the
wound and allows normal clotting to occur pressure bandage pressure on a wound can be maintained by applying a bandage snugly to the injured
area a bandage applied snuggy to control bleeding is called a pressure bandage if blood soaks through the bandage do not remove the blood
soaked bandages instead add more dressings and bandages and apply additional direct pressure shock is a condition in which the circulatory
system fails to deliver enough oxygen-rich blood to the body's tissues and vital organs the body's organs such as the brain heart and lungs do not
function properly without this blood supply this triggers a series of responses that produce specific signals known as shock these responses are
the body's attempt to maintain adequate blood flow shock is a spontaneously deteriorating process mainly caused by any of the following loss of
blood volume common causes are traumatic vessels or tissues severe burns fluid loss from gastrointestinal tract vomiting and diarrhea can also
lower the fluid component of blood pump failure the heart does not generate enough energy to move the blood through the system and usually
happens during heart attack or even when there is profound trauma to the heart dilation of peripheral blood vessels this can be due to infection
drug overdose and spinal cord injury signs and symptoms for shock if any of these signals are present assume the victim has a potentially life-
threatening injury or illness restlessness or irritability altered level of consciousness nausea or vomiting pale ashen or grayish cool moist skin
rapid breathing rapid and weak pulse excessive thirst be aware that the early signals of shock may not be present in young children and infants
however because children are smaller than adults they have less blood volume and are more susceptible to shock first aid management for shock
helping the person rest in a more comfortable position may lessen any pain helping the person to rest comfortably is important because pain can
intensify the body's stress and speed up the progression of shock control any external bleeding for victims experiencing shock without evidence
of spinal injury the legs may be raised 6 12 inches if unsure leave the person lying flat help the person maintain normal body temperature if the
person is cool try to cover the person to avoid chilling do not give the person anything to eat or drink even though he or she is likely to be thirsty
the person's condition may be severe enough to require surgery in which case it is better if the stomach is empty reassure the person continue to
monitor the person's breathing and for any changes in the person's condition do not wait for signals of shock to develop before caring for the
underlying injury or illness closed wound is a wound in which the outer layer of the skin is intact and the damage lies below the surface it is
usually due to the application of external forces such as in motor vehicle accidents and falls or from blunt objects resulting in contusion or bruises
a closed wound may bleed internally signs and symptoms tender swollen bruised or hard areas of the body such as the abdomen rapid weak pulse
skin that feels cool or moist or looks pale or bluish vomiting blood or coughing up blood excessive thirst an injured extremity that is blue or
extremely pale altered mental state such as the person becoming confused faint drowsy or unconscious first aid management one apply an ice
pack to the area to decrease bleeding beneath the skin and to help control both pain and swelling fill a plastic bag with ice and water or wrap ice
into wet cloth and apply it to the injured area for periods of about 20 minutes place a thin barrier between the ice and bare skin remove the ice and
wait for 20 minutes before reapplying 2. keep the person from getting chilled 3. elevating the injured part may help to reduce swelling however
do not elevate the injured part if it causes more pain 4. do not assume that all closed wounds are minor injuries take the time to find out whether
more serious injuries could be present 5. with all closed wounds help the person to rest in the most comfortable position possible 6. it also is
helpful to comfort and reassure the person in an open wound the outer layer of skin is broken the break and the skin can be as minor as a scrape of
the surface layers or as severe as a deep penetration external bleeding is often a factor when treating open wounds the amount of bleeding
depends on the location and severity of the injury types of open wounds abrasions are usually caused by something rubbing roughly against the
skin a laceration is a cut in the skin which commonly is caused by a sharp object such as a knife scissors or a broken glass laceration also can
occur when a blunt force splits the skin and avulsion is a serious soft tissue injury it happens when a portion of the skin and sometimes other soft
tissue is partially or completely torn away sometimes a violent force may completely tear away a body part including bone such as a finger this is
known as an amputation with imputations sometimes bleeding is easier to control because the tissues close around the vessels at the injury site
punctures usually occur when a pointed object such as a nail pierces the skin a gunshot wound is a puncture wound puncture wounds do not bleed
much unless a blood vessel has been injured general care for open wounds includes controlling bleeding preventing infection and using dressings
