TABLE OF CONTENT:

1. Introduction and Background

2. Purpose and Goal of the Project

3. Design Assumptions

4. Procedure

A. STEP 1, 2(BASE CASE)

B. STEP 3 (MAIN CASE)

5. Project Observation

6. Project Recommendations

7. References

8. Appendix
INTRODUCTION

As a result of the low electric rates from the local utility, Metropolis Light and Power (MLP),
several large server farms and a new factory are going to be built in the eastern portion of the
MLP service territory. With an anticipated peak load of about 75 MW and 20 Mvar, this new
load also brings additional revenue to MLP. However, in order to supply this additional load, the
new TULIP substation will need to be constructed. While they would like to receive electricity at
the69 kV level, the new substation location is large enough to accommodate a 138∙69 kV
transformer if needed. Additionally, for reliability purposes, the TULIP substation needs to have
at least two separate lines into their substation.

PURPOSE AND GOAL OF THE PROJECT

As a planning engineer for MLP, your job is to make recommendations to ensure that, with new
TULIP loads under peak loading conditions, the transmission system in the eastern region is
adequate for any base case or first contingency loading situation. This is also a good opportunity
not only to meet the new load, but also to fix some existing first contingency violations in the
eastern portion of the MLP service territory. Table-1 shows the available right-of-way distances
that can be used for the construction of new 69 kV and/or new 138 kV lines. All existing 69 kV-
only substations are large enough to accommodate 138 kV as well.
It is my job to iteratively determine the least expensive system additions so that the base case and
all the contingencies result in secure operation points. The parameters of the new transmission
line(s) will be derived using the tower configuration and conductor types available. The total cost
of an addition is defined as the construction costs minus the savings associated with any decrease
in system losses over the next five years. I will be using the PowerWorld Simulator to conduct
my studies. Any data assumed or referenced will be listed in the Appendix for reference. I will
use the PowerWorld DesignCase1_2015 for the purpose of the study.

Simplifying Assumptions:
To simplify the analysis, several assumptions are made:
 1. Consider the base case loading level given in DesignCase1_2015. In a real design,
typically a number of different operating points/loading levels must be considered.
2. Consider the generator outputs as fixed values; any changes in the losses and the new
TULIP load are always picked up by the system slack generator.
3. Do not modify the status of the capacitors or the transformer taps.
4. Assume that the system losses remain constant over the 5-year period and need only
consider the impact the new design has on the base case losses. Electricity is priced at
$60∙MWh.

A
SLACK345
19%
MVA
A
29%
MVA

1.02pu PINE345 220MW

slack 65Mvar
A A A

1.02 pu
38% 38% SLACK138 24%MVA
OAK345 MVA MVA

A
1.01pu PINE138
A
46% 15% 16%
A
1.03 pu
1.00 pu
MVA
OAK138 38 MW
MVA
A MVA
53% 1.02pu
A 15 Mvar 15.9Mvar 21MW MVA
A
38%
38% 1.02 pu PINE69 60MW
MVA 6Mvar
1.02pu
MVA
OAK69 BUCKEYE69
A
43% 19 MW A
16Mvar
1.01pu 35%
MVA 3 Mvar MVA
A

A
26 MW 29%
MVA
1.01pu APPLE69 A
59%
A

10 Mvar PALM69
MVA
MVA
23%
A MVA
24MW 1.00 puWILLOW69
A
ASH138 34% MAPLE69 MVA
0Mvar
MVA

Total Losses: 12.59 MW

A
14 MW 45% MVA 8.1Mvar A
6 Mvar 22 MW 1.00 pu 46%
A
0.99pu CEDAR138
MVA PLUM138
9Mvar 15% ORANGE69 A

1.00 pu MVA LOCUST69 A A

46%
MVA
66MW 29% 72%
WALNUT69 MVA MVA 35MW
59MW 46Mvar 42 MW 12Mvar
A
1.01pu CEDAR69
19Mvar 28.9 Mvar 12 Mvar 34%
MVA
PECAN691.00pu 1.02pu
14.4 Mvar 1.00pu A
180 MW 64 MW
12.7 Mvar 19% 45 Mvar
57%
A
MVA
52 MW 14 Mvar
A MVA
A
19% -14Mvar
19% MVA

1.000pu MVA 67MW A

PEAR138
A
52%
42Mvar MVA 1.00pu 22% MVA

1.00pu MAPLE69 A
A
A 52% 43% OLIVE69
POPLAR69 31%
MVA
25MW MVA
MVA
A 7.5Mvar TULI P69 A
8Mvar 1.01pu 19%
A 1.01 pu PEAR69 88% MVA
16% MVA
18MW A MVA 44MW
7Mvar 47% SPRUCE69 106 MW 12Mvar
MVA
A
0MW
1.01pu 52% 51Mvar 20%
A
MVA MVA 0Mvar
A
A
40% 42MW A
46% 0.99 pu
MVA
69 MW MVA 12Mvar 7.1Mvar MVA
A
14 Mvar 1.00pu 0.99pu CHERRY69
0.0Mvar A
MVA
13%
A

