0% found this document useful (0 votes)
108 views16 pages

Arson Module 3rd Year

Fire has played an important role in human evolution and civilization. Early humans may have first learned to control fire from natural occurrences like volcanic eruptions or forest fires caused by lightning. Today, fire provides warmth, light, protection, and enables chemical processes for food preparation and tool/weapon making. However, uncontrolled or careless fire can also cause enormous damage. Understanding fire's properties and how to prevent and control it has allowed humans to develop fire technology and firefighting.

Uploaded by

rodne rufino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
108 views16 pages

Arson Module 3rd Year

Fire has played an important role in human evolution and civilization. Early humans may have first learned to control fire from natural occurrences like volcanic eruptions or forest fires caused by lightning. Today, fire provides warmth, light, protection, and enables chemical processes for food preparation and tool/weapon making. However, uncontrolled or careless fire can also cause enormous damage. Understanding fire's properties and how to prevent and control it has allowed humans to develop fire technology and firefighting.

Uploaded by

rodne rufino
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

FIRE PROTECTION

AND ARSON
INVESTIGATION

Prepared by:
RONEL BADUA RUFINO
Name:_____________________________________________
Course& Section:__________________________________
Contact No:__________________________

FIRE TECHNOLOGY AND ARSON INVESTIGATION


Introduction:
The development of methods and tools for using and controlling fire
was critical in human evolution and is believed to have allowed early
humans to spread northward from the warm climate of either origin into
the more severe environment of Europe and Asia. The evidence of early
fire use is often ambiguous because of the difficulty in determining
whether the archeological evidence is the result of accidental fire or
its deliberate use. Such evidence include finds of occupation sites
with fired or baked soils, bones or stones that have been changed
through the application of heat, and areas containing thick layers of
ash and charcoal that might have hearth structures. The earliest
finds, in Kenya and Ethiopia, date from about 1.5 million years ago.
Less equivocal evidence exists for deliberate fire use in the
Paleolithic period, beginning about 500,000 years ago. Neolithic sites
have yielded objects that may have been used in fire, making drill for
producing friction, heat in wood and flints for striking sparks from
iron pyrites. In legend and religion, fire is common thing. For
example, in Persian literature fire was discovered during a fight of a
hero with a dragon. A stone that the hero used as a weapon missed the
monster and struck a rock. Light shone forth and human beings saw fire
for the first time. In Greek mythology, Prometheus was bestowed with
god like powers when he stole the god’s fire to give it to humanity.
Fire has also played a central role in religion. It has been used as a
god and recognized as a symbol of home and family in many cultures.
Fire has also been a symbol of purification and of immortality and
renewal, hence the lighting of flames of remembrance. The Temple of
Vesta in Rome was an outstanding example of the importance of fire to
the Romans. Vesta was originally the goddess of the fire and her
shrine was in every home. We can only guess that pre-historic people
may have gained knowledge of fire from observing things in nature. So
the origin of fire before the dawn of civilization may be traced to an
erupting volcano, or a forest fire, started by lighting. No one really
knows where on the earth surface or at what stage of early history man
learned how to start a fire and how to make use of it. Yet, today, man
has had fire as:
• source of warmth and light
• protection against enemies
• cause chemical changes to foodstuffs to suit man’s body structure
• provides processes for modifying chemicals into medicines
• provides heat to convert wood, metals, and bones into domestic tools
or instruments for aggression

While the application of fire has served man’s needs its careless and
wanton use exact an enormous and dreadful toll from society in life
and property. Hence, man’s understanding of fire would enable him to
develop the technology of prevention and control to a considerable
advance state (Abis).

WHAT IS FIRE?
Fire is the manifestation of rapid chemical reaction occurring between
fuel and an oxidizertypically the oxygen in the air. Such rapid
chemical reaction releases energy in the form of heat and
light.
Fire is heat and light resulting from the rapid combination of
oxygen, or in some cases gaseous chlorine, with other materials. The
light is in the form of a flame, which is composed of glowing
particles of the burning material and certain gaseous products that
are luminous at the temperature of the burning material.

