Lecture/Reviewer 1 in PE and Health 7 Week 1 Quarter 4

Principles of First Aid Airway: If a person is not breathing,

Do’s in giving first aid the first step is to ensure their
1. Remain calm. airway is clear.
2. Provide reassurance and comfort to Breathing: If clearing the airway
the victim. doesn't restore breathing, rescue
3. Look for a medical bracelet breathing should be
indicating a condition like epilepsy or administered.
diabetes. Circulation: While giving rescue
Indicating a condition such as epilepsy breaths, maintaining blood flow is
or diabetes. critical through chest
4. Loosen any tight clothing. compressions. If the person remains
5. Keep the victim covered to minimize unresponsive, checking their pulse is
shock. necessary. If no pulse
Don’ts in giving first aid is found, chest compressions should be
1. Avoid giving food and drink to initiated.
someone unconscious.
2. Refrain from moving an injured Some first aid courses may also include
person unless it is necessary to D and E: D could stand for Disability
position them in the recovery position assessment, severe bleeding, or
automated external defibrillator
First Aid is immediate and temporary (AED), a device that delivers an
care given to a person who suddenly electric shock to thevheart. E could
gets ill or injured. It includes self- stand for Examination, involving
help and home care if medical assessing the person for signs of
assistance is unavailable or delayed. injury, bleeding, allergies, or other
It can mean the difference between life issues once they are breathing and have
and death in extreme cases. However, we a pulse
must know the limits of the first aid
we can give because improper first aid Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is
can do more harm than good in some a vital emergency procedure that
instances. Anyone who gives first aid everyone should know.
is a first aider. In instances of cardiac arrest (when
the heart stops beating), administering
Roles of First Aid: CPR and/or using an automated external
• It is a bridge that fills the gap defibrillator (AED) can help restart
between the victim and the the heart and restore blood circulation
physicians until medical help arrives. This
• It is not intended to compete with intervention can potentially save a
or to take the place of the services person's life.
of the physician AEDs are widely available in many
public locations and businesses. These
• It ends when the services of the
first aid devices are designed to be
physicians begin.
easy to use, even for individuals
Objectives of First Aid:
without formal training
• To alleviate suffering
• To prevent added/further injury or Bleeding is the loss of blood. It can
danger be external, or outside the body, like
• To prolong life when you get a cut or wound. It can also
Characteristics of a good First Aider: be internal, or inside the body, like
• Gentle-does not cause pain and panic when you have an injury to an internal
• Observant-notices all signs. organ.
• Resourceful-makes the best use of
things at hand According to the National Library of
Medicine's guidance on bleeding:
• Tactful-do not frighten the victim
If available, don disposable gloves to
• Sympathetic comports and reassures safeguard against infectious diseases
such as viral hepatitis and HIV/AIDS,
First Aid Instructions for Medical which can be transmitted through
Emergencies contact with an individual's blood
ABCs of First Aid: 1. Flush the wound with water.
When someone is unconscious or not 2. Cover the wound with gauze or a clean
responding, it's essential to follow cloth (e.g., towel, blanket, clothing).
the basic principle of first 3. Apply direct pressure to the wound
aid, known as ABC: airway, breathing, to staunch bleeding and promote
and circulation. clotting, allowing the blood to
naturally thicken and halt blood loss.
Lecture/Reviewer 1 in PE and Health 7 Week 1 Quarter 4