48% 50 MW 42MW BIRCH69 MVA

PEACH69
MVA 1.00pu REDBUD69 0 Mvar 4 Mvar
1.02pu 27 MW
A A 26MW 10 MW 16MW A
144 MW 32% 33% 7 Mvar 17Mvar 5Mvar 54%
28Mvar
MVA MVA 0Mvar MVA

PEACH138 ELM138ELM345
1.00pu LEMON69 0.99pu
1.00 pu
1.00 pu TULIP138 A
61%
MVA A
A MVA
1.00 pu LEMON138
44%
MVA
150 MW
A A
23% 56% 3Mvar
MVA MVA

A
150 MW
30% 3Mvar
MVA
1.02pu A 1.03pu
44%

Figure 1: Base case circuit showing without the TULIP load

Available New Rights-of-Ways: Table-1

Right-of-Way/Substation Right-of-Way Mileage(km)

TULIP to ELM 15
TULIP to PLUM 12
TULIP to OLIVE 8
TULIP to CEDAR 10
 TULIP to BIRCH 14
CEDAR to PLUM 13
WILLOW to PLUM 8
OLIVE to CEDAR 10
SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS TO BE FULFILLED DURING THE PROJECT INCLUDE:
1. All the bus voltages should be in the range of: 0.95p.u and 1.10p.u.
2. All the line flows must be below 100% of their limit values.
3. The recommended system design should have zero violations.
4. The recommended system design should be the most economical choice.

STEPS EXECUTED
STEP 1: Determining the initial operating point using the base case
Aim: To identify the base case operating point of the system to study the impact of the without
TULIP load and its interconnection bus.
Procedure:
1. Load design case 2 in the Power World simulator
2. Initial case has the system operation without the TULIP load.
3. Perform the initial power flow solution and determine the system operating point
4. Check whether all bus and line voltages are within the limit of 0.95 and 1.10 per unit
5. Check whether all the line MVA flows are less than 100 % of the limit values
Following figure below shows the net system losses to be 12.59 MW, for the base case when
system operation without the TULIP load and its interconnection bus.
 MV
0.99pu CEDAR138 A A
LOCUST6 A A
46%
6MW 9 29% 72% MVA
MVA MVA 35MW
6Mvar 42MW A 1.01pu 12Mvar
12Mvar 34%
PECAN691.00pu MVA CEDAR69 1.02pu
180 MW 64MW
12.7Mvar A
19% 45Mvar
14Mvar
MVA 52 MW
-14Mvar
A A
52% PEAR138 22%
MVA 1.00pu MVA
A
A 43% OLIVE69
52%
MVA
MVA
A 7.5Mvar TULIP69 A
1.01pu 19%
PEAR69 88%
1.01pu MVA
MVA

44MW
106 MW 12Mvar
A 0MW
52% 51Mvar A
20
MVA 0Mvar
MW 46%
A % 0.99pu
Mvar 7.1Mvar MVA
MVA
A
0.99pu CHERRY69 MV A
A 13
50MW 42MW BIRCH69 %
1.00pu REDBUD69 0Mvar 4Mvar MVA

26MW 10 MW 16MW A
17Mvar 5Mvar 54%
0Mvar MVA
ELM138 ELM345
1.00pu LEMON69 0.99pu
IP138 A
61
A
% 44 150 MW
A 1.00pu MVA LEMON13 A %
23% 56 3Mvar
8 MVA
MVA %
MVA 150 MW
A
30 3Mvar
% 1.03pu
1.02p A
MVA

Figure 2: Figure showing base case system loss without the TULIP load

Table:2 Power System Bus Voltage Data

AreaName
BusNum

BusMonEle

BusVoltLimLo

BusVoltLimHi
LSName

BusPUVolt

BusKVVolt

BusVoltCtgLi

BusVoltCtgLi
BusName

mHigh
mLow
1 OAK345 1 YES Default 1.02246 352.747 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
3 ASH138 1 YES Default 0.99951 137.932 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
5 POPLAR69 1 YES Default 1.00509 69.351 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
10 PINE69 1 YES Default 1.02153 70.486 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
12 OAK69 1 YES Default 1.01772 70.222 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
13 PALM69 1 YES Default 1.00385 69.265 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
14 REDBUD69 1 YES Default 0.99621 68.738 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
15 PECAN69 1 YES Default 1.00574 69.396 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
16 ORANGE69 1 YES Default 1.00134 69.092 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
17 BUCKEYE69 1 YES Default 1.00839 69.579 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
18 WALNUT69 1 YES Default 1.00004 69.002 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
19 APPLE69 1 YES Default 1.00893 69.616 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
20 OLIVE69 1 YES Default 0.99338 68.543 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
21 WILLOW69 1 YES Default 1.00364 69.251 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
24 SPRUCE69 1 YES Default 1.00222 69.153 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
27 MAPLE69 1 YES Default 1.00302 69.208 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
28 ELM345 1 YES Default 1.03 355.35 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
29 ELM138 1 YES Default 1.02178 141.006 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
30 TULIP138 1 YES Default 1.00292 138.403 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
31 SLACK345 1 YES Default 1.03 355.35 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
32 LEMON138 1 YES Default 1.00481 138.664 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
33 LEMON69 1 YES Default 1.00275 69.19 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
34 CHERRY69 1 YES Default 0.98822 68.187 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
35 SLACK138 1 YES Default 1.02305 141.181 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
37 MAPLE69 1 YES Default 0.99861 68.904 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
38 PINE345 1 YES Default 1.02399 353.276 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
39 PINE138 1 YES Default 1.01326 139.83 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
40 OAK138 1 YES Default 1.00049 138.068 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
41 PEACH138 1 YES Default 1.00153 138.212 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
44 PEACH69 1 YES Default 1.02 70.38 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
 47 CEDAR138 1 YES Default 0.99445 137.234 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
48 CEDAR69 1 YES Default 1.01238 69.854 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
50 BIRCH69 1 YES Default 0.98977 68.294 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
53 PEAR138 1 YES Default 0.99829 137.763 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
54 PEAR69 1 YES Default 1.01 69.69 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
55 LOCUST69 1 YES Default 0.99585 68.714 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1
56 PLUM138 1 YES Default 1.01749 140.414 0.95 1.1 0.95 1.1

Table: 3 Transmission Line Power Flow MVA Utilization

BusNum:1

LineCircuit
BusNum

LineLimitTy pe
LineLimitVa lue
LSName
LineMonEle

LineLimitFl

LineLimitPe
BusName:1
BusName

rcent:2
1 OAK345 31 SLACK345 1 YES Default 189.5 999.1 19 Amps
1 OAK345 40 OAK138 1 YES Default 115.8 250 46.3 MVA
3 ASH138 40 OAK138 1 YES Default 31.9 974.8 3.3 Amps
3 ASH138 41 PEACH138 1 YES Default 32 974.8 3.3 Amps
5 POPLAR69 18 WALNUT69 1 YES Default 309.2 1004.1 30.8 Amps
5 POPLAR69 44 PEACH69 1 YES Default 462.5 1004.1 46.1 Amps
10 PINE69 13 PALM69 1 YES Default 399.5 686.1 58.2 Amps
10 PINE69 19 APPLE69 1 YES Default 255.5 602.5 42.4 Amps
10 PINE69 39 PINE138 1 YES Default 99.9 186.7 53.5 MVA
12 OAK69 17 BUCKEYE69 1 YES Default 235.5 828.4 28.4 Amps
12 OAK69 18 WALNUT69 1 YES Default 395.8 886.9 44.6 Amps
12 OAK69 27 MAPLE69 1 YES Default 315 937.1 33.6 Amps
12 OAK69 40 OAK138 1 YES Default 70.7 187 37.8 MVA
12 OAK69 40 OAK138 2 YES Default 70.7 187 37.8 MVA
13 PALM69 55 LOCUST69 1 YES Default 211.3 736.3 28.7 Amps
14 REDBUD69 34 CHERRY69 1 YES Default 307 669.4 45.9 Amps
14 REDBUD69 44 PEACH69 1 YES Default 437.9 920.4 47.6 Amps
15 PECAN69 16 ORANGE69 1 YES Default 460.5 803.3 57.3 Amps
15 PECAN69 24 SPRUCE69 1 YES Default 100.8 619.2 16.3 Amps
15 PECAN69 54 PEAR69 1 YES Default 383.1 736.3 52 Amps
15 PECAN69 54 PEAR69 2 YES Default 379.1 736.3 51.5 Amps
15 PECAN69 54 PEAR69 3 YES Default 377.4 736.3 51.3 Amps
16 ORANGE69 27 MAPLE69 1 YES Default 138.9 937.1 14.8 Amps
17 BUCKEYE69 19 APPLE69 1 YES Default 94.3 418.4 22.5 Amps
18 WALNUT69 37 MAPLE69 1 YES Default 110 569 19.3 Amps
18 WALNUT69 37 MAPLE69 2 YES Default 110 569 19.3 Amps
20 OLIVE69 34 CHERRY69 1 YES Default 119.5 602.5 19.8 Amps
20 OLIVE69 48 CEDAR69 1 YES Default 478 552.2 86.6 Amps
20 OLIVE69 50 BIRCH69 1 YES Default 58.9 686.1 8.6 Amps
21 WILLOW69 48 CEDAR69 1 YES Default 259.1 569 45.5 Amps
21 WILLOW69 48 CEDAR69 2 YES Default 258.6 569 45.4 Amps
24 SPRUCE69 44 PEACH69 1 YES Default 271 686.1 39. Amps
5
28 ELM345 29 ELM138 1 YES Default 97.8 220 MVA
44.
5
28 ELM345 29 ELM138 2 YES Default 97.8 220 MVA
44.
5
31 SLACK345 28 ELM345 1 YES Default 180.8 1004.1 18 Amps
32 LEMON138 29 ELM138 1 YES Default 435.1 799.1 Amps
54.
4
29 ELM138 41 PEACH138 1 YES Default 239.7 799.1 30 Amps
56 PLUM138 29 ELM138 1 YES Default 123.6 974.8 Amps
12.
7
30 TULIP138 32 LEMON138 1 YES Default 179.2 799.1 Amps
22.
4
30 TULIP138 41 PEACH138 1 YES Default 64.7 799.1 8.1 Amps
35 SLACK138 31 SLACK345 1 YES Default 53.9 220 MVA
24.
5
31 SLACK345 38 PINE345 1 YES Default 279.1 999.1 Amps
27.
9
33 LEMON69 32 LEMON138 1 YES Default 61.7 101 MVA
61.
1
33 LEMON69 50 BIRCH69 1 YES Default 379.6 702.9 54 Amps
35 SLACK138 39 PINE138 1 YES Default 194.4 1204.9 Amps
16.
1
35 SLACK138 56 PLUM138 1 YES Default 37.3 974.8 3.8 Amps
39 PINE138 38 PINE345 1 YES Default 85.5 224 MVA
38.
2
39 PINE138 38 PINE345 2 YES Default 85.3 224 MVA
38.
1
39 PINE138 40 OAK138 1 YES Default 147.8 974.8 Amps
15.
2
39 PINE138 47 CEDAR138 1 YES Default 336.3 974.8 Amps
34.
5
44 PEACH69 41 PEACH138 1 YES Default 32.1 101 MVA
31.
8
44 PEACH69 41 PEACH138 2 YES Default 33.6 101 MVA
33.
3
48 CEDAR69 47 CEDAR138 1 YES Default 135 187 MVA
72.
2
47 CEDAR138 53 PEAR138 1 YES Default 266 774 Amps
34.
4
48 CEDAR69 54 PEAR69 1 YES Default 203.8 920.4 Amps
22.
1
54 PEAR69 53 PEAR138 1 YES Default 81.2 187 MVA
43.
4
54 PEAR69 55 LOCUST69 1 YES Default 157.7 836.7 Amps
 18.
8

Observation:
1. It is observed from the above base case analysis that all the power system transmission
lines and the bus voltages are within the defined voltage limits of 0.95 and 1.10 per unit
2. From Table 2, it is observed that:
 The least value of voltage obtained by the transmission lines and buses is 0.98822 p.u
 The maximum value of voltage obtained by the transmission line and buses is 1.03
p.u
3. Also from the base case analysis, it was observed that all the power system line MVA are
within the defined MVA limit of 100% as shown in Table 3:
 The least % of MVA is utilized by transmission line is 24.5%
  The maximum % of MVA is utilized by the transmission line is 72.2%

STEP 2: Perform contingency analysis on the power system

Aim: To study the impact of any single transmission line or transformer or outage on the
remaining system operation. This procedure is known as (n-1) contingency analysis.
Procedure:
1. Go to tools option Select tools in the PowerWorld simulator window
2. Click on the Contingency Analysis option
3. Note that 57 single line or transformer contingencies are defined
4. Now Select start run button at the bottom right corner of the display to see the
impact of removing any single element on the rest of the power system operation

Figure 3: Result of contingency analysis when conducted on the base case

Contingency Data:
Count

CTGProc
CTGSkip

CTGViolMinV
CTGSolved

QVAutoplot

CTGViolMaxL
CTGCustMon

CTGViol
CTGLabel

1 T_000033LEMON69-000032LEMON138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 3 152.9 0.928

2 L_000020OLIVE69-000048CEDAR69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 3 0.923
3 L_000014REDBUD69-000044PEACH69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 3 149.7 0.937
4 L_000033LEMON69-000050BIRCH69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 1 133.7
5 L_000014REDBUD69-000034CHERRY69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 1 128.6
6 T_000048CEDAR69-000047CEDAR138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 1 100.3
7 L_000032LEMON138-000029ELM138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 1 115.4
8 L_000010PINE69-000013PALM69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
9 L_000005POPLAR69-000044PEACH69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
10 L_000003ASH138-000040OAK138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
11 L_000012OAK69-000027MAPLE69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
12 T_000012OAK69-000040OAK138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
13 T_000012OAK69-000040OAK138C2 NO YES YES NO 0 0
14 L_000013PALM69-000055LOCUST69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
15 L_000012OAK69-000018WALNUT69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
16 L_000012OAK69-000017BUCKEYE69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
17 L_000005POPLAR69-000018WALNUT69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
18 L_000015PECAN69-000024SPRUCE69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
19 L_000015PECAN69-000054PEAR69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
20 L_000015PECAN69-000054PEAR69C2 NO YES YES NO 0 0
21 L_000015PECAN69-000054PEAR69C3 NO YES YES NO 0 0
22 L_000016ORANGE69-000027MAPLE69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
23 L_000017BUCKEYE69-000019APPLE69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
24 L_000018WALNUT69-000037MAPLE69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
25 L_000018WALNUT69-000037MAPLE69C2 NO YES YES NO 0 0
26 L_000020OLIVE69-000034CHERRY69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
27 T_000054PEAR69-000053PEAR138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
28 L_000020OLIVE69-000050BIRCH69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
29 L_000021WILLOW69-000048CEDAR69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
30 L_000021WILLOW69-000048CEDAR69C2 NO YES YES NO 0 0
31 L_000015PECAN69-000016ORANGE69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
32 T_000010PINE69-000039PINE138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
33 L_000031SLACK345-000028ELM345C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
34 T_000028ELM345-000029ELM138C2 NO YES YES NO 0 0
35 T_000028ELM345-000029ELM138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
36 L_000029ELM138-000041PEACH138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
37 L_000056PLUM138-000029ELM138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
38 L_000030TULIP138-000032LEMON138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
39 L_000030TULIP138-000041PEACH138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
40 T_000035SLACK138-000031SLACK345C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
41 L_000031SLACK345-000038PINE345C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
42 L_000024SPRUCE69-000044PEACH69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
43 L_000010PINE69-000019APPLE69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
44 L_000035SLACK138-000039PINE138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
45 L_000035SLACK138-000056PLUM138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
46 T_000039PINE138-000038PINE345C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
47 T_000039PINE138-000038PINE345C2 NO YES YES NO 0 0
48 L_000039PINE138-000040OAK138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
49 L_000039PINE138-000047CEDAR138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
50 T_000044PEACH69-000041PEACH138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
51 T_000044PEACH69-000041PEACH138C2 NO YES YES NO 0 0
52 L_000003ASH138-000041PEACH138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
53 L_000047CEDAR138-000053PEAR138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
54 L_000048CEDAR69-000054PEAR69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
55 T_000001OAK345-000040OAK138C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
56 L_000054PEAR69-000055LOCUST69C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0
57 L_000001OAK345-000031SLACK345C1 NO YES YES NO 0 0

OBSERVATION:
1. After performing the contingency analysis, from the above table it is observed that the
power system has 6 contingency violations in the base case when the TULIP load not
connected with interconnected system.

STEP 3: The next step is to use the available rights-of-ways and the transmission line
parameters/costs given in the table-1& to iteratively determine the least expensive system
additions so that the base case and all the contingences result in reliable operation points with the
TULIP load connected with 75 MW and 20 Mvar.

PROCEDURE:
1. First determine the parameters (resistance, inductive and capacitive reactance, line length,
GMD, GMR, B and G) of all the transmission lines using the tower configuration and
conductor type, which in this case is Cardinal with a symmetrical tower configuration,
having a spacing of 2 m between the conductor strands for a 69KV transmission line and
4 m spacing for 138 KV transmission line.
2. After determining the transmission line parameters, I use the available rights-of-ways
data from the table given below to construct the transmission line on the existing Base
case, initially keeping all the circuit breakers open.
3. Now, that my circuit is ready for analysis, I close the circuit breakers for single
transmission lines first, then in the second stage I select a combination of two
transmission line pairs in the order given in the table enlisting the Rights-of-Ways data.
4. After closing the circuit breakers for the single transmission line and later of the pair of
two transmission lines, I note down the total system losses given by the highlighted
yellow box on the top left corner of the one line diagram for each arrangement.
5. Next, I perform the contingency analysis on the circuit considered. A contingency
analysis window pops up. I select the Start Run option to perform the contingency
analysis.
 6. Within a few seconds, the PowerWorld window displays the number of violations
encountered by the considered system on the bottom left corner of the contingency
analysis window.
7. Once, all the combinations of one transmission lines has been considered, now calculate
the total cost incurred by the construction of the pair of transmission lines using the
equations .
So final cost of project after installing transmission line pair (for five years)=
Total construction cost-saving + associated with decrease in system loss + addition cost
of installation

Using these calculations, I can now select the most cost effective approach to install the new
transmission line/lines and transformers to ensure that MLP is adequate for any base case or first
case contingency loading situation with new load TULIP.

DESIGN CASE SPECIFICATIONS:

1. Tower configuration- Symmetrical tower type
2. Transmission line conductor type- Condor
3. Conductor spacing- 2 m for 69KV line; 4 m for 138 KV line
4. Base MVA- 100 MVA
5. Current rating- 900 A
6. Fixed cost- $850,000 for 138 KV line; $500,000 for 69 KV line
7. Variable cost- $350,000/Km for 138KV line; $240,000/Km for 69 KV line
8. Cost of transformer- $1,500,000 for 101 MVA transformer; $1,800,000 for 168 MVA
transformer
9. Transformer configuration (138/69KV) - Per Unit resistance- 0.0025p.u ; Per Unit
reactance- 0.07p.u on 100MVA base
10. Cost of bus upgrading from 69KV to 138KV- $900,000
11. Initial Base case system losses= 12.59 MW, which is assumed to be constant throughout
the designing process
CALCULATIONS:

= 1.6826Mh/Km/Phase
OBSERVATION
Transmission line considered
System Contingency
Transmission Line Combination
Losses Violations
TULIP69 to ELM138 and CEDAR138 to PLUM69 12.98 MW 1 violations
TULIP69 to PLUM138 and CEDAR138 to PLUM69 12.73 MW 3 violations
TULIP69 to OLIVE69 and TULIP69 to PLUM69 12.70 MW 0 violations
TULIP69 to CEDAR69 and WILLOW69 to PLUM69 12.43 MW 4 violations
TULIP69 to BIRCH69 and OLIVE69 to CEDAR69 12.13 MW 2 violations
CEDAR69 to PLUM138 and TULIP69 to OLIVE69 12.10 MW 0 violations
WILLOW69 to PLUM138 and TULIP69 to BRICH69 12.86 MW 0 violations
OLIVE69 to CEDAR69 and TULIP69 to ELM138 12.30 MW 6 violations
COST CALCULATIONS:
The following tables we can observe that there are several combinations of transmission
lines and transformers which result in zero contingency violation. But, the goal of our project is
to determine the least expensive combination with zero violations.
Below are the steps, which show calculations for cases which most likely can be the least cost
combination.

CASE 1: TRANSMISSION LINES: TULIP69 to ELM138 and CEDAR138 to PLUM69

(TRANSFORMER 101MVA)
Fixed cost for lines TULIP69 to ELM138 and CEDAR138 to PLUM69 = [$850,000 × 1 +
$850,000 × 1]
Variable cost= [$350,000 × 15 + $350,000 × 12]
Transformer cost (Qty: 2) = [$1,500,000 × 2]
Therefore, net construction cost= $14,150,000
Base case system loss= 12.59 MW
System loss for combination considered= 12.98 MW
Saving= [12.59 – 12.98] × 60 × 24 × 365 × 5= -$1,024,920
Therefore Net cost of project= [$13,800,000 – (-$1,024,920] = $15,174,920.
CASE 2: TRANSMISSION LINES: TULIP69 to PLUM138 and CEDAR138 to PLUM69
(TRANSFORMER 101MVA)
Fixed cost for lines TULIP69 to PLUM138 and CEDAR138 to PLUM69 = [$850,000 × 1 +
$850,000 × 1]
Variable cost= [$350,000 × 12 + $350,000 × 13]
Transformer cost (Qty: 2) = [$1,500,000 × 2]
Therefore, net construction cost= $13,450,000
Base case system loss= 12.59 MW
System loss for combination considered= 12.73 MW
Saving= [12.59 – 12.73] × 60 × 24 × 365 × 5= -$367,920
Therefore Net cost of project= [$13,450,000− (-$367,920]= $13,817,920

CASE 3: TRANSMISSION LINES: TULIP69 to OLIVE69 and TULIP69 to PLUM69

(TRANSFORMER 101MVA)
Fixed cost for lines TULIP69 to OLIVE69 and TULIP69 to PLUM69 = [$500,000 × 1 +
$500,000 × 1]
Variable cost= [$240,000 × 8 + $240,000 × 12]
Transformer cost (Qty: 0) = [$1,500,000 × 0]
Therefore, net construction cost= $5,800,000
Base case system loss= 12.59 MW
System loss for combination considered= 12.70 MW
Saving= [12.59 – 12.70] × 60 × 24 × 365 × 5= -$289,080
Therefore Net cost of project= [$5,800,000 – (-$289,080)] = $6,089,080

CASE 4: TRANSMISSION LINES: TULIP69 to CEDAR69 and WILLOW69 to PLUM69

(TRANSFORMER 101MVA)
Fixed cost for lines TULIP69 to CEDAR69 and WILLOW69 to PLUM69 = [$500,000 × 1 +
$500,000 × 1]
Variable cost= [$240,000 × 10 + $240,000 × 8]
Transformer cost (Qty: 0) = [$1,500,000 × 0]
Therefore, net construction cost= $5,320,000
Base case system loss= 12.59 MW
System loss for combination considered= 12.43 MW
Saving= [12.59 – 12.43] × 60 × 24 × 365 × 5= $420,480
Therefore Net cost of project= [$5,320,000− $420,480] = $4,899,520.

CASE 5: TRANSMISSION LINES: TULIP69 to BIRCH69 and OLIVE69 to CEDAR69

(TRANSFORMER 101MVA)
Fixed cost for lines TULIP69 to BIRCH69 and OLIVE69 to CEDAR69 = [$500,000 × 1 +
$500,000 × 1]
Variable cost= [$240,000 × 14 + $240,000 × 10]
Transformer cost (Qty: 0) = [$1,500,000 × 0]
Therefore, net construction cost= $6,760,000
Base case system loss= 12.59 MW
System loss for combination considered= 12.13 MW
Saving= [12.59 – 12.13] × 60 × 24 × 365 × 5= $1,208,880
Therefore Net cost of project= [$6,760,000− $1,208,880] = $5,551,120

CASE 6: TRANSMISSION LINES: CEDAR69 to PLUM138 and TULIP69 to OLIVE69

(TRANSFORMER 101MVA)
Fixed cost for lines CEDAR69 to PLUM138 and TULIP69 to OLIVE69 = [$850,000 × 1 +
$500,000 × 1]
Variable cost= [$350,000 × 13 + $240,000 × 8]
Transformer cost (Qty: 1) = [$1,500,000 × 1]
Therefore, net construction cost= $9,320,000
Base case system loss= 12.59 MW
System loss for combination considered= 12.10 MW
Saving= [12.59 – 12.10] × 60 × 24 × 365 × 5= $1,287,720
Therefore Net cost of project= [$9,320,000− $1,287,720] = $8,032,280

CASE 7: TRANSMISSION LINES: WILLOW69 to PLUM138 and TULIP69 to BRICH69

(TRANSFORMER 101MVA)
Fixed cost for lines WILLOW69 to PLUM138 and TULIP69 to BRICH69 = [$850,000 × 1 +
$500,000 × 1]
Variable cost= [$350,000 × 8 + $240,000 × 14]
Transformer cost (Qty: 1) = [$1,500,000 × 1]
Therefore, net construction cost= $9,010,000
Base case system loss= 12.59 MW
System loss for combination considered= 12.86 MW
Saving= [12.59 – 12.89] × 60 × 24 × 365 × 5= -$788,400
Therefore Net cost of project= [$9,010,000− (-$788,400)] = $9,798,400

CASE 8: TRANSMISSION LINES: OLIVE69 to CEDAR69 and TULIP69 to ELM138

(TRANSFORMER 101MVA)
Fixed cost for lines OLIVE69 to CEDAR69 and TULIP69 to ELM138 = [$500,000 × 1 +
$850,000 × 1]
Variable cost= [$240,000 × 10 + $350,000 × 15]
Transformer cost (Qty: 1) = [$1,500,000 × 1]
Therefore, net construction cost= $10,500,000
Base case system loss= 12.59 MW
System loss for combination considered= 12.30 MW
Saving= [12.59 – 12.30] × 60 × 24 × 365 × 5= $762,120
Therefore Net cost of project= [$10,500,000− $762,120] = $9,737,880

OBSERVATION:
The above observation it can be seen that the most economical combination of transmission lines
and transformers is achieved for the transmission lines: TULIP69 to CEDAR69 and
WILLOW69 to PLUM69 (TRANSFORMER 101MVA)

PROJECT RECOMMENDATIONS:
After studying the impact of all the possible combinations of transmission line pairs, we arrived
at the study outcome table shown above, which represents all the cases which result in one or
more zero violation scenarios.
By further calculating the total cost of the project for the combinations with zero violations, it is
found that the project case with the least cost is obtained by installing the transmission lines
TULIP69 to CEDAR69 and WILLOW69 to PLUM69 (TRANSFORMER 101MVA). This
transmission line incurs a total cost of $4,899,520.
This transmission TULIP69 to CEDAR69 and WILLOW69 to PLUM69 (TRANSFORMER
101MVA) satisfies the two main requirements of our study: (1) To result in zero contingency
violations with the TULIP load (2) To be the least expensive approach.
Therefore, the least expensive system additions that can be implemented so that base case and all
contingencies result in reliable operation with the TULIP load is achieved by using the TULIP69
to CEDAR69 and WILLOW69 to PLUM69 (TRANSFORMER 101MVA).
 REFERENCES:
[1] Electrical Transmission and Distribution Reference book, 4th edn., Westinghouse,
Pittsburgh, PA, 1964.
[2] Power System Analysis & Design Reference book, J. Duncan Glover, Thomas J. Overbye,
Mulukutla S. Sarma, 6th edn.
[3] Power system Analysis & Design & by S Raman S Kuruseelan

[4] Fundamentals of Power Electronics Authors: Erickson, Robert W., Maksimovic, Dragan

[5] Load flow for transmission line case study of Jebba by modulele
[6] Introduction to electrical engineering by Anthony
 APPENDIX

TABLE A.3

Electrical characteristics of bare aluminum conductors steel-reinforced (ACSR)*

Resistance
Reactance per conductor
Ac, 60 Hz
1-ft spacing, 60 Hz
Outside Dc, Capacitive
Code Aluminum Stranding Layers of 20°C, 20°C, 50°C, GMR Inductive X' ,
diameter,
word area, cmil Al/St aluminum Ω/1,000ft Ω/mi Ω/mi Ds ft Xa, Ω/mi a
in MΩ.mi
Waxwing 266.8 18-Jan 2 0,609 0,0646 0,3488 0,3831 0,0198 0,476 0,1090
Partridge 266.8 26-Jul 2 0,642 0,0640 0,3452 0,3792 0,0217 0,465 0,1074
Ostrich 300 26-Jul 2 0,680 0,0569 0,3070 0,3372 0,0229 0,458 0,1057
Merlin 336.4 18-Jan 2 0,684 0,0512 0,2767 0,3037 0,0222 0,462 0,1055
Linnet 336.4 26-Jul 2 0,721 0,0507 0,2737 0,3006 0,0243 0,451 0,1040
Oriole 336.4 30-Jul 2 0,741 0,0504 0,2719 0,2987 0,0255 0,445 0,1032
Chickadee 397.5 18-Jan 2 0,743 0,0433 0,2342 0,2572 0,0241 0,452 0,1031
Ibis 397.5 26-Jul 2 0,783 0,0430 0,2323 0,2551 0,0264 0,441 0,1015
Pelican 477 18-Jan 2 0,814 0,0361 0,1957 0,2148 0,0264 0,441 0,1004
Flicker 477 24-Jul 2 0,846 0,0359 0,1943 0,2134 0,0284 0,432 0,0992
Hawk 477 26-Jul 2 0,858 0,0357 0,1931 0,2120 0,0289 0,430 0,0988
Hen 477 30-Jul 2 0,883 0,0355 0,1919 0,2107 0,0304 0,424 0,0980
Osprey 556.5 18-Jan 2 0,879 0,0309 0,1679 0,1843 0,0284 0,432 0,0981
Parakeet 556.5 24-Jul 2 0,914 0,0308 0,1669 0,1832 0,0306 0,423 0,0969
Dove 556.5 26-Jul 2 0,927 0,0307 0,1663 0,1826 0,0314 0,420 0,0965
Rook 636 24-Jul 2 0,977 0,0269 0,1461 0,1603 0,0327 0,415 0,0950
Grosbeak 636 26-Jul 2 0,990 0,0268 0,1454 0,1596 0,0335 0,412 0,0946
Drake 795 26-Jul 2 1,108 0,0215 0,1172 0,1284 0,0373 0,399 0,0912
Condor 795 52/7 3 1,063 0,0217 0,1188 0,1302 0,0352 0,406 0,0925
Rail 954 45/7 3 1,165 0,0181 0,0997 0,1092 0,0386 0,395 0,0897
Cardinal 954 54/7 3 1,196 0,0180 0,0988 0,1082 0,0402 0,390 0,0800
Ortolan 1.033.500 45/7 3 1,213 0,0167 0,0924 0,1011 0,0402 0,390 0,0885
Bluejay 1.113.000 45/7 3 1,259 0,0155 0,0861 0,0941 0,0415 0,386 0,0874
Finch 1.113.000 54/19 3 1,293 0,0155 0,0856 0,0937 0,0436 0,380 0,0866
Bittern 1.272.000 45/7 3 1,345 0,0136 0,0762 0,0832 0,0444 0,378 0,0855
Pheasant 1.272.000 54/19 3 1,382 0,0135 0,0751 0,0821 0,0466 0,372 0,0847
Bobolink 1.431.000 45/7 3 1,427 0,0121 0,0684 0,0746 0,0470 0,371 0,0837
Plover 1.431.000 54/19 3 1,465 0,0120 0,0673 0,0735 0,0494 0,365 0,0829
Lapwing 1.590.000 45/7 3 1,502 0,0109 0,0623 0,0678 0,0498 0,364 0,0822
Falcon 1.590.000 54/19 3 1,545 0,0108 0,0612 0,0667 0,0523 0,358 0,0814
Bluebird 2.156.000 84/19 4 1,762 0,0080 0,0476 0,0515 0,0586 0,344 0,0776