THE START OF FIRE

All matters exist of one of the three states – solid, liquid and
gas (vapor). The atoms or molecules of a solid are packed closely
together, and that of a liquid is packed loosely, the molecules of a
vapor are not packed together at all, they are free to move about. In
order for a substance to oxidize, its molecules must be pretty well
surrounded by oxygen molecules. The molecules of solids or liquids are
too tightly packed to be surrounded. Thus, only vapors can burn.
However, when a solid or a liquid is heated, its molecules move about
rapidly. If enough heat is applied, some molecules break away from the
surface to form a vapor just above the substance. This vapor can now
mixed with oxygen. If there is enough heat to raise the vapor to its
ignition temperature (temperature needed to burn), and if there is
enough oxygen present, the vapor will oxidize rapidly – it will start
to burn.

The start of burning is the start of a Chain Reaction (the burning


process). Vapor from heated fuel rises, mixes with air and burns. It
produces enough heat to release more vapor and to draw in air to burn
that vapor. As more vapor burns, flame production increases. More heat
is produced, more vapor released, more air drawn into the flames and
more vapor burns, the chain reaction keeps increasing – the size of
the fire increases until fuel is consumed.

CHEMISTRY OF FIRE
Obviously, three things are required for combustion or fire: FUEL
(Combustible materials to vaporize and burn), OXYGEN (Oxygen in air is
the common oxidizing agent, to combine with fuel vapor, air contains
28% O, 78 N, 1% inert gas), and HEAT (to raise the temperature of the
fuel vapor to its ignition temperature). The combinations of these
three elements form the so-called Fire Triangle

The Fire Triangle

OXYGEN HEAT

FUEL
Figure 1 will show that if any side of the fire triangle is missing, a
fire cannot start or if any side of the fire triangle is removed, the
fire will go off. With the presence of the elements of fire,
combustion may take place. Before a fuel will burn, it must be changed
to its vapor state. In a fire situation, this change usually results
from the initial application of heat. The process is known as
PYROLYSIS. Pyrolysis (also known as thermal decomposition) is defined
as the “chemical decomposition of matter through the action of heat”.
In this case, the decomposition causes a change from a solid state to
vapor state. If the vapor mixes sufficiently with air and heated to
high temperature, combustion results. The combustion process is better
represented by the fire tetrahedron.

The fire tetrahedron is useful in illustrating and


remembering the combustion process because it has room for the chain
reaction and because each face touches the other three faces. The
basic difference between the fire triangle and the fire tetrahedron is
that: The tetrahedron illustrates how flaming combustion is supported
and sustained through the chain reaction. In this sense, the chain
reaction face keeps the other three faces from falling apart. The fire
tetrahedron also explains the flaming mode of combustion. The modes of
combustion are either Flaming mode or Surface mode (Glowing–
represented by the fire triangle). A condensed phased combustion is
called glowing combustion A gas-phased combustion is known as flame If
the process is confined with pressure it is called explosion.
PROPERTIES OF FIRE
A. The Physical properties
1. Specific Gravity – the ratio of the weight of a solid or liquid
substance to the weight of an equal volume of water.
2. Vapor density – the weight of a volume of pure gas composed to the
volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure.
3. Vapor Pressure – the force exerted by the molecules on the surface
of a liquid.
4. Temperature – the measure of the degree of thermal agitation of
molecules.
5. Boiling Point – the constant temperature at which the vapor
pressure of the liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure.
6. Ignition/Kindling temperature – the minimum temperature at which
the substance must be heated in order to initiate combustion.
7. Fire point – the lowest temperature of a liquid in an open
container at which vapors are evolved fast enough to support
combustion.
8. Flash point – the temperature at which a flammable liquid forms a
vapor-air mixture that ignites (mixture with in the explosive range).
To burn a fuel (combustible material), its temperature must be raised
until ignition point is reached. Thus, before a fuel start to burn or
before it can be ignited, it has to be exposed to a certain degree of
temperature. When the temperature of a certain substance is very high,
it releases highly combustible vapors known as FREE RADICALS
(combustible vapors such as hydrogen gas, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide, and nitrogen).

During the process of pyrolysis, the following are involved:


• the fuel is heated until its temperature reaches its fire point,
• decomposition takes place – moisture in the fuel is converted to
vapor,
• decomposition produces combustible vapors that rise to the surface
of the fuel (free radicals)
• free radicals undergo combustion.

B. The Chemical Properties


1. Endothermic Reactions – changes whereby energy (heat) is absorbed
or is added before the reaction takes place.
2. Exothermic Reactions – those that release or give off energy (heat)
thus they produce substances with less energy than the reactants.
3. Oxidation – a chemical change that is exothermic, a change in which
combustible material (fuel) and an oxidizing agent (air), react.
Example of oxidation is combustion which is the same as actual burning
(rapid oxidation)
4. Flames – flames are incandescent (very bright/glowing with intense
heat) gases. It is a combustion product and a manifestation of fire
when it is in its gas-phased combustion.

Types of Flames:
a. Based on Color and Completeness of Combustibility of Fuel
1. Luminous Flame – is orange-red, deposit soot at the bottom of a
vessel being heated due to incomplete combustion and has a low
temperature.
2. Non-Luminous Flame – is blue, there is complete combustion of fuel
and has relatively high temperature.
b. Based on Fuel and Air Mixture
1. Premixed Flame – is exemplified by a Bunsen-type laboratory burner
where hydrocarbon (any substance containing primarily carbon and
hydrogen) is thoroughly mixed with air before reaching the flame zone.
2. Diffusion Flame – is observed when gas (fuel) alone is forced
through a nozzle into the atmosphere which diffuse in the surrounding
atmosphere in order to form a flammable mixture. The candle flame is
an example of diffusion flame governed purely by molecular diffusion,
and the flame of the oxyacetylene torch. (diffused – dispersed, widely
spread)
c. Based on Smoothness
1. Laminar Flame – when a particle follows a smooth path through a
gaseous flame.
2. Turbulent Flame – are those having unsteady, irregular flows. As
physical size, gas density or velocity is increased, all laminar gas
flows tend to become turbulent.
FIRE ELEMENTS
As mentioned in part one, fire has been described as having three
components: fuel, heat, and oxygen. This triad was illustrated by the
fire triangle, which symbolized, in the most basic terms, a chemical
relationship. The additional component needed to explain flaming
combustion is a chemical chain reaction shown in the fire tetrahedron.

THE FUELS
FUELS (Combustible Materials)– fuel is matter and matter exist in
three physical states: solid, liquid and gas. Solids melt to become
liquids, and these may vaporize and become gases. The basic rule is
that at high enough temperature all fuels can be converted to gases.
And each of the physical states exhibits different physical and
chemical properties that directly affect a fuel’s combustibility. For
example, gasoline as a liquid does not burn, it is the vapors rising
from the liquid that burn. Likewise, wood, the most common solid fuel,
is not flammable, but gives of flammable vapors (free radicals). FUEL
is also a material that provides useful energy. Fuels are used to heat
and cook food, power engines, and produce electricity. Some fuels
occur naturally and others are artificially created. Such natural
fuels are coals, petroleum, and natural gases obtained from
underground deposits that were formed million years ago from the
remains of plants and animals. They are called fossil fuels, which
account for about 90% of the energy people use today. Synthetic fuels
can be made from fossil fuels, certain types of rock and sand, and
biomass.
Most fuels release energy by burning with oxygen in the air. But some
– especially chemical fuels used in rockets – need special oxidizers
in order to burn. Nuclear fuels do not burn but release energy through
the fission (splitting) of fusion (joining together) of atoms.
Classification of Combustible Materials
1. Class A Fuels – they are ordinary combustible materials that are
usually made of organic substances such as wood and wood-based
products. It includes some synthetic or inorganic materials like
rubber, leather, and plastic products.
2. Class B Fuels – materials that are in the form of flammable liquids
such as alcohol, acidic solutions, oil, liquid petroleum products,
etc.
3. Class C Fuels – they are normally fire-resistant materials such as
materials used on electrical wiring and other electrical appliances.
4. Class D Fuels – they are combustible metallic substances such as
magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium, and potassium
General Categories of Fuel
1. Solid Combustible Materials – includes organic and inorganic,
natural or synthetic, and metallic solid materials.
2. Liquid Combustible Materials – includes all flammable liquid fuels
and chemicals.
3. Gaseous Substances – includes those toxic/hazardous gases that are
capable of ignition.

