[ ESSENTIAL QUESTION ] When is war justified?

18 World War II (1930–1945)

World War II 1 14.3 America Enters World War II

 Topic 18 World War II (1930–1945)

Enduring Understandings
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>> Allied troops landing at the

beach at Normandy, France

Watch the My Story Video to witness an interview with a survivor

of the bombing of Britain.

Access your digital lessons including:

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737
 18.1
Throughout the 1930s, the rulers
of Germany, Italy, and Japan were
preparing to build new empires. After
the horrors of World War I, the leaders
of Britain, France, and the United
States tried to avoid conflict through
diplomacy. During the 1930s, the two
sides tested each other’s commitment
and will.

>> Germany rebuilt its military during the

1930s in defiance of the Treaty of Versailles.
Here, troops stand at attention during a Nazi
rally in Nuremberg, Germany.

Flipped Video

>> Objectives
Describe how the Western democracies
responded to aggression.
Aggression,
Explain the significance of the Spanish Civil
War. Appeasement, and
Understand how German aggression led
Europe into World War II.
War
>> Key Terms
appeasement
pacifism A Pattern of Aggression
Neutrality Acts Challenges to peace followed a pattern. Dictators took aggressive
Axis powers action but met only verbal protests and pleas for peace from the
Francisco Franco
Anschluss
democracies. Mussolini, Hitler, and Japanese militarists viewed
Sudetenland that desire for peace as weakness and responded with new acts
Nazi-Soviet Pact of aggression. With hindsight, we can see the shortcomings of the
policies followed by the democracies. These policies, however, were
the product of long and careful deliberation. At the time, many people
believed they would prevent war.

Japanese Imperialism Grows One of the earliest tests had been

posed by Japan. Japanese military leaders and ultranationalists
thought that Japan should have an empire equal to those of the Western
powers. In pursuit of this goal, Japan seized the Chinese province
of Manchuria in 1931. When the League of Nations condemned the
aggression, Japan simply withdrew from the organization.
Japan’s easy success strengthened the militarist faction in Japan.
In 1937, Japanese armies overran much of eastern China, starting

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From Monarchy to Republic

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Acts of Aggression 1941

Hideki Tojo becomes
the leader of the
1933 Japanese militarists
1922 Adolf Hitler became in the 1930s. By
Mussolini becomes prime minister of 1941, he is prime
Italian prime minister. Germany in 1933. minister of Japan.
Benito Mussolini was By 1934, Hitler was
Italian prime minister dictator of Nazi
until 1943. He Germany and
1938
founded the Italian transformed Germany Germany annexes Austria
Fascist Party. into a totalitarian state. and Czechoslovakia.

1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945

1931 1939
Japan invades Manchuria. 1935 Germany invades
Italy invades Ethiopia. Poland. World War II
begins.

>> Italy, Germany, and Japan formed an alliance and continued their aggressive
actions. Analyze Information Why was it important for these three nations to form
an alliance?

World War II  18.1 Aggression, Appeasement, and War

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RECALL Explain how other countries got involved

in the Spanish Civil War.

>> Robert Capa’s famous photograph, The Fallen Soldier,

German Aggression shows the death of a Loyalist militiaman during the
Spanish Civil War. The Loyalists were supported by
Continues most urban workers and peasants, along with much
of the educated middle class, which preferred a liberal
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”And do not suppose that this is the

end. This is only the beginning of the
reckoning. This is only the first sip, the
first foretaste of a bitter cup which will
be proffered to us year by year unless
by a supreme recovery of moral health
and martial vigour, we arise again and
take our stand for freedom as in the
olden time.”
—Winston Churchill, October 5, 1938

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of Prague during the occupation of Czechoslovakia
in March 1939. Czech citizens lined the streets and CHECK UNDERSTANDING How did Hitler justify
watched silently in the rain and sleet.
taking over Austria and the Sudetenland?
Timeline

World War II  18.1 Aggression, Appeasement, and War

World War II Begins
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1. Identify Central Issues Why did the western
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powers follow a policy of appeasement even
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was the “beginning of the reckoning”?
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4. Describe How did the Nazi-Soviet Pact contribute
IDENTIFY CENTRAL IDEAS Why did Britain and to the start of World War II?
France end their policy of appeasement?
5. Identify Central Ideas What reaction did Britain
have to Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939?

World War II  18.1 Aggression, Appeasement, and War

 18.2
World War II lasted from 1939
to 1945. It pitted the Axis powers
against the Allies, which eventually
included Britain, France, the Soviet
Union, China, the United States, and
43 other nations. Unlike World War I,
with its defensive trenches, the new
global conflict was a war of aggressive
movement. In the early years, things
went badly for the Allies as Axis
>> On June 22, 1941, under the code name forces swept across Europe, North
Operation Barbarossa, Germany invaded
the Soviet Union. It was the largest German Africa, and Asia.
military operation of World War II. German
authorities planned to annihilate the
Communist nation.