and bandages first aid management for minor open wounds 1. use a barrier between your hand and the wound if readily available put on
disposable gloves and place a sterile dressings on the wound 2. apply direct pressure for a few minutes to control any bleeding three wash
abrasions and other superficial wounds with clean warm running tap water for about five minutes four apply a povidone iodine and a septic
solution or if available a triple antibiotic ointment or cream make sure that the person has no known allergies or sensitivities to these medications
5. cover the wound with a sterile dressing and a bandage or with an adhesive bandage 6. wash your hands immediately after giving care first aid
management for major open wounds 1. call the local emergency number two put on disposable gloves if you suspect that blood might splatter you
may need to wear eye and face protection three control bleeding by applying direct pressure and or pressure bandage four monitor airway and
breathing observe the person closely for signals that may indicate that the person's condition is worsening such as faster or slower breathing
changes in skin color and restlessness five care for shock keep the person from getting chilled or overheated six have the person rest comfortably
and provide reassurance 7. wash your hands immediately after giving care even if you wore gloves burn is an injury to the skin or to other body
tissues caused by heat chemicals electricity or radiation first aid management for thermal burns one check the scene for safety two stop the
burning by removing the victim from the source of the burn three check for life-threatening conditions for cool the burn with large amounts of
cold running water do not use ice or ice water except on a small superficial burn and then for no more than 10 minutes ice causes the body to lose
heat rapidly and further damages delicate tissues 5. cover the burn loosely with a sterile dressing the bandage should not put pressure on the burn
surface six prevent infection do not break blisters do not touch a burn with anything except a clean covering do not put ointments butter oil or
other commercial or home remedies on blisters deep burns or burns that may require medical attention apply a triple antibiotic ointment if the
person has no known allergies or sensitivities to the medication seven take steps to minimize shock keep the victim from getting chilled or
overheated eight comfort and reassure the victim question the techniques for controlling severe bleeding are a elevation and pressure points b
direct pressure and pressure bandage c back blows and chest thrusts d washing and immersion the correct answer is b direct pressure and pressure
bandage question which is a first aid for a severe thermal burn a apply ointment or butter or oil b break the blisters c cover burn loosely with a
sterile dressing d apply ice directly for over 30 minutes the correct answer is c cover burn loosely with a sterile dressing question when an injured
or ill person goes into shock you should not do which of the following a control bleeding b elevate the legs c maintain normal body temperature d
give anything to eat or drink the correct answer is d give anything to eat or drink

First Aid LD Session 6: Bandaging

bandaging a bandage is any material that is used to wrap or cover any part of the body bandages are used to hold dressings in place to apply
pressure to control bleeding to protect a wound from dirt and infection and to provide support to an injured limb or body part any bandage applied
snugly to create pressure on a wound or an injury is called a pressure bandage bandages are of different types adhesive compresses which are
available in assorted sizes and consist of a small pad of non-stick gauze on a strip of adhesive tape that is applied directly to minor wounds
bandage compresses which are thick gauze dressings attached to a bandage that is tied in place bandage compresses are specially designed to help
control severe bleeding and usually come in sterile packages roller bandages which are usually made of gas or gas-like material a roller bandage
generally is wrapped around the body part it can be tied or taped in place a roller bandage also may be used to hold a dressing in place secure a
splinter control external bleeding elastic roller bandages sometimes called elastic wraps are designed to keep continuous pressure on the body part
triangular bandage is a piece of cloth cut into a triangle that can be used as a sling and to cover large areas folded into a gravel it can be used just
like a roller bandage general bandaging guidelines use a dressing that is large enough to extend at least one inch beyond the edge of the wound if
body tissue or organs are exposed cover the wound with a dressing that will not stick such as plastic wrap or moistened gauze then secure the
dressing with a bandage or adhesive tapes if the bandage is over a joint splint and makes a bulky dressing so the joint remains immobilized if
there is no movement of a wound over the joint there should be improved healing and reduce scarring check for feeling warmth and color in the
area below the injury site observe fingers and toes before and after applying the bandage a bandage should be snug but not so tight as to interfere
with circulation either at the time of application or later if swelling occurs do not cover fingers or toes by keeping these parts uncovered you will
