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MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 9) : Albert Ku

This document provides an overview of matrix addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and matrix multiplication. It defines these operations and provides examples of performing each type of calculation. Key properties of the operations are also summarized. The document concludes with an example problem demonstrating matrix multiplication to calculate nutrition contents in cereal mixes.

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77 views12 pages

MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 9) : Albert Ku

This document provides an overview of matrix addition, subtraction, scalar multiplication, and matrix multiplication. It defines these operations and provides examples of performing each type of calculation. Key properties of the operations are also summarized. The document concludes with an example problem demonstrating matrix multiplication to calculate nutrition contents in cereal mixes.

Uploaded by

andy15
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH 1003 Calculus and Linear Algebra (Lecture 9)

Albert Ku

HKUST Mathematics Department

Albert Ku (HKUST) MATH 1003 1 / 12


Outline

1 Addition, Subtraction and Scalar Multiplication

2 Matrix Product

Albert Ku (HKUST) MATH 1003 2 / 12


Addition, Subtraction and Scalar Multiplication

Addition, Subtraction and Scalar Multiplication

Definition
The addition/subtraction of two matrices of the same size is the matrix
with elements that are the addition/subtraction of the corresponding
elements of the two given matrices. That is to say, if A = (aij ) and
B = (bij ), then
A + B = (aij + bij )

Definition
The scalar multiplication of a matrix A by a real number k, denoted by
kA, is a matrix formed by multiplying each element of A by k. That is to
say, if A = (aij ) then
kA = (kaij )

Albert Ku (HKUST) MATH 1003 3 / 12


Addition, Subtraction and Scalar Multiplication

Example
Evaluate the following expressions:
     
2 −3 0 3 1 2 5 −2 2
(a) + =
1 2 −5 −2 4 0 −1 6 −5
     
−2 3 3 2 5 −14
(b) −4  1 −1  −  −1 −1  =  −3 5 
2 −2 0 3 −8 5
 
  −1 7
5 0 −2
(c) +  1 −1  does not make sense.
1 −3 8
2 −2

Albert Ku (HKUST) MATH 1003 4 / 12


Addition, Subtraction and Scalar Multiplication

Some Properties

Let A, B and C are matrices of the same size and k be a real number.
A+B =B +A
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C )
−A = (−1)A
A + (−1)A = A − A = 0, where 0 is the zero matrix, a matrix with all
its elements being zero.
k(A + B) = kA + kB

Albert Ku (HKUST) MATH 1003 5 / 12


Matrix Product

Matrix Product

The product of a 1 × n row matrix and an n × 1 column matrix is a


1 × 1 matrix given by
 
b1
 b2 

a1 a2 · · · an  .  = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + · · · an bn .
 .. 
bn

If A is an m × p matrix and B is a p × n matrix, the matrix product


of A and B, denoted by AB, is an m × n matrix whose element in the
i th row and j th column is the number obtained from the product of
the i th row of A and j th column of B.
If the number of columns in A does not equal to the number of rows
in B, the matrix product AB is not defined.

Albert Ku (HKUST) MATH 1003 6 / 12


Matrix Product

An Example

Example
 
  2 1
1 2 3  0 1 
0 1 1
−1 0

The number of columns of the first matrix is equal to the number of rows
of the second matrix. Therefore, the matrix product is well-defined.

Albert Ku (HKUST) MATH 1003 7 / 12


Matrix Product

Example
Evaluate the following matrix products:
  
a b A B
(a)
c d C D
 
2 1  
1 −1 0 1
(b)  1 0 
2 1 2 0
−1 0
 
  2 1
1 −1 0 1 
(c) 1 0 
2 1 2 0
−1 0

Albert Ku (HKUST) MATH 1003 8 / 12


Matrix Product

  
2 6 1 2
(d)
−1 −3 3 6
  
1 2 2 6
(e)
3 6 −1 −3
 
 −5
(f) 2 −3 0  2 
−2
 
−5 
(g)  2  2 −3 0
−2

Albert Ku (HKUST) MATH 1003 9 / 12


Matrix Product

Some Properties

Let A and C be two m × p matrices. Let B and D be two p × n matrices.


In general, AB 6= BA.
In general, AB = 0 does not imply that A = 0 or B = 0.
A(B + D) = AB + AD.
(A + C )B = AB + CB.

Albert Ku (HKUST) MATH 1003 10 / 12


Matrix Product

Example
A nutritionist for a cereal company blends two cereals in three different
mixes. The amounts of protein, carbohydrate and fat (in grams per ounce)
in each cereal are given below.

Cereal A Cereal B
Protein 4g/oz 2g/oz
Carbohydrate 20g/oz 16g/oz
Fat 3g/oz 1g/oz

Mix X Mix Y Mix Z


Cereal A 15 oz 10 oz 5 oz
Cereal B 5 oz 10 oz 15 oz

(a) Find the amount of protein in Mix X.


(b) Find the amount of fat in Mix Z.
Albert Ku (HKUST) MATH 1003 11 / 12
Matrix Product

Solution
We represent two tables by the following matrices:
 
4 2  
15 10 5
M=  20 16  and N =
5 10 15
3 1
Then we have  
70 60 50
MN =  380 360 340 
50 40 30
The rows of MN represent the nutrition contents (protein, carbohydrate
and fat) and the columns of MN represent the mixes (X,Y and Z).
Therefore, to find the amount of protein in Mix X, we just need to look up
the element in the first row and first column, which is 70 grams.

Similarly, the amount of fat in Mix Z is the element in the third row and
third column, which is 30 grams.
Albert Ku (HKUST) MATH 1003 12 / 12

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