12.

215 Homework #1 Solutions Oct 4, 2006

Question: (1) For latitudes of 30 degrees N and 60 degrees N, determine the difference
between the great circle path and small circle path for sites at the same latitude. Plot
results as a function of longitude difference between 0 and 180 degrees. (20 points).

Answer:

The small circle distance, d, is given by

d = R cos φ Δλ
where Δλ is in radians.

The great circle distance, D, is given by

D = R. β

cos β = sin2φ + cos2φ cos Δλ

where β is in radians, and that φ is the same at both ends of the line.
We take R = 6371 km (radius of sphere with same volume as the Earth) and the results
are shown in the figure. From the calculations that went into the figure, we have the
following values

For φ = 30o at Δλ = 180 o; d = 17,334 km; D = 13, 343 km

For φ = 30o at Δλ = 11.25 o; d = 1,083.3 km; D = 1,082.9 km

For φ = 60o at Δλ = 180 o; d = 10,008 km; D = 6672 km

For φ = 60o at Δλ = 11.25 o; d = 625.5 km; D = 624.7 km

12.215 HW 1 10/11/06
 20000
(a) Great Cirlce distance
Small Circle distance Latitude (30o )

15000
Distance (km)

10000

5000

0
0 45 90 135 180
! (degrees)

20000
(b) Great Cirlce distance Latitude 60o
Small Circle distance

15000
Distance (km)

10000

5000

0
0 45 90 135 180
! (degrees)

12.215 HW 1 10/11/06
Question: (2) For sites at 30 degrees latitude and separated by 90 degrees of longitude,
compute the azimuths to be used along the greater circle path between the two sites.
Show results graphically. What is the azimuth at the mid-point between the two
locations? (20 points)

Answer: Using the figure below

"=60o "=60o
"'

#1 #' !' #2
P1 P' ! P2

cos β = cos2 θ + sin2 θ cos Δλ

Because Δλ = 90o, cos Δλ = 0. Therefore cos β = cos2 60 and β = 75.5o (For R=6,371 km,
D=8397.7 km).

To compute the trajectory along the great circle, we need to repeatedly solve the
(spherical) triangle ZP2P' as P' is moved along the path between P1 and P2.

Start:
sin α1 = sin δλ sin θ /(sin β) ⇒ α1 = α2 = 63.434o
Then divide b into segments, as P' is moved from P1 to P2, the arc along the great circle is
denoted with β-β'. Given β', we have

cos θ' = cos θ cos β' + sin θ sin β' cos α2

and
sin α' = sin α2 sin θ /sin θ'
To resolve the quandrant for a’ we need an independent value of cos a’. This expression
can be obtained from the cosine rule using a’
cos α’ = (cos θ - cosθ’ cosβ’)/(sin θ‘ sin β’)

We can also at this point convert the b’ angles back to changes in longitude again using
the cosine rule:

12.215 HW 1 10/11/06
 cos Δλ = (cos β’-cos θ cos θ‘)/(sin θ sin θ‘)
The results shown in this form at plotted below as well.

A plot as a function of β-β' = angle from P1 is show below.

(b) At the midpoint, α' =90 (θ' = 50.768 o) i.e., mid-way along the path, you travel due
East.
120
Co-latitude of P' (deg)
110 True Azimuth (deg)

100
Angle (deg)

90

80

70

60

50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Angle from P1 (deg)
Results as a function of longitude difference:

12.215 HW 1 10/11/06
 120

Co-latitude of P' (deg)

110 True Azimuth (deg)

100
Angle (deg)

90

80

70

60

50
0 20 40 60 80
!Longtiude (deg)

12.215 HW 1 10/11/06
Question: (3) The Garmin factory is located at 38.95005 N, 94.74612 W, and it is
supposed to be 2029 km at a bearing from True North of 267 degrees, from N 42.26615,
71.08850 W. Compute what you think the distance and bearing should be. How well do
your results agree with Garmin. (20 points)

Answer: (a) "Quick and dirty solution"

Treat the geodetic latitudes as geocentric latitudes and solve the spherical triangle below.

Z
#$

%
HM
GAR !
"1
"2

Solving spherical triangle HM-Z-GAR we have

cos β = sin φ1 sin φ2 + cos φ1 cos φ2 cos Δλ

sin α = sin Δλ cos φ2/sin β
To resolve the quadrant for a we also need an unique definition for cos a. (Using cos α =
√1-sin2α is not enough because the sign of the square root is unknown).

This yields β = 18.202o (= 0.317682 radians).

Using the mean radius of the Earth as 6,371 km, we obtain
D = 2024 km (cp. 2029 km)
α = 267.45 o (cp. 267 o)

(b) "Better solution"

Convert the geodetic latitudes to geocentric latitudes and then solve the above spherical
triangle using the geocentric values. The results are
φMH = 42.074664 and φGAR = 38.762034
RHM = 6368.5 km and RGAR = 6369.7 km

yielding β = 18.252 ( = 0.318560 radians). Using mean R = 6,369 km we obtain:

D = 2028.9 km (cp. 2029 km)
α = 267.4o (cp. 267 o)

12.215 HW 1 10/11/06