The Solid Fuels


The most obvious solid fuels are wood, paper and cloth. Its burning
rate depends on its configuration. For example, solid fuels in the
form of dust will burn faster than bulky materials.

Types of Flammable solids


a. Pyrolyzable solid fuels – include many of the ordinary accepted
combustibles: wood, paper and so on. The vapors released by their
chemical decomposition support flaming combustion. This
exemplifies a gas-to-gas reaction: the vapors released mixed with
oxygen in the air to produce a flame.

b. Non-pyrolyzable solid fuels – solid fuels that are difficult to


ignite. A common example is charcoal. Chemical decomposition does
not occur because there are no pyrolyzable elements present. No
vapors are released. The glowing combustion that results is an
example of a gas-tosolid reaction.

The following are group of solid fuels:

1. Biomass – it is the name given to such replaceable organic


matters like wood, garbage and animal manure that can be use
to produce energy. For example, heat produced by burning
nutshells, rice and oat hulls, and other by-products of food
processing. They are often used to operate plant equipment.

Factors affecting the combustibility of wood and wood-based


products
a. Physical form – the smaller the piece of wood, the easier
it is to burn.
b. Moisture content (water content) – the freshly cut wood is
more difficult to ignite and burn than dry wood.
c. Heat conductivity - a poor conductor of heat takes a longer
time to ignite than those materials that are good conductors
of heat.
d. Rate and period of heating – less flammable materials don’t
easily ignite and needs direct contact with flame than highly
combustible materials.
e. Rate of combustion – with an unlimited supply of oxygen,
the rate of burns increases, more heat is produced and fuel is
consumed more completely.
f. Ignition temperature – the higher the temperature, the
faster it reaches ignition point and it varies depending on
the other factors above.

2. Fabrics and Textiles – almost all fibers and textiles are


combustible. A fiber is a very fine thin strand or thread like
object. Fabrics are twisted or woven fibers. And textiles are
machine woven or knitted fabric.

Classification of Fibers
a. Natural Fibers – they come from plants (Coir – coconut
fiber, Cotton – seed fiber, pulp – wood fiber), from animals
(wool, silk, protein fibers – leather), from minerals
(asbestos)
b. Synthetic/Artificial Fibers – organic fibers, cellulose
fibers, cellulose acetate, non cellulose, and inorganic fibers
like fiber glass, steel

Factors affecting the combustibility of fibers


a. Chemical composition – natural and synthetic organic
fibers are generally highly combustible materials
especially if they are dry. Mineral fibers and synthetic
inorganic fibers are normally fire resistant materials.
b. Fiber finish or coating – fiber coating combined with
organic fibers are supportive to continued burning of
fabric.
c. Fabric weight – the heavier the fabric, the greater its
resistance to ignition, thus delaying its ignition.
d. Tightness of weave – the closer the fiber are woven, the
smaller the space it contains, thus it takes a longer
period to ignite it.
e. Flame retardant treatment – fabric treated with flame
retardant have higher resistance to ignition.

3 State of matter
Solid
Liquid
Gas
4 General Categories Of Heat Energy
Chemical Heat Energy
Electrical Heat Energy
Mechanical Heat Energy
Nuclear Heat Energy

