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Navigation Formula Applications

This document provides information on techniques for navigation including: 1. Calculating latitude based on an initial latitude and difference in latitude traveled. Latitude can increase or decrease depending on direction of travel. 2. Calculating difference in latitude between two points by subtracting or adding latitude values depending on whether they are of the same or different name. 3. Formulas for plain, parallel, and mercator sailing to calculate courses and distances traveled based on initial latitude, difference in longitude, and departure or distance traveled. 4. Formulas and steps for great circle sailing to calculate great circle distance, initial course, final course, latitude of vertex points, and longitude intervals between vertex points along a great circle route

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484 views8 pages

Navigation Formula Applications

This document provides information on techniques for navigation including: 1. Calculating latitude based on an initial latitude and difference in latitude traveled. Latitude can increase or decrease depending on direction of travel. 2. Calculating difference in latitude between two points by subtracting or adding latitude values depending on whether they are of the same or different name. 3. Formulas for plain, parallel, and mercator sailing to calculate courses and distances traveled based on initial latitude, difference in longitude, and departure or distance traveled. 4. Formulas and steps for great circle sailing to calculate great circle distance, initial course, final course, latitude of vertex points, and longitude intervals between vertex points along a great circle route

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 REVIEW ON LATITUDE

1. LATITUDE – is the angular distance of any point North or


South of the equator measuring from 0 at the equator up to 90
at the poles.
2. DIFFERENCE OF LAT. – is the angular length of a meridian
between two parallels of Latitude.
3. PARALLEL OF LAT. – is a small circle representing equal
latitudes. All points on any parallel will always have the same
latitude.
4. LONGITUDE – is the angular distance of any place East or
West of the prime meridian measured from 0° at the prime
meridian to 180° at the international date line.
5. DIFFERENCE OF LONG. – is the shortest arc of the equator
between the meridian of two places.
6. DEPARTURE – is the length of a parallel between two
meridians measured in nautical miles.

 FINDING LATITUDE OF ARRIVAL :


a) When DLAT is of DIFFERENT name with given Latitude and of LESS
than value than the given Lat. SUBTRACT the two and affix the name
of the given Latitude.
LAT1 = 40 N LAT1 = 40 S
DLAT = 20 S DLAT = 20 N
LAT2 = 20 N LAT2 = 20 S
b) When DLAT is of DIFFERENT name with the given Latitude and of
greater value than the given Lat. SUBTRACT the two and affix the
name of Difference of Latitude.
LAT1 = 10 N LAT1 = 10 S
DLAT = 30 S DLAT = 30 N
LAT2 = 20 S LAT2 = 20 N

1
c) When DLAT is of the SAME name with the given Latitude, ADD the
two and affix the name of the given Latitude.
LAT1 = 10 N LAT1 = 30 N LAT1 = 10 S LAT1 = 30 S
DLAT = 30 N DLAT = 10 N DLAT = 30 S DLAT = 10 S
LAT2 = 40 N LAT2 = 40 N LAT2 = 40 S LAT2 = 40 S

GUIDES FOR FINDING THE LATITUDE IN :


1. Dlat represents the distance traveled by the ship express in
degrees, minutes and second’s along a meridian.
2. Latitude increases going toward the poles.
3. Latitude decreases going toward the equator.
4. Crossing of the equator will take place if the Dlat is greater the
Latitude from.

FINDING DIFFERENCE OF LATITUDE :


When both Latitudes are given of the SAME name, SUBTRACT the
two and affix the name of the DIRECTION of sail.
LAT1 = 20 N LAT1 = 25 N LAT1 = 20 S LAT1 = 25 S
LAT2 = 10 N LAT2 = 50 N LAT2 = 10 S LAT2 = 50 S
DLAT = 10 S DLAT = 25 N DLAT = 10 N DLAT = 25 S

a) When both Latitudes are given of DIFFERENT names, ADD the two
and affix the name of the given Latitude of arrival.
LAT1 = 15 N LAT1 = 15 S LAT1 = 10 N LAT1 = 15 S
LAT2 = 15 S LAT2 = 15 N LAT2 = 15 S LAT2 = 10 N
DLAT = 30 S DLAT = 30 N DLAT = 25 S DLAT = 25 N

2
 SAILINGS FORMULA
Plain sailing :
Cos Co. = dlat Sin Co.= departure Tan Co. = departure
dist. dist. dlat
A vessel steers 327 T and makes a departure of 396.7 miles. How far
did she steams?
Sin Co. = dep ÷ dist. , then transpose Dist. = dep × Csc Co.
Dist. = 396.7 × 1.836078
= 728.4 m
Parallel sailing :
DLo = Dep ÷ Cos Lat. Dep is also named as distance
In Lat 44 S, two vessels 28 miles apart steamed due north keeping
themselves due E and W until they are 37 miles apart. How far have
they sailed?
DLo = Dist. ÷ Cos Lat. Cos Lat. = Dist. ÷ DLo
= 28 ÷ Cos 44 = 37 ÷ 38.92
= 28 ÷ 0.71933 = 0.95067
DLo = 38.92m Lat. 2 = 18°04.3 S
Lat. 1 = 44°00.0 S
Dlat = 25°55.7 × 60’
= 1555.7 mi

3
Mercator sailing :
MP = ( L1 ÷ 2 + 45 = Tan Log × 7915.7 = Min ) ( L1 sin × 23.3 = ) – MR = MP
Tan Co. = dlo ÷ dmp Dist. = dlat × sec Co.
By mercator sailing, determine the course and distance when sailing
from Lat 00°00’.0, Long 00°03’.0 W to Lat 51°12’.0 N, Long 16°14’.0 E.
L1 00°00’0 Long1 000°03’.0 W
L2 51°12’.0 N – 3569.75 Long2 016°14’.0 E
∫ 51°12’.0 N Dlo 016°17’.0 E
= 3072’ N = 977’ E

Tan Co. = Dlo Dist = ∫ × Sec Co.


DMP
= 977 ÷ 3569.75 = 3072 × Sec 15.306
= 15.306 = 3184.977’

4
 Great Circle Sailings :

 Finding Great Circle Distance 


Cos Dist = ( Cos Dlo × Cos L1 × Cos L2 ) ± ( Sin L1 × Sin L2 )
note :
a. distance × 60 = miles
b. ( - ) Subtract when crossing the equator
c. ( + ) when both latitude have same name

 Finding Initial Course 


Sin IC = Csc GCD × Sin Dlo × Cos L2
note :
a. dist must be in degrees not in miles.
b. make L2 negative when crossing the equator.
c. label the initial course angle according to the same name of L1 and
Dlo.

 Finding Final Course 


Sin FC = Csc GCD × Sin Dlo × Cos L1
note :
a. dist must be in degrees not in miles.
b. make L1 negative when crossing the equator.
c. label the final course angle according to the contrary name of L2
and same name as the Dlo.

 Finding Lat. of Vertex 


Cos Lat. of vertex = Cos L1 × Sin IC
note :
a. use the initial Co. angle not the true course.
b. name the lat of the vertex according to the name of L1.

5
 Finding DLO of Vertex 
Cos Dlo of vertex = Tan L1 × Cotan Lat vertex
note :
a. Dlo V is the Dlo from departure to the vertex.
b. if the IC angle is less than 90 deg, then vertex is ahead of you and
in the direction of your original Dlo.
c. if the IC angle is more than 90 deg, then the vertex is behind you
and in the direction of your Dlo.
Long1
Dlo V +/-
Long V

 Distance of the vertex from points of departure to the vertex


Sin Dist V = Cos L1 × Sin Dlo V
 Interval from points of departure of every Longitude Vertex desired.
Tan Lat V = Cos Dlo V × Tan Lat V

6
Find the distance, the initial and final courses, and the latitude of
points every 10° apart from 10° W to 30° E. on a great circle track from
10° 15’ S, 017° 40’ W to 47° 20’ N, 089° 42’ E.

Lat.1 10° 15’.0 S Long.1 017° 40’.0 W


Lat.2 47° 20’.0 N Long.2 089° 42’.0 E
∫ 57° 35’.0 N dlo 107° 22’.0 E
= 3455’ N = 6442’ E
Find GCD , IC , FC , LV , LongV , Lat. of the desired interval of
Longitude.
Cos GCD = ( Cos dlo × Cos L1 × Cos L2 ) ± ( Sin L1 × Sin L2 )
= ( Cos 107.22 × Cos 10.15 × Cos 47.20 ) - ( Sin 10.15 × Sin 47.20 )
= ( - 0.19906 ) - ( 0.13084 )
= - 0.32991
= 109.26 × 60
= 6555.79 nm

Sin IC = Csc GCD × Sin dlo × Cos L2


= Csc 109.26° × Sin 107°22’ × Cos 47°20’
= 0.68519
= N 43° 15’ E
Sin FC = Csc GCD × Sin dlo × Cos L1
= Csc 109.26° × Sin 107°22’ × Cos 10°15’
= 0.99486
= S 84° 11.4’ E
Sin IC = Csc GCD × Sin Dlo × Cos L2
= Csc 32.905266 × Sin 28°20’ × Cos 12
= 1.840768 × 0.474600 × 0.978148
= 0.854538
= N 58°42’.5 W
= 301.29°

7
Sin FC = Csc GCD × Sin Dlo × Cos L1
= Csc 32.905266 × Sin 28°20’ × Cos 5
= 1.840768 × 0.474600 × 0.996195
= 0.870304
= S 60°29’.6 W
= 240.49

Cos Lat V = Cos L1 × Sin IC


= Cos 5 × Sin 301.29

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