INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL

OF CAMBODIA AND ENERGY ENGINEERING

Power System Analysis and

Optimization
GROUP: I4-GEE-EE-(B1)

TP7: Power System lab7 Newton Raphson’s method

LECTUREED BY: Mr. NEOV Yoklin

Student name and ID:

SENG SOMAKARIN e20200450

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONIC AND ENERGY ENGINEERING

INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY OF CAMBODIA

PHNOM PENH

Academic Year 2024-2025

 Table of Contents
Problem 1:................................................................................................................................. 1

Problem 2:................................................................................................................................. 2

Problem 3:................................................................................................................................. 3

Problem 4:................................................................................................................................. 4

Problem 5:................................................................................................................................. 5

• MATLAB. .................................................................................................................. 8

Problem6:.................................................................................................................................. 9

• Power world software ................................................................................................ 9

• MATLAB ................................................................................................................... 9

• Data comparison ...................................................................................................... 10

i
 Power System Lab 7: Newton Raphson’s method

Problem 1:

Draw flowchart of Newton Raphson’s method iteration method.

Figure 1: Flowchart Newton Raphson' method iteration method.

1
Problem 2:

Find a root of this equation x 2 − 6x + 2 = 0 by Newton Raphson iteration method and initial
value x 0 = 1 unit ε < 0.003. and find a root of equation above by the same method in your
MATLAB algorithm.

Solution

1) Find a root of equation and MATLAB algorithm code with Newton Raphson method:

We have f(x) = x 2 − 6x + 2 ⇒ f ′ (x) = 2x − 6

f(xn )
By newton raphson method: xn+1 = xn −
f′ (xn )

First iteration: x0 = 1
1−6+2 3
x2 = 1 − = 1 − = 0.25
2−6 4

Second iteration: x1 = 0.25

(0.25)2 −(6×0.25)+2
x3 = 0.25 − = 0.3523
2×0.25−6

Third iteration: x2 = 0.3523

(0.3523)2 −(6×0.3523)+2
x4 = 0.3523 − = 0.3542
2×0.3523−6

Since: x4 − x3 = 0.3542 − 0.3523 = 0.002 < ε = 0.003

Thus, Root of the equation is: x = 0.3542

2) Find a root of equation above by the same method in your MATLAB algorithm.

2
Problem 3:

Solve the following equation by the Newton-Raphson method.

𝑥𝑥12 − 4𝑥𝑥2 − 4 = 0

2𝑥𝑥1 − 𝑥𝑥2 − 2 = 0

(0) (0)
Let 𝑥𝑥1 = 1 and 𝑥𝑥2 = −1 be the starting point for the first iteration.

Solution

Solve the following equations by the Newton-Raphson Method:

We have: f1 (x1 , x2 ) = x12 − 4x2 − 4 and f2 (x1 , x2 ) = 2x1 − x2 − 2 = 0

∂f1 ∂f1
= 2x1 ; = −4
∂x1 ∂x2
∂f2 ∂f2
=2; = −1
∂x1 ∂x2
2x1 −4
J=� �
2 −1
First Iteration: x10 = 1 and x20 = −1
x [1] = x 0 − J −1 f(x 0 )
[1]
x 1 2 −4 −1 1 1
x [1]
= � 1[2] � = � � − � � ×� �=� �
x2 −1 2 −1 1 0
[1] [1]
Second Iteration: x1 = 1 and x2 = 0
[2]
x1 1 2 −4 −1 −3 0.5
x [2] = � �=� �−� � ×� �=� �
x
[2] 0 2 −1 0 −1
2
[2] [2]
Third Iteration: x1 = 0.5 and x2 = −1
[3]
[3] x1 0.5 −1 −4 −1 0.25 0.5357
x =� �=� �−� � ×� �=� �
[3]
x2 −1 2 −1 0 −0.9286
[3] [2]
Four Iteration: x1 = 0.5357 and x2 = −0.9286
[4]
[4] x1 0.5357 −1.0714 −4 −1 0.0014 0.5359
x =� �=� �−� � ×� �=� �
[4]
x2 −0.9286 2 −1 0 −0.9282

Since: x1 = 0.5359 and x2 = −0.9282

f1 (x1 , x2 ) = −1.11 × 10−5 and f2 (x1 , x2 ) = 0
𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓, x1 = 0.5359 and x2 = −0.9282 are the root of the equation.

3
Problem 4:

Draw flowchart of load flow solution by the Newton Raphson iteration method using Ybus.

Figure 2: Flowchart Newton Raphson's method using Ybus.

4
Problem 5:

Using the Newton Raphson method, determine the values of the voltage at the load buses 2
and 3 only two iterations, 2). Calculate power loss of each line and 3). Write code MATLAB.

Solution

1. Determine the values of the voltage at the load buses 2 and 3 only two iterations:
Line impedance converted to admittances are:
1 1
y12 = = = 12.3077 − j21.5385
z12 0.02 + j0.035
1 1
y13 = = = 19.5122 − j24.3902
z13 0.02 + j0.025
1 1
y23 = = = 16 − j32
z23 0.0125 + j0.025
The we get bus admittance matrix is:
31.8199 − j45.9287 −12.3077 + j21.5385 −19.5122 + j24.3902
Ybus =� −12.3077 + j21.5385 28.3077 − j53.5385 −16.0000 + j32.0000�
−19.5122 + j24.3902 −16.0000 + j32.0000 35.5122 − j56.3902
We need to convert this to polar form with angles in radian yields:
55.87∠ − 0.965 24.807∠2.09 31.235∠2.2455
⇒ Ybus = � 24.807∠2.09 60.56∠ − 1.0844 35.78∠2.0344 �
31.235∠2.2455 35.78∠2.0344 66.64∠ − 1.0088
The expressions for the real power and reactive power are:
n n

Pi = �|Vi |�Vj ��Yij � cos�θij − δi + δj � and Q i = − �|Vi |�Vj ��Yij � sin�θij − δi + δj �

j=1 j=1

The we get the expression of the real power and reactive power for bus 2 and 3 are:
P2 = |V2 ||V1 ||Y21 | cos(θ21 − δ2 + δ1 ) + |V22 ||Y22 | cos(θ22 )
+ |V2 ||V3 ||Y23 | cos(θ23 − δ2 + δ3 ) = −1.0959

5
 P3 = |V3 ||V1 ||Y31 | cos(θ21 − δ3 + δ1 ) + |V3 ||V2 ||Y32 | cos(θ23 − δ3 + δ2 )
+ |V32 ||Y33 | cos(θ33 ) = 0.0920
Q 2 = −[|V2 ||V1 ||Y21 | sin(θ21 − δ2 + δ1 ) + |V22 ||Y22 | sin(θ22 )
+ |V2 ||V3 ||Y23 | sin(θ23 − δ2 + δ3 )] = −2.0417
Matrix function formation of the system of equations are:
sch sch [k]
Pinj [k] δ [k]
[k]
Pinj �x �
c=� �;x = � [k] � and f�x � = � sch [k] �
Qsch
inj V Q inj �x �
∆P2
∆c = � ∆P3 � = c − f�x [k] �
∆Q 2
Find the elements of the Jacobian matrix are obtained by taking partial derivatives of the
equations above with respect to δ2 , δ3 and |V2 |:
∂P2
= |V2 ||V1 ||Y21 | sin(θ21 − δ2 + δ1 ) + |V2 ||V3 ||Y23 | sin(θ23 − δ2 + δ3 ) = 55.5781
∂δ2
∂P2
= −|V2 ||V3 ||Y23 | sin(θ23 − δ2 + δ3 ) = −32.9634
∂δ3
∂P2
= |V1 ||Y21 | cos(θ21 − δ2 + δ1 ) + 2|V2 ||Y22 | cos(θ22 ) + |V3 ||Y23 | cos(θ23 − δ2 + δ3 )
∂V2
= 27.2124
∂P3
= −|V3 ||V2 ||Y32 | sin(θ23 − δ3 + δ2 ) = −32.9634
∂δ2
∂P3
= |V3 ||V1 ||Y31 | sin(θ21 − δ3 + δ1 ) + |V3 ||V2 ||Y32 | sin(θ23 − δ3 + δ2 ) = 59.3425
∂δ3
∂P3
= |V3 ||Y32 | cos(θ23 − δ3 + δ2 ) = −16.4799
∂V2
∂Q 2
= |V2 ||V1 ||Y21 | cos(θ21 − δ2 + δ1 ) + |V2 ||V3 ||Y23 | cos(θ23 − δ2 + δ3 ) = −29.4043
∂δ2
∂Q 2
= −|V2 ||V3 ||Y23 | cos(θ23 − δ2 + δ3 ) = 16.4799
∂δ3
∂Q 2
= −[|V1 ||Y21 | sin(θ21 − δ2 + δ1 ) + 2|V2 ||Y22 | sin(θ22 )
∂V2
+ |V3 ||Y23 | sin(θ23 − δ2 + δ3 )] = 51.4948
Then we get Jacobian matrix:
55.5781 −32.9634 27.2124
J = �−32.9634 59.3425 −16.4799�
−29.4043 16.4799 51.4948
Ssch2 = −Psch2 − jQ sch2 = −2.56 − j1.10 pu (For load bus)

6
Psch3 = 1.10 pu (For generator bus)
[0]
0 δ2
• For first iteration: x [0] = � δ[0]
3
� = �0�
[0] 1
V2
−2.56 −1.0959 −1.4641
∆c [0] = c [0] − f�x [0] � = � 1.10 � − � 0.0920 � = � 1.0080 �
−1.10 −2.0417 0.9417
55.5781 −32.9634 27.2124 −1 −1.4641 −0.0255
∆x [0] = J−1 ∆c [0] = �−32.9634 59.3425 −16.4799� × � 1.0080 � = � 0.0035 �
−29.4043 16.4799 51.4948 0.9417 0.0026
[1]
δ2 0 −0.0255 −0.0255
x [1]
= � δ[1]
3
� =x [0]
+ ∆x [0]
= �0� + � 0.0035 � = � 0.0035 �
[1] 1 0.0026 1.0026
V2
[1]
δ2 −0.0255
• For second iteration: x [1]
= � δ[1]
3
� = � 0.0035 �
V2
[1] 1.0026

[1] [1] [1]

Substitute δ2 ; δ3 and V2 into the equation above then we get:
−2.56 −2.5502 −0.0098
∆c [1] = c [1] − f�x [1] � = � 1.10 � − � 1.1068 � = �−0.0068�
−1.10 −1.0767 −0.0233
x [2] = x [1] + J−1 ∆c [1]
−0.0255 54.8918 −32.5561 25.8383 −1 −0.0098
= � 0.0035 � + �−32.5561 59.9670 −15.5172� × �−0.0068�
1.0026 −31.0841 17.4741 52.6018 −0.0233
−0.0257
= � 0.0032 �
1.0022
Thus: V2 = 1.0022∠ − 1.4732 pu and V3 = 1.03∠0.1834 pu

2. Calculate power loss of each line:

We need to calculate line flow from sending buses to receiving buses.
I12 = y12 (V1 − V2 ) = (12.3077 − j21.5385) × (1.05 − 1.002 + j0.026) =
1.1508 − j0.7138 pu
I13 = y13 (V1 − V3 ) = (19.5122 − j24.3902) × (1.05 − 1.03 − j0.003) =
0.3117 − j0.5546 pu
I23 = y23 (V2 − V3 ) = (16 − j32) × (1.001 − j0.0257 − 1.03 − j0.003) =
−1.3904 + j0.4608 pu

7
 we get: I21 = −I12 ; I31 = −I13 and I32 = −I23
∗ ∗
SL12 = S12 + S21 = V1 × I12 − V2 × I12 = 0.0367 + j0.0642 pu
∗ ∗
SL13 = S13 + S31 = V1 × I13 − V3 × I13 = 0.0080 + j 0.0100 pu
∗ ∗
SL23 = S23 + S32 = V2 × I23 − V3 × I32 = 0.0260 + j 0.0520 pu

𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓𝐓, SL12 = 0.0367 + j0.0642 pu

SL13 = 0.008 + j0.01 pu
SL23 = 0.0260 + j0.0520 pu

MATLAB.

8
Problem6:

Using the Newton Raphson method, determine the values of the voltage at the load using power
world software and apply your code.

Solution

Power world software

MATLAB

9
Data comparison

Parameter Power World software MATLAB code

Voltage bus 1 1.05 pu 1.05 pu
Voltage bus 2 0.978 pu 0.978 pu
Voltage bus 3 0.991 pu 0.991 pu
SL12 9.473 + j16.581 MVA 9.476 + j16.583 MVA
SL13 9.318 + j11.647 MVA 9.320 + j11.650 MVA
SL23 0.570 + j1.141 MVA 0.570 + j1.141 MVA

10