Backdraft - a phenomenon in which a fire that has consumed all


available oxygen suddenly explodes when more oxygen is made available,
typically because a door or window has been opened.
Boiling Point - The temperature of a substance where the rate of
evaporation exceeds the rate of condensation.
British Thermal Unit - (BTU) The amount of heat needed to raise the
temperature of one pound of water one degree F.
Calorie - The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one
gram of water one degree Centigrade.
Centigrade - (Celcius) On the Centigrade scale, zero is the
meltingpoint of ice; 100 degrees is the boiling point of water.
Chemical Heat Energy
Heat of Combustion - The amount of heat generated by the combustion
(oxidation) process.
Heat of Decomposition - The release of heat from decomposing
compounds. These compounds may be unstable and release their heat very
quickly or they may detonate.
Heat of Solution - The heat released by the mixture of matter in a
liquid. Some acids, when dissolved, give off sufficient heat to pose
exposure problems to nearby combustibles.
Spontaneous Heating - The heating of an organic substance without the
addition of external heat. Spontaneous heating occurs most frequently
where sufficient air is not present to dissipate the heat produced.
The speed of a heating reaction doubles with each 180 F (80 C)
temperature increase.
Classification of Fires
Class A Fire - Fires involving ordinary combustible materials, such as
wood, cloth, paper, rubber and many plastics.
Class B Fires - Fires involving flammable liquids, greases and gases.
Class C Fires - Fires involving energized electrical equipment.
Class D Fires - Fires involving combustible metals, such as magnesium,
titanium, zirconium, sodium and potassium.
Class K Fires - Class K is a new classification of fire as of 1998 and
involves fires in combustible cooking fuels such as vegetable or
animal fats.
Combustion - is the self-sustaining process of rapid oxidation of a
fuel being reduced by an oxidizing agent along with the evolution of
heat and light.
Dry Chemicals and Halons - method of fire extinguishment, interrupt
the flame producing chemical reaction, resulting in rapid
extinguishment.
Electrical Heat Energy
Dielectric Heating - The heating that results from the action of
either pulsating direct current, or alternating current at high
frequency on a non-conductive material.
Heat from Arcing - Heat released either as a high-temperature arc or
as molten material from the conductor.
Heat Generated by Lightning - The heat generated by the discharged of
thousands of volts from either earth to cloud, cloud to cloud or from
cloud to ground.
Induction Heating - The heating of materials resulting from an
alternating current flow causing a magnetic field influence.
Leakage Current Heating - The heat resulting from imperfect or
improperly insulated electrical materials. This is particularly
evident where the insulation is required to handle high voltage or
loads near maximum capacity.
Resistance Heating - The heat generated by passing an electrical force
through a conductor such as a wire or an appliance.
Static Electricity Heating - Heat released as an arc between
oppositely charged surfaces. Static electricity can be generated by
the contact and separation of charged surfaces or by fluids flowing
through pipes.
Endothermic Heat Reaction - A chemical reaction where a substance
absorbs heat energy.
Exothermic Heat Reaction - A chemical reaction where a substance gives
off heat energy.
Fahrenheit - On the Fahrenheit scale, 32 degrees is the melting point
of ice; 212 degrees is the boiling point of water.
Fire point - The temperature at which a liquid fuel will produce
vapors sufficient to support combustion once ignited. The fire point
is usually a few degrees above the flash point.
Fire Triangle - Oxygen, Fuel, Heat
Fire National Training Institute - (FNTI) the Institution for training
on human resource development of all personnel of the Bureau of Fire
Protection (BFP).
Flame - A gas-phased combustion.
Flammable or Explosive Limit - The percentage of a substance in air
that will burn once it is ignited. Most substances have an upper (too
rich) and a lower (too lean) flammable limit.
Flashover - an instance of a fire spreading very rapidly across a gap
because of intense heat. Occurs when a room or other area becomes
heated to the point where flames flash over the entire surface or
area.
Flash Point - The minimum temperature at which a liquid fuel gives off
sufficient vapors to form an ignitable mixture with the air near the
surface. At this temperature, the ignited vapors will flash, but will
not continue to burn.
Fuel - is the material or substance being oxidized or burned in the
combustion process. Material such as coal, gas, or oil that is burned
to produce heat or power.
Fuel Removal - method of fire extinguishment, fire is effectively
extinguished by removing the fuel source. This may be accomplished by
stopping the flow of liquid or gaseous fuel or by removing solid fuel
in the path of the fire or allow the fire to burn until all fuel is
consumed.
Glowing Combustion - A condensed phased combustion.
Heat - the quality of being hot; high temperature. A form of energy
arising from the random motion of the molecules of bodies, which may
be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation.
Heating - is transfer of energy, from a hotter body to a colder one,
other than by work or transfer of matter.
Heat of Combustion - The amount of heat generated by the combustion
(oxidation) process.
Heat Transfer
Conduction - Conduction is the transfer of energy through matter from
particle to particle. Heat may be conducted from one body to another
by direct contact of the two bodies or by an intervening heat-
conducting medium.
Convection - is the transfer of heat by the actual movement of the
warmed matter. Transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid.
Radiation - Electromagnetic waves that directly transport energy
through space.
Ignition Temperature - The minimum temperature to which a fuel in air
must be heated in order to start self-sustained combustion independent
of the heating source.
Heat - The form of energy that raises temperature. Heat is measured by
the amount of work it does.
Heat of Decomposition - The release of heat from decomposing
compounds. These compounds may be unstable and release their heat very
quickly or they may detonate.
Heat of Solution - The heat released by the mixture of matter in a
liquid. Some acids, when dissolved, give off sufficient heat to pose
exposure problems to nearby combustibles.
Mechanical Heat Energy
Frictional Heat - The heat generated by the movement between two
objects in contact with each other.
Friction Sparks - The heat generated in the form of sparks from solid
objects striking each other. Most often at least one of the objects is
metal.
Heat of Compression - The heat generated by the forced reduction of a
gaseous volume. Diesel engines ignite fuel vapor without a spark plug
by the use of this principle.
Nuclear Fission and Fusion - The heat generated by either the
splitting or combining of atoms.
Oxidation - The complex chemical reaction of organic material with
oxygen or other oxidizing agents in the formation of more stable
compounds.
Oxidizing Agents - are those materials that yield oxygen or other
oxidizing gases during the course of a chemical reaction.
Oxygen Dilution - is the reduction of the oxygen concentration to the
fire area.
Phases of Fire
- Incipient Phase (Growth Stage)
- Free-Burning Phase (Fully Developed Stage)
- Smoldering Phase (Decay Stage)
- Products of Combustion
- Fire gases
- Flame
- Heat
- Smoke
Pyrolysis (also known as thermal decomposition) - is defined as the
chemical decomposition of matter through the action of heat.
RA 6975 - created the BFP.
Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) - administers and enforces the fire
code of the Philippines. The Fire Bureau shall have the power to
investigate all causes of fires and, if necessary, file the proper
complaints with the city or provincial prosecutor who has jurisdiction
over the case.
Chief of the Fire Bureau - rank is Director.
Deputy Chief for Administration of the Fire Bureau - 2nd highest
officer in the BFP. Rank is Chief Superintendent.
Deputy Chief for Operation of the Fire Bureau - the 3rd highest officer
in the BFP. Rank is Chief Superintendent.
Chief of Directorial Staff of the Fire Bureau - 4th highest officer in
the BFP. Rank is Chief Superintendent.
Directors of the Directorates in the respective national headquarters
office - rank is Senior Superintendent.
Regional Director for Fire Protection - The BFP shall establish,
operate and maintain their respective regional offices in each of the
administrative regions of the country. Rank is Senior Superintendent.
- He/She shall be respectively assisted by the following officers with
the rank of superintendent:
Assistant Regional Director for Administration,
Assistant Regional Director for Operations, and Regional Chief of
Directorial Staff.
Assistant Regional Director for Fire Protection – The assistant heads
of the Department's regional offices – rank is Senior Superintendent.
District Fire Marshall - the heads of the NCR district offices - rank
is Senior Superintendent.
Provincial Fire Marshall - the heads of the provincial offices - rank
is Superintendent.
District Fire Marshall - heads of the district offices – rank is Chief
Inspector.
Chief of Municipal/City Fire Station - (also called City/ Municipal
Fire Marshall) - the heads of the municipal or city stations - rank is
Senior Inspector.
Fire Station - at least one in every provincial capital, city and
municipality.
LGU - (Local Government Unit) - shall provide the site of the Fire
Station.
RA 9263 - this Act shall be known as the "Bureau of Fire Protection
and Bureau of Jail Management and Penology Professionalization Act of
2004.
The BFP is headed by a Chief to be assisted by 2 deputy chief, 1 for
administration and 1 for operation, all appointed by the President