be able to see if the bandage is too tight if fingers or toes feel cool to the touch or seem to look pale or blue the bandage may be too tight and
should be loosened slightly apply additional dressings and a supplementary bandage if blood soaks through the first covering do not remove the
blood soaked bandages and dressings disturbing them may disrupt the formation of a clot and restart the bleeding bandaging techniques depends
upon size and location of the wound your first aid skills materials at hand a square knot or reef knot is used to tie the ends of a triangular bandage
it is easy and quick to tie an untie it is formed by tying a left-handed overhand knot and then a right-handed overhand knot or vice versa a
common mnemonic for this procedure is right over left left over right makes a knot both tidy and tight folding a triangular bandage into a cravlet
bring the point or apex of the triangular bandage to the middle of the base then fold lengthwise along the middle to make it narrower fold it again
until you obtain the desired width top of head 1. fold a hem about 2 inches wide along the base 2. put the bandage in place with the hem on the
outside place the bandage on the head so that the middle of the base lies on the forehead close down to the eyebrows and the point hangs down
the back 3 carry the two ends around the head above the ears and cross do not tie them just below the bump of the back of the head 4. draw the
ends snugly carry them around the head and tie them in the center of the forehead five steady the head with one hand and with the other draw the
point down firmly behind to hold the compress securely against the head six pick up the point and tuck it in where the bandage ends cross
forehead or eye one place the center of the gravel over the dressing that covers the wound two carry the ends around to the opposite of the head
and cross them three bring them back to the starting point and tie them ear cheek or jaw one use a wide cravlet start with middle of the cravat
over the dressing that covers the cheek or ear two carry one end over the top of the head and the other under the chin three cross the ends at the
opposite side bringing the short end back around the forehead and the long end around the back of the head 4. tie them over the dressing 5. never
use the method for fracture of the jaw or where there is bleeding in the mouth or danger of vomiting shoulder one using a wide gravel place a
third of its length on the dressing with the short end towards the front two carry the other end passing down the armpit and back to the shoulder
crossing the short end and covering the dressing three continue bringing the same end around the back then the other armpit and back to the front
where it is tied with the short end arm or leg one with a cravat place it diagonally along the arm or leg with a third of its length on the dressing the
short end should be towards the upper part two starting below the dressing wrap the other end around the arm or leg with overlapping spiral turns
upward until it covers the dressing and the end reaches the short end three fold the short end back and wrap it around the extremity to reverse its
direction opposite that of the other end four tie the ends with square knot chest one place the center of the bandage on the dressing with the point
resting on the shoulder as the side of the injured chest and its base parallel to the ground two fold a hem about two inches outward along the base
then carry both ends firmly around the body and tie them at the back three twist both ends together and bring them up to the shoulder where the
point is and tie them as well 4. be sure to fold outside hems at each side of the bandage before tying the point pump one place the center of the
and over the dressing the palm should be facing upward two starting with the end on the thumb side of the hand carry this end under and around
the hand passing on the wrist side of the other end and back to same side where it started close to the thumb three carry the other end under and
around the hand twice the first wrap passing behind the thumb and the second one between the thumb and the first end four cross both ends of the
wrist and tie them you

First Aid LD Session 7: Medical Emergencies

first aid for medical emergencies heart attack it is also called as myocardial infarction it occurs when the blood and oxygen supply to the heart is
reduced causing damage to the heart muscle and preventing blood from circulating effectively it is usually caused by coronary heart disease the
effects of a heart attack depend largely on how much of the heart muscle is affected the following are the signals of the heart attack one chest pain
the most common signal is persistent pain discomfort or pressure in the chest that lasts longer than three to five minutes or it goes away and
comes back the pain associated can range from discomfort to an unbearable crushing sensation in the chest the person may describe it as pressure
squeezing tightness aching or heaviness in the chest some individuals may show no signals at all 2. discomfort and other areas of the upper body
in addition to the chest discomfort pain or a pressure may also be felt in or spread to the shoulder arm neck jaw stomach or back three trouble
breathing another signal of a heart attack is trouble breathing the person may be breathing faster than normal because the body tries to get the
much needed oxygen to the heart the person may have noisy breathing or shortness of breath four other signals the person's skin may be pale or