Flipped Video

>> Objectives
Trace the course of German aggression and
British resistance in Europe.
Axis Powers Advance
Describe the Nazi invasion of the Soviet
Union.
Explain how Japanese imperialism and the Axis Domination of Europe
attack on Pearl Harbor brought the United
States into the war. Germany’s “Lightning War” The Nazi invasion of Poland revealed
the power of Hitler’s blitzkrieg, or “lightning war.” The blitzkrieg
>> Key Terms used tank and air power technology to strike a devastating blow
blitzkrieg against the enemy.
Luftwaffe First, the Luftwaffe, or German air force, bombed airfields,
Dunkirk
factories, towns, and cities. Screaming dive bombers attacked troops
Vichy
Erwin Rommel and civilians. Then fast-moving tanks and troop transports pushed
Erwin Rommel their way into the defending Polish army, encircling whole divisions
(1891–1944) was and forcing them to surrender.
a career military
officer and one As Germany attacked from the west, Stalin’s forces invaded from
of Hitler’s most the east, grabbing lands promised to them under the Nazi-Soviet Pact.
successful Within a month, Poland ceased to exist as an independent nation.
generals. He took Because of Poland’s location and the speed of the attacks, Britain and
his own life after a
failed attempt to France could do nothing beyond declaring war on Germany.
assassinate Hitler. Hitler passed the winter without much further action. Stalin’s
Lend-Lease Act armies, however, forced the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and
Atlantic Charter
Hideki Tojo
Lithuania to host bases for the Soviet military. Soviet forces also
seized part of Finland, which put up stiff but unsuccessful resistance.
In April 1940, Hitler launched a blitzkrieg against Norway and
Denmark, both of which soon fell. Next, his forces slammed into the
Netherlands and Belgium.

SavvasRealize.com
Access your Digital Lesson 744
The Rescue at Dunkirk

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France Surrenders

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Winston Churchill, June 4, 1940

German Expansion, 1936–1939 FINLAND

NORWAY Leningrad
SWEDEN
ESTONIA
0 500 mi Moscow
North LATVIA
0 500 km Sea
Albers Conic Equal-Area LITH.
N DENMARK
UNITED
Projection KINGDOM
W
IRELAND SOVIET UNION
E Warsaw
Berlin
S London NETH. GERMANY POLAND
Sudetenland
BELG.
Rhineland C Z E C H O S L O VA K I A
Paris LUX.
RI
A

S T HUNGARY ROMANIA
SWITZ. AU Black Sea
ATLANTIC FRANCE
OCEAN YUGOSLAVIA BULGARIA
ITALY
L

ALBANIA TURKEY
UGA

Rome
SPAIN GREECE
PORT

KEY
Axis Powers Spanish
Areas under Axis control Morocco Mediterranean Sea
Tunisia
Area militarized, violating (France)
French Algeria
treaty, 1936 Morocco (France) Libya
(Italy) EGYPT

>> Germany advanced aggressively from 1936 to 1939, until its invasion of Poland
sparked another world war. Analyze Maps How did Germany violate the Treaty of Map
Versailles?

World War II  18.2 Axis Powers Advance

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England Survives the Blitz

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>> The Battle of Britain started in July 1940, but by
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civilians, so he began a daily bombing campaign.
London was Hitler’s first target.
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Areas under Axis control, 1941 Morocco Mediterranean Sea
Tunisia
Allied Powers (France)
French Algeria
Axis advances Morocco (France)
Libya
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>> The Soviet Union joined the Allies after Germany’s invasion. Analyze Maps How
might this new enemy affect Germany’s war effort in geographic terms?

World War II  18.2 Axis Powers Advance

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4. Describe Explain the purpose of Hitler’s “new
order.”

5. Synthesize What role did Japanese imperialism

play in igniting World War II?

World War II  18.2 Axis Powers Advance

 18.3
Hitler came to power in the
midst of the Great Depression,
promising to end reparations, create
jobs, and defy the hated Versailles
treaty by rearming Germany. Hitler
also played on anti-Semitism, which
had existed for centuries in Europe.
Hitler saw Jews as a separate, inferior
race whom he blamed for Germany’s
defeat in World War I. He launched
>> The Warsaw Uprising ended on October a campaign against the Jews, which
2, 1944. The entire civilian population of the
Warsaw ghetto was expelled; most were began with persecution and escalated
sent to labor and death camps.
to mass murder.
Flipped Video

>> Objectives
Identify the roots of Nazi persecution of the
Jews.
The Holocaust
Describe how the Nazis carried out a
program of genocide.
Describe the various acts of Jewish The Nazi Campaign Against the
resistance.
Summarize the response of the Allies to the
Jews
Holocaust.
Early Persecution The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 put Nazi racist
ideology into practice. They removed citizenship from German Jews
>> Key Terms and banned marriage between Jews and non-Jews. Before long, the
concentration camp
crematorium
Nazis imposed other restrictions that forced Jews from their jobs and
Holocaust homes and embarked on escalating violence and terror against Jews.
Auschwitz Schools and the Hitler Youth Movement taught children that Jews
were “polluting” German society and culture.
Anti-Semitic propaganda triