HYDRAULICS

ENGR. CHERYLL C. MALIBIRAN

 Pipe Network

Pipe Flow Pumps and Turbines

Major and Minor Headlosses

Fluid Flow
Orifice

Open Channel
Open Flow
Weirs

Reservoirs
PIPE FLOW
Reynold’s Number Friction Factor
𝑣𝐷 • Laminar Flow
𝑅𝑒 = 64
 𝑓=
R2000 Laminar 𝑅𝑒
32𝜇𝐿𝑉
R>2000 Turbulent ℎ𝑓 =
𝜌𝑔𝐷 2
• Turbulent Flow
Hydraulic Radius 1 𝜀 2.51
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = −2log( + )
𝑅= 𝑓 3.7𝐷ℎ 𝑅 𝑓
𝑊𝑒𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
PIPES IN SERIES
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑄3
𝐻𝐿 = ℎ1 + ℎ2 + ℎ3

PIPES IN PARALLEL
𝑄 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3
𝐻𝐿 = ℎ1 = ℎ2 = ℎ3
MAJOR HEADLOSS 3. Hazen-Williams Formula
 SI
1. Darcy-Weisbach Formula
10.67𝐿𝑄1.85
𝑓𝐿𝑉 2 ℎ𝑓 = 1.85 4.87
ℎ𝑓 = , for SI and English 𝐶 𝐷
𝐷2𝑔
𝑣 = 0.8492𝐶𝑅 0.63 𝑆 0.54
0.0826𝑓𝐿𝑄2
ℎ𝑓 = ,for circular pipes and SI For circular
𝐷5
2. Manning’s Formula 𝑄 = 0.2785𝐶𝐷 2.63 𝑆 0.54
 SI  ENGLISH
2 2
6.35 𝑛 𝐿 𝑣
ℎ𝑓 = 4.72𝐿𝑄1.85
𝐷4/3 ℎ𝑓 = 1.85 4.87
𝐶 𝐷
For circular 𝑣 = 1.318𝐶𝑅0.63 𝑆 0.54
10.29𝑛2 𝐿𝑄2
For circular
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑄 = 0.4322𝐶𝐷 2.63 𝑆 0.54
𝐷16/3
 English
2.87 𝑛2 𝐿 𝑣 2

For circular
ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷4/3 MINOR HEADLOSS
4.65𝑛2 𝐿𝑄2 𝑘𝑣 2
ℎ𝑓 = ℎ𝑓 =
𝐷16/3 2𝑔
PUMPS AND TURBINES
1. Power Generated By Pump Or Turbine
𝑃 = 𝑄𝛾𝐸
Where :Q –flow rate
E- head added by pump or head extracted by turbine
2. Efficiency
𝑂𝑈𝑇𝑃𝑈𝑇
ƞ=
𝐼𝑁𝑃𝑈𝑇
P-PUMP
O-OUTPUT
T-TURBINE
I-INPUT
WATER HAMMER
Water Hammer is a pressure surge or wave caused
when a fluid, usually a liquid but sometimes also a
gas, in motion is forced to stop or change direction
suddenly; a momentum change. This phenomenon
commonly occurs when a valve closes suddenly at an
end of a pipeline system, and a pressure wave
propagates in the pipe.

1. Celerity 2. Length Of Pipe Subject To Peak Pressure

𝑐𝑡
a. FOR RIGID PIPES 𝑥=𝐿−
2
𝐸𝐵 3. Time For Pressure Wave To Travel From A To B And Back
𝐶= 2𝐿
𝜌 𝑇=
𝐶
b. FOR NON RIGID PIPES 4. Pressure
𝐸𝐵 𝑝 = 𝜌𝐶∆𝑉
𝐶=
𝐸𝐵 𝑑
𝜌(1 + 𝐸𝑡 )
WEIRS
RECTANGULAR WEIRS (SHARP CRESTED)
Considering velocity of approach:
3
2 𝑣𝑎2 3/2 2
𝑣𝑎 2
𝑄= 𝐶 2𝑔𝐿((𝐻 + ) − )
3 2𝑔 2𝑔
Neglecting velocity of approach:
2
𝑄 = 𝐶 2𝑔𝐿𝐻3/2
3
0.075𝐻
𝐶 = 0.611 +
𝑃
 USING FRANCIS FORMULA
Considering velocity of approach:
3
𝑣𝑎2 3/2 2 2
𝑣𝑎
𝑄 = 1.84 𝐿((𝐻 + ) − )
2𝑔 2𝑔
Neglecting velocity of approach:

𝑄 = 1.84𝐿𝐻3/2
CONTRACTED WEIRS
ONE END CONTRACTED
𝐿′ = 𝐿 − 0.1𝐻

TWO END CONTRACTED

𝐿′ = 𝐿 − 0.2𝐻

SUPPRESSED WEIRS

𝑄 = 1.84𝐿𝐻3 2
TRIANGULAR WEIRS
8 𝜃
𝑄 = 15 𝐶 2𝑔𝑡𝑎𝑛 2 𝐻 2.5
When 𝜃 = 90
𝑄 = 1.4 𝐻 2.5
NOTE: for 𝜃 = 22.5𝑜 − 120𝑜 , C=0.58

CIPOLLETTI WEIRS

1
When 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 4
3
𝑄= 1.859 𝐿𝐻 2
UNSTEADY FLOW WEIR

𝐻1
𝐴𝑠 𝑑𝐻
𝑡=
𝐻2 𝑄𝑜

Where:
t- time for liquid to increase/decrease from H1 to H2
As- Area of the surface of water
𝑄𝑜 -Flow of water through the weir
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW 3. Manning’s Formula
a. METRIC
UNIFORM FLOW 1 1
𝐶 = 𝑅6
𝑛
1. Chezy’s Formula
𝑣 = 𝐶 𝑅𝑆 b. ENGLISH
1.486 1
2. Kutter’s Formula 𝐶= 𝑅6
𝑛
a. METRIC
4. Bazin’s Formula
1 0.00155
23 + 𝑛 + a. METRIC
𝐶= 𝑆
𝑛 0.00155 87
1+ (23 + )
𝑅 𝑆 𝐶= 𝑚
b. ENGLISH 1+
𝑅
1.811 0.00281 b. ENGLISH
41.65 + 𝑛 +
𝐶= 𝑆 157.6
𝑛 0.00281 𝐶= 𝑚
1+ (41.65 + ) 1+
𝑅 𝑆
𝑅
 ALTERNATE STAGES OF FLOW
2. Froude Number
𝑣
𝐹=
𝑔𝐴
𝐵

FOR CRITICAL CONDITION (F=1.0)

1. Critical Depth Equation
𝑄 2 𝐴3
=
𝑔 𝐵
2. Critical Velocity
1. Specific Energy
𝑔𝐴
𝑣2 𝑣=
𝐸= +𝑑 𝐵
2𝑔
NOTE: Specific energy is minimum at critical condition
MOST EFFICIENT SECTION
A channel section is considered as the most economical or most efficient when it passes a
MAXIMUM DISCHARGE for given cross sectional area, resistance coefficient, and bottom slope. And if we take
the area as constant, hydraulic radius is maximum and the WETTED PERIMETER IS MINIMUM.

RECTANGULAR CHANNEL TRAPEZOIDAL CHANNEL

2y
d 𝑏 = 2𝑑 𝜃 = 30𝑜
y 𝜃 𝜃 y 𝑥 = 2𝑦
b
SEMI- CIRCULAR CHANNEL
TRIANGULAR CHANNEL
r=radius
𝜃 = 90𝑜
𝜃
Max Discharge For Circular Channel
h = 0.938D
Max Velocity For Circular Channel
h = 0.81D
DERIVATION OF DIMENSIONS OF MOST EFFICIENT SECTION
RECTANGULAR CHANNEL

b
DERIVATION OF DIMENSIONS OF MOST EFFICIENT SECTION
TRIANGULAR CHANNEL
NON UNIFORM FLOW
Flow is said to be non-uniform, when there is a change in velocity of the flow at different points in a flowing
fluid, for a given time. For example, the flow of liquids under pressure through long pipelines of varying
diameter is referred to as non-uniform flow.

𝑉22 𝑉12
SL 2𝑔 + 𝑑2 − 2𝑔 + 𝑑1
V12/2g EGL, Slope=S 𝐿=
𝑆𝑜 − 𝑆
Where L –length of reach
HGL V22/2g Take mean values from pts 1 and 2
𝑉1 + 𝑉2
𝑉𝑚 =
2
d1 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
𝑅𝑚 =
Channel Bed Slope =So 2
d2 1 2/3 1
𝑣𝑚 = 𝑅𝑚 𝑆 2
SoL 𝑛

L
 HYDRAULIC JUMP
A hydraulic jump is a phenomenon in the science
of hydraulics which is frequently observed in open
channel flow such as rivers and spillways. When
liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of
lower velocity, a rather abrupt rise occurs in the
liquid surface.
GENERAL EQUATION FOR NON RECTANGULAR
CHANNELS
𝑄2 1 1
𝐴1 ℎ1 − 𝐴2 ℎ2 = ( − )
𝑔 𝐴2 𝐴1
𝑉22 𝑉12
𝐻𝐿 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 = + 𝑑2 − + 𝑑1
2𝑔 2𝑔
Where:
ℎ1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ2 -distance from water surface to the centroid of
cross sectional areas
d1 and d2- depth of the flow at point 1 and 2 respectively
MOMENTUM AND FORCES IN FLUID FLOW
FORCES ON FLAT PLATES
If v2=0
𝑄𝛾𝑣
𝐹= = 𝜌𝑄𝑣
V2 𝑔
V1
If v20
𝑈 = 𝑣1 ± 𝑣2
F
+𝑣2 ←
−𝑣2 →
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑈
𝑄𝛾𝑈
𝐹= = 𝜌𝑄𝑈
𝑔
MOMENTUM AND FORCES IN FLUID FLOW
If v2=0, U=v1
FORCES ON CURVED PLATES 𝑄𝛾
a. 𝛴𝐹𝑋 = −𝑈1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 − 𝑣1
𝑔
𝑄𝛾
b. 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = (𝑈1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 − 0)
𝑔

𝑅= 𝛴𝐹𝑦2 + 𝛴𝐹𝑋2
U

If v20
a. 𝑈 = 𝑉1 − 𝑉2
V2 b. 𝑉2𝑥 = 𝑉2 − 𝑈𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
V1 c. 𝑉2𝑌 = 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝜃
d. 𝑉1𝑋 = 𝑉1
e. 𝑉1𝑌 = 0
f. 𝛴𝐹𝑋 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑉2𝑋 − 𝑉1𝑋
g. 𝛴𝐹𝑌 = 𝜌𝑄 𝑉2𝑌 − 𝑉1𝑌

𝑅= 𝛴𝐹𝑦2 + 𝛴𝐹𝑋2