gray especially around the face some people suffering from a heart attack may be damp with sweat or may sweat heavily feel dizzy become
nauseous or vomit they may become fatigued lightheaded or lose consciousness these signals are caused by the stress put on the body when the
heart does not work as it should some individuals may show no signals at all however it is important to note that women are somewhat more
likely to experience some of the other warning signals particularly shortness of breath nausea or vomiting back or jaw pain and unexplained
fatigue or melees when they do experience chest pain women may have a greater tendency to have atypical chest pain sudden sharp but short-
lived pain outside of the breastbone first symptom was severe indigestion which was not fixed by an antacid first thing was the chest pain i
noticed that almost immediately um it was very uncomfortable felt like somebody was standing on my chest seemed like it was getting tighter
like a fist was in there it was like something's just crushing it then came profuse sweating just out of nowhere pain radiated right up into my jaw
and then down into my arm and fingertips all of a sudden you can't breathe and you start sweating and your chest start hurting something's wrong
then a sense of doom that that the whole world was coming to an end was very scared um had decided that it was time to tell my wife it was time
to go to the hospital and you know see if it was in fact what i feared which was a heart attack i said i told my wife i say i have never felt this way
and i was serious when i told her this too i said it's time to go she probably looked at my face and said he's not playing sweating he was sweating
you know and things that he never did before that made me know something was wrong it's important to know what to do when someone that you
love becomes pale or sweaty and has chest pains it can happen to anybody and it can happen overnight it can happen in the blink of an eye i'm
just very glad to be here telling the story and that i knew what to look for sometimes i get a little emotional i'm when i talk about it it's not usually
a tear drop out of my eye you know because this was real serious so i immediately got help i went to to someone at the front of the store and
asked them to call 9-1-1 for me and within 15 minutes i was in the hospital emergency room being treated for a heart attack because it can happen
at any time and anywhere and you just don't know when it's going to happen i'm glad to be here today he's my beat he's my beat and i love him i
love him a lot first aid management for heart attack if you suspect that someone might be having a heart attack you should 1 call 9-1-1
immediately 2. have the person stop doing anything and rest comfortably this will ease the heart's need for oxygen three loosen any tight or
uncomfortable clothing for closely watch the person until advanced medical personnel take over monitor the person's condition five be prepared
to perform cpr and use an automated external defibrillator if available once the person loses consciousness and stops breathing six ask the person
if he has a history of heart disease and if he is taking any prescribed medication for chest pain 7. offer aspirin if it is prescribed by his physician
for his condition and only if the patient can swallow 8. become and reassuring comforting the person helps to reduce anxiety and eases some of
the discomfort 9 talk to bystanders and if possible the person to get more information 10 do not try to drive the person to the hospital yourself he
or she could quickly get worse on the way stroke stroke is a disruption of blood flow to a part of the brain which may cause permanent damage to
brain tissue also called a cerebrovascular accident most commonly stroke can be caused by the following one a blood clot that forms or lodges in
the arteries that supply blood to the brain two bleeding from a ruptured artery in the brain caused by a head injury high blood pressure or and
aneurysm three fat deposits these lining an artery may also cause stroke for tumor or swelling from a head injury this may compress an artery and
cause a stroke according to the philippine health statistics stroke kills 61.8 per 100 000 populations in the country in 2004. 2004 it is the second
leading cause of mortality in the philippines next to heart diseases the world health organization estimates that 15 million people worldwide will
suffer from stroke each year and 5 million will die and another 5 million will be permanently disabled signs and symptoms for stroke the
possibility or probability of stroke can be recognized easily by the following warning signs sudden numbness or weakness of the face arm or leg
especially on one side of the body sudden confusion trouble speaking or understanding sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes sudden trouble
walking dizziness loss of balance or coordination sudden severe headache with no known cause for stroke assessment think faster f a s t which
stands for the following face weakness numbness or drooping on one side of the face ask the person to smile does one side of the face droop arm
weakness or numbness in one arm ask the person to raise both arms does one arm drift speech slurred speech or difficulty speaking ask the person
to repeat a simple sentence are the words slurred can the person repeat the sentence correctly time try to determine when the signals begin and it's
onset if these signals occurred suddenly time is critical call 911 right away first aid management for stroke one recognize the signals and take
action two call 911 immediately minutes count three have the person stop what he is doing and rest comfortably by sitting or lying down four
give the victim supportive care and reassurance five be prepared to perform cpr if victim becomes unresponsive seizures a seizure is the result of
abnormal electrical activity in the brain leading to temporary and involuntary changes in body movement function sensation awareness or
behavior seizures can have different types and causes types and causes of seizures chronic seizure this condition occurs suddenly without warning
example is epilepsy a chronic seizure disorder that can often be controlled with medication very often it presents as a convulsion with powerful
contractions of the parts of the body however it can also manifest as a sudden brief change in thinking attention sensation or behavior fabrial
seizure this condition brought on by a rapid increase in body temperature they are most common in children younger than five years fabrial
seizures often are caused by infections of the ear throat or digestive system and are most likely to occur when the child or an infant runs a rectal
temperature of over 39 degrees celsius signs and symptoms when assessing the victim look for unusual sensation or feeling such as a visual
hallucination irregular or no breathing drooling upward rolling of the eyes rigid body sudden uncontrollable rhythmic muscle contractions like
convulsions decreased level of responsiveness loss of bladder or bowel control first aid management for seizures one protect the person from
injury by removing nearby objects that might cause injury and by placing a thinly folded towel or clothing beneath the victim's head 2. do not
hold or restrain the patient when seizure is in progress 3. do not place anything between the victim's teeth or put anything in his mouth the victim
will not swallow his tongue 4. if the seizure was caused by a sudden rise in body temperature loosen clothing and fan the victim do not immerse
in cold water or use rubbing alcohol to cool 5. when the seizure is over be sure that the victim's airway is open and check for breathing and
injuries place the person in the recovery position 6. comfort and stay with the victim until he or she is fully conscious call 911 immediately if a
seizure lasts longer than five minutes or is repeated a seizure is followed by a quick rise in the child's temperature the victim does not regain
consciousness the victim has diabetes or is injured the patient is pregnant the victim has never had a seizure before any life-threatening condition
is found a child has a fever with a seizure the victim has a known seizure disorder but the seizure is a different type or is occurring more
frequently fainting it is the partial or complete loss of consciousness resulting from a temporary reduction of blood flow to the brain fainting
usually is a harmless self-correcting condition when the victim collapses normal circulation to the brain resumes and the person usually recovers
quickly with no lasting effects however what appears to be a simple case of fainting may actually be a signal of a more serious condition fainting
can be triggered by one and emotionally stressful event such as the site of blood two it may be caused by pain three specific medical conditions
such as heart disease four standing for long periods of time or over exertion 5 some people such as pregnant women or the elderly are more likely
than others to faint when suddenly changing positions such as moving from sitting or lying down to standing signs and symptoms of fainting
fainting may occur with or without warning the following are signs and symptoms one change in level of consciousness may initially make the
victim feel lightheaded or dizzy 2. the victim may show signals of shock such as pale cool or moist skin 3. the victim may feel nauseated and
complain of numbness or tingling in the fingers and toes 4. other signals that proceed fainting include sweating vomiting distortion or dimming of
vision head or abdominal pain some victims feel as though everything is going dark just before they lose consciousness first aid management one
position the victim on his or her back and elevate the legs about 12 inches to keep blood circulating to the vital hoggins 2. if you are unsure of the
victim's condition or if moving is painful for the victim keep it order lying flat 3. loosen any restrictive clothing such as a tie or collar 4. check for
any other life-threatening and non-life-threatening conditions 5. do not give the victim anything to eat or drink also do not slap the victim or
splash water on his or her face splashing water could cause the victim to aspirate the water question in stroke recognition fast means a feel
assume support touch b fever anxiety stress and taste c face arm speech and time d forehead airway stomach and thumbs the correct answer is see
face arm speech and time question a person went unconscious after suddenly standing up from a squatting position signs of fainting are observed
on the person after calling for 911 the person gained partial consciousness what else should you do a give something to eat or drink b let the
person stand up and walk around c loosen tight clothing and elevate the legs d place a rolled up piece of cloth between the teeth the correct
answer is c loosen tight clothing and elevate the legs question which would you do when caring for a seizure victim a remove nearby objects that
might cause injury b place a rolled up piece of cloth between the victim's teeth c try to hold the person still d tie the hands together the correct
answer is a remove nearby objects that might cause injury

First Aid LD Session 8: Bone Joint and Muscle Injuries

bone joint and muscle injuries bones are strong hard dense tissues that come in many different sizes and shapes more than 200 bones make up the
skeleton creating the framework for the body there are four basic types of bone muscle and joint injuries a strain or pulled muscle is over
stretching and tearing of muscles or tendons they usually involve the muscles in the neck back thigh or the back of the lower leg a sprain is the
tearing of ligaments at a joint the joints most easily injured are at the ankle knee wrist and fingers a dislocation is the movement of a bone at a
joint away from its normal position this movement usually is caused by a violent force tearing the ligaments that hold the bones in place a
fracture is a complete break a chip or a crack in a bone in general fractures are life-threatening only if they involve breaks in large bones such as
the thigh severing artery or affect breathing a fracture is either closed or open in the closed fracture the skin is not broken closed fractures are
more common but open fractures are more dangerous because they carry a risk of infection and severe bleeding an open fracture involves an open
wound it occurs when the end of a bone tears through the skin an object that goes into the skin and breaks the bone such as a bullet also can cause
an open fracture signs and symptoms it can be difficult to tell if an injury is to a muscle bone or joint always suspect a severe injury when any of
the following signals are present pain significant bruising and swelling significant deformity the person is unable to use the affected part normally
there are bone fragments sticking out of the wound the person feels bones grating or the person felt or heard a snap or pup at the time of injury the
injured area is called nomentingly the cause of injury suggests that it may be severe first aid management general care for injuries to muscles
bone and joints includes following the mnemonic rice or rice rest do not move or straighten the injured area immobilize stabilize the injured area
in the position that was found splint the injured part only if the person must be moved or transported to receive medical care and it does not cause
more pain minimizing movement can prevent further injury cold fill a plastic bag with ice and water or wrap ice with a damp cloth and apply it to
the injured area for periods of about 20 minutes place a thin barrier between the ice and bare skin if 20 minute application cannot be tolerated
apply it for periods of 10 minutes if needed remove the pack for 20 minutes and then replace it cold reduces internal bleeding pain and swelling
do not apply heat as there is no evidence that applying heat helps muscle bone or joint injuries do not apply an ice pack directly on an open
fracture elevate elevate the injured part only if it does not cause more pain elevating the injured part may help reduce swelling splinting
techniques applying a sling and binder one after checking the scene and the injured person two get consent three support the injured part
manually stabilize both above and below the side of the injury or ask a helper to do this until splinting is done four check circulation check for
feeling warmth and color beyond the injury five position sling place a triangular bandage under the injured arm and over the uninjured shoulder
to form a sling six secure sling tie the ends of the sling at the side of the neck pad the knots at the neck and side of the binder for comfort seven
bind with crevit bind the injured body part to the chest with a folded triangular bandage eight recheck circulation recheck for feeling warmth and
color applying an anatomic splint after checking the scene and the injured person one get consent two support injured part manually stabilize both
above and below the side of the injury or ask a helper to do this until splinting is done three check circulation check for feeling warmth and color
beyond the injury four position cravats place several folded triangular bandages above and below the injured body part five align body parts place
the uninjured body part next to the injured body part apply padding in between body parts if possible to minimize pressure areas and maintain its
natural position six tie the cravats securely seven recheck circulation recheck for feeling warmth and color 8. if you are not able to check warmth
and color because a sock or shoe is in place check for feeling applying a rigid splint after checking the scene and the injured person one get
consent two support injured part manually stabilize both above and below the side of the injury or ask a helper to do this until splinting is done
three check circulation check for feeling warmth and color beyond the injury four position cravats place several folded triangular bandages above
and below the injured body part five place splint place an appropriately seized rigid splint under the injured body part 6 place padding such as
roller gauze folded cravats in voids between the splint and injured part to keep it in a natural position seven tie cravats securely eight recheck
circulation recheck for feeling warmth and color question it is the over stretching and tearing of muscles or tendons they usually involve the
muscles in the neck back thigh or the back of the lower leg a fracture b sprain c dislocation d strain the correct answer is d strain question in the
first aid management or general care for injuries to muscles bone and joints includes following the mnemonic r-i-c-e means a respiration
inhalation contraction exhalation b retract indicate conduct extricate c rest immobilize cold elevate d relax induce compress extract the correct
answer is see rest immobilize cold elevate question which is not a sign or a symptom of a bone muscle and joint injury a coughing b significant
bruising and swelling c pain d significant deformity the correct answer is a coughing

First Aid LD Session 9: Lifting and Moving

a patient can be moved to safety in many different ways but no one way is best for every situation the objective is to move a patient to safety
without causing injury to both patient and the first aider emergency move is to move a patient to a safe place before initial assessment and care
are provided when there is some potential danger emergency moves are usually done by one or two people and without any equipment non-
emergency move is to move a patient when both seen and the patient are stable carrying devices are often used and the procedure is not
necessarily urgent limitations the manner and technique by which patients are moved and carried depends on certain limitations prevalent during
any given situation considering these limitations before lifting or moving a patient will help the first aider decide what method is best and how to
proceed safely with the transfer these limiting factors are as follows dangerous conditions at the scene the size and weight of the victim physical
ability of first aider presence of other rescuers the victim's condition available carrying device terrain and distance to travel generally do not move
an injured or hell person while giving care except in the following situations when faced with immediate danger such as fire lack of oxygen risk
of explosion or a collapsing structure and only when it can be done safely when there is a need to get to another person who may have a more
serious problem in this case a person with minor injuries may be moved to reach someone needing immediate care when it is necessary to give
proper care for example if someone needed cpr he or she might have to be moved from a bed because cpr needs to be performed on a firm flat
surface if the surface or space is not adequate to give care the person should be moved lifting and moving guidelines follow these general
guidelines to ensure safety when lifting and moving patients only attempt to move a person you are sure you can comfortably handle bend your
body at the knees and hips lift with your legs not your back walk carefully using short steps when possible move forward rather than backward
always look where you are going support the victim's head neck and back if necessary if supine lift and carry the patient's entire body as one unit
avoid bending or twisting a victim with a possible head neck or back injury use the log roll technique when placing a blanket or a spine board
onto the patient in preparation for a carry rescuer distribution to ensure that no individual suddenly bears unexpected dangerous weight and to
reduce the risk of injury to the rescuers and the patient it is important to position the rescuers accordingly traversing stairs and inclines carrying a
patient down a flight of stairs or other incline poses a significant risk for injury to the rescuers and or patient if not performed in a safe
coordinated manner unlike carrying a patient across flat train in an open area the patient is carried down an incline and within the confines of the
walls on either side commands to safely lift and carry a patient rescuers must anticipate and understand every move and each move must be
executed in a coordinated manner walking assist the most basic emergency move is the walking assist either one or two rescuers can use this
method with a conscious victim this assist is not appropriate to use if you suspect that the victim has a head neck or back injury armpit or clothes
drag the clothes drag is a one-person technique and can be used to move a conscious or unconscious person with a suspected head neck or spinal
injury this move helps keep the person's head neck and back stabilized be aware that this move is exhausting and may cause back strain for the
responder even when done properly ankle drag use the ankle drag also known as the foot drag to move a person who is too large to carry or move
in any other way cradle carry a one-person technique to be used only in the case of like victims or children swing carry the two-handed seat carry
requires a second rescuer this carry can be used for any person who is conscious and not seriously injured chair carry this method utilizes two
rescuers and is satisfactory for going up and down stairs through narrow corridors and around corners blanket carry if transfer is necessary before
a litter can be provided a blanket can be placed under the patient for lifting and carrying over a short distance it can be performed by four to six
rescuers a blanket should never be used if there is a suspected fracture of the neck or back you