4. If feasible, elevate the bleeding A heart attack occurs when the blood
area above the heart level. flow to a part of the heart is blocked,
5. Avoid removing the cloth if it usually by a blood clot. This leads to
becomes saturated, as this could damage or death of the heart muscle
disrupt the clotting process and lead cells.
to further bleeding. Instead, add A stroke occurs when there is an
additional layers as necessary. Once interruption of blood flow to the
bleeding has ceased, apply a fresh brain, resulting in damage to brain
bandage to the wound. cells. This interruption can happen due
to a blockage in a blood vessel
The Heimlich maneuver involves a (ischemic stroke) or the bursting of a
sequence of abdominal thrusts aimed at blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke)
clearing an obstructed airway in
individuals experiencing choking. It is First Aid Procedures for Managing
essential to note that this first aid Common Conditions
procedure should be administered solely Bites
in cases where a person is genuinely • Signs: Visible bite marks, swelling,
choking. redness, pain, puncture wounds,
bleeding.
Examples of Common Conditions • Symptoms: Pain, localized numbness or
Bites are Injuries from animal or human tingling, itching, inflammation, fever
teeth or Insect. They can cause (in some cases).
puncture wounds, cuts, or scrapes on Wounds
the skin. Bites can vary in seriousness • Signs: Open skin, bleeding, swelling,
and may lead to infections or venom. redness, presence of foreign objects.
Wounds are injuries that cause damage • Symptoms: Pain, tenderness, warmth,
to the skin or underlying tissues. They pus or discharge, fever (if infection
can range from minor cuts and scrapes develops).
to more serious injuries like puncture Burns
wounds or lacerations. Wounds may • Signs: Redness, blistering, swelling,
result from accidents, falls, or charred or blackened skin, peeling.
contact with sharp objects • Symptoms: Pain, tenderness,
Burns are injuries caused by heat, difficulty moving, shock (in severe
chemicals, electricity, or radiation cases).
that damage the skin and tissues. They Bleeding
can vary in severity, from minor • Signs: Visible blood, bleeding from
redness and discomfort to severe tissue a wound, blood pooling on the skin or
damage and loss. ground.
Bleeding refers to the loss of blood Symptoms: Weakness, dizziness,
from damaged blood vessels. It can lightheadedness, rapid heartbeat, low
occur externally, visible from cuts or blood
wounds, or internally, which may not be pressure.
immediately appearance. Fainting
Fainting refers to a temporary loss of • Signs: Loss of consciousness, pale or
consciousness typically caused by a flushed skin, sweating, shallow
temporary reduction in blood flow to breathing.
the brain. It often occurs due to a • Symptoms: Dizziness,
sudden drop in blood pressure or a lack lightheadedness, blurred vision,
of oxygen reaching the brain. nausea, confusion.
Poisoning, in the context of first aid, Poisoning
refers to the ingestion, inhalation, or • Signs: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal
absorption of substances that are pain, diarrhea, sweating, difficulty
harmful to the body. These substances, breathing.
known as poisons, can include • Symptoms: Dizziness, headache,
chemicals, medications, plants, or weakness, confusion, seizures, loss of
household products. consciousness.
Choking occurs when an object becomes Choking
lodged in the throat or windpipe, • Signs: Inability to speak or breathe,
blocking the flow of air. This clutching at throat, cyanosis (blue
obstruction prevents the person from skin).
breathing effectively and • Symptoms: Gasping for air, wheezing,
can quickly lead to a life-threatening coughing, panic, loss of consciousness.
situation. Hyperventilation
Hyperventilation refers to rapid or • Signs: Rapid breathing, deep
shallow breathing that leads to an breathing, chest pain, dizziness,
excessive intake of oxygen and reduced tingling in extremities.
levels of carbon dioxide in the body
Lecture/Reviewer 1 in PE and Health 7 Week 1 Quarter 4

• Symptoms: Shortness of breath, possible and seek medical attention if

feeling of suffocation, numbness or symptoms persist.
tingling in fingers or lips. Heart attack - Call emergency services
Heart Attack immediately, help the person rest in a
• Signs: Chest pain or discomfort, comfortable position, and assist with
shortness of breath, nausea, any prescribed medication (e.g.,
lightheadedness, cold sweat. aspirin). Monitor the person's vital
• Symptoms: Pain or discomfort in arms, signs and be prepared to perform CPR if
back, neck, jaw, or stomach, fatigue, necessary.
anxiety. Stroke - Recognize the signs of stroke
Stroke (FAST: Face drooping, Arm weakness,
• Signs: Sudden numbness or weakness in Speech difficulty, Time to call
face, arm, or leg (especially on one emergency services), keep the person
side of the body), confusion, trouble calm and comfortable, and provide
speaking or understanding speech, reassurance while waiting for medical
difficulty walking, severe headache. help.

First Aid Management

Bites - Clean the wound with soap and
water, apply an antibiotic ointment,
and cover it with a sterile bandage.
Seek medical attention if it's a severe
bite or if there are signs of
infection.
Wounds - Clean the wound with mild soap
and water, apply pressure to stop
bleeding, and cover with a sterile
bandage or clean cloth. Seek medical
attention if the wound is deep, large,
or shows signs of infection.
Burns - Cool the burn under cool,
running water for at least 10 minutes,
cover the burn with a sterile dressing,
and seek medical attention for severe
burns, burns to the face, or burns that
cover a large area of the body
Bleeding - Apply direct pressure to the
wound with a clean cloth or bandage,
elevate the wound if possible, and
continue applying pressure until
bleeding stops. Seek medical attention
if bleeding is severe or cannot be
controlled.
Fainting - Lay the person flat and
elevate their legs, loosen any tight
clothing, and provide fresh air. If the
person does not regain consciousness
within a minute, seek medical
attention.
Poisoning - Call poison control
immediately for guidance, remove any
contaminated clothing, and rinse the
affected area with water if
appropriate. Seek medical attention if
symptoms are severe or if the substance
ingested is toxic
Choking - Perform abdominal thrusts
(Heimlich maneuver) to dislodge the
obstruction, encourage coughing if the
person is able to cough, and seek
medical attention if the obstruction
cannot be cleared.
Hyperventilation - Encourage slow
breathing, breathing into a paper bag
if available, and reassurance. Remove
the person from stressful situations if