upon recommendation of DILG Secretary from among qualified officers
with at least the rank of Senior Superintendent in the service.
In no case shall any officer who has retired or is retriable within
six (6) months from his/her compulsory retirement age be appointed as
Chief of the Fire Bureau or Chief of the Jail Bureau.
The Chief of the Fire Bureau and Chief of the Jail Bureau shall serve
a tour of duty not to exceed four (4) years. The President may extend
such tour of duty in times of war or other national emergency declared
by Congress.
RA 9514 - this act shall be known as the fire code of the Philippines
of 2008. An Act establishing a comprehensive fire code of the
Philippines repealing PD 1185 and for other purposes.
Specific Gravity - the density of liquids in relation to water.
Spontaneous Heating - The heating of an organic substance without the
addition of external heat. Spontaneous heating occurs most frequently
where sufficient air is not present to dissipate the heat produced.
Temperature Reduction - method of extinguishing fire, cooling the fuel
with water to a point where it does not produce sufficient vapor to
burn.
Vapor Density - the density of a particular gas or vapor relative to
that of hydrogen at the same pressure and temperature.
Definition of Terms Under RA 9514
Abatement - Any act that would remove or neutralize a fire hazard.
Administrator - Any person who acts as agent of the owner and manages
the use of a building for him.
Blasting Agent - Any material or mixture consisting of a fuel and
oxidizer used to set off explosives.
Cellulose Nitrate or Nitro Cellulose - A highly combustible and
explosive compound produced by the reaction of nitric acid with a
cellulose material.
Cellulose Nitrate Plastic (Pyroxylin) - Any plastic substance,
materials or compound having cellulose nitrate (nitro cellulose) as
base.
Combustible, Flammable or Inflammable - Descriptive of materials that
are easily set on fire.
Combustible Fiber - Any readily ignitable and free burning fiber such
as cotton, oakum, rags, waste cloth, waste paper, kapok, hay, straw,
Spanish moss, excelsior and other similar materials commonly used in
commerce.
Combustible Liquid - Any liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8
C (100 F).
Corrosive Liquid - Any liquid which causes fire when in contact with
organic matter or with certain chemicals.
Curtain Board - A vertical panel of non-combustible or fire resistive
materials attached to and extending below the bottom chord of the roof
trusses, to divide the underside of the roof into separate
compartments so that heat and smoke will be directed upwards to a roof
vent.
Cryogenic - Descriptive of any material which by its nature or as a
result of its reaction with other elements produces a rapid drop in
temperature of the immediate surroundings.
Damper - A normally open device installed inside an air duct system
which automatically closes to restrict the passage of smoke or fire.
Distillation - The process of first raising the temperature in
separate the more volatile from the less volatile parts and then
cooling and condensing the resulting vapor so as to produce a nearly
purified substance.
Duct System - A continuous passageway for the transmission of air.
Dust - A finely powdered substance which, when mixed with air in the
proper proportion and ignited will cause an explosion.
Electrical Arc - An extremely hot luminous bridge formed by passage of
an electric current across a space between two conductors or terminals
due to the incandescence of the conducting vapor.
Ember - A hot piece or lump that remains after a material has
partially burned, and is still oxidizing without the manifestation of
flames.
Finishes - Materials used as final coating of a surface for ornamental
or protective purposes.
Fire - The active principle of burning, characterized by the heat and
light of combustion.
Fire Trap - A building unsafe in case of fire because it will burn
easily or because it lacks adequate exits or fire escapes.
Fire Alarm - Any visual or audible signal produced by a device or
system to warm the occupants of the building or fire fighting elements
of the presence or danger of fire to enable them to undertake
immediate action to save life and property and to suppress the fire.
Fire Door - A fire resistive door prescribed for openings in fire
separation walls or partitions.
Fire Hazard - Any condition or act which increases or may cause an
increase in the probability of the occurrence of fire, or which may
obstruct, delay, hinder or interfere with fire fighting operations and
the safeguarding of life and property.
Fire Lane - The portion of a roadway or public way that should be kept
opened and unobstructed at all times for the expedient operation of
fire fighting units.
Fire Protective and Fire Safety Device - Any device intended for the
protection of buildings or persons to include but not limited to
built-in protection system such as sprinklers and other automatic
extinguishing system, detectors for heat, smoke and combustion
products and other warning system components, personal protective
equipment such as fire blankets, helmets, fire suits, gloves and other
garments that may be put on or worn by persons to protect themselves
during fire.
Fire Safety Constructions - Refers to design and installation of
walls, barriers, doors, windows, vents, means of egress, etc. integral
to and incorporated into a building or structure in order to minimize
danger to life from fire, smoke, fumes or panic before the building is
evacuated. These features are also designed to achieve, among others,
safe and rapid evacuation of people through means of egress sealed
from smoke or fire, the confinement of fire or smoke in the room or
floor of origin and de lay their spread to other parts of the building
by means of smoke sealed and fire resistant doors, walls and floors.
It shall also me an to include the treatment of buildings components
or contents with flame retardant chemicals.
Flash Point - The minimum temperature at which any material gives off
vapor in sufficient concentration to form an ignitable mixture with
air.
Forcing - A process where a piece of metal is heated prior to changing
its shape or dimensions.
Fulminate - A kind of stable explosive compound which explodes by
percussion.
Hazardous Operation/Process - Any act of manufacturing, fabrication,
conversion, etc., that uses or produces materials which are likely to
cause fires or explosion.
Horizontal Exit - Passageway from one building to another or through
or around a wall in approximately the same floor level.
Hose Box - A box or cabinet where fire hoses, valves and other
equipment are stored and arranged for fire fighting.
Hose Reel - A cylindrical device turning on an axis around which a
fire hose is wound and connected.
Hypergolic Fuel - A rocket or liquid propellant which consist of
combinations of fuels and oxidizers which ignite spontaneously on
contact with each other.
Industrial Baking and Drying - The industrial process of subjecting
materials to heat for the purpose of removing solvents or moisture
from the same, and/or to fuse certain chemical salts to form a uniform
glazing the surface of materials being treated.
Jumper - A piece of metal or an electrical conductor used to bypass a
safety device in an electrical system.
Occupancy - The purpose for which a building or portion thereof is
used or intended to be used.
Occupant - Any person actually occupying and using a building or
portions thereof by virtue of a lease contract with the owner or
administrator or by permission or sufferance of the latter.
Organic Peroxide - A strong oxidizing organic compound which releases
oxygen readily. It causes fire when in contact with combustible
materials especially under conditions of high temperature.
Overloading - The use of one or more electrical appliances or devices
which draw or consume electrical current beyond the designed capacity
of the existing electrical system.
Owner - The person who holds the legal right of possession or title to
a building or real property.
Oxidizing Material - A material that readily yields oxygen in
quantities sufficient to stimulate or support combustion.
Pressurized Or Forced Draft Burning Equipment - Type or burner where
the fuel is subjected to pressure prior to discharge into the
combustion chamber and/or which includes fans or other provisions for
the introduction of air at above normal atmosphere pressure into the
same combustion chamber.
Public Assembly Building - Any building or structure where fifty (50)
or more people congregate, gather, or assemble for any purpose.
Public Way - Any street, alley or other strip of land unobstructed
from the ground to the sky, deeded, dedicated or otherwise permanently
appropriated for public use.
Pyrophoric - Descriptive of any substance that ignites spontaneously
when exposed to air.
Refining - A process where impurities and/or deleterious materials are
removed from a mixture in order to produce a pure element of compound.
It shall also refer to partial distillation and electrolysis.
Self-Closing Doors - Automatic closing doors that are designed to
confine smoke and heat and delay the spread of fire.
Smelting - Melting or fusing of metallic ores or compounds so as to
separate impurities from pure metals.
Sprinkler System - An integrated network of hydraulically designed
piping installed in a building, structure or area with outlets
arranged in a systematic pattern which automatically discharges water
when activated by heat or combustion products from a fire.
Standpipe System - A system of vertical pipes in a building to which
fire hoses can be attached on each floor, including a system by which
water is made available to the outlets as needed.
Vestibule - A passage hall or antechamber between the outer doors and
the interior parts of a house or building.
Vertical Shaft - An enclosed vertical space of passage that extends
from floor to floor, as well as from the base to the top of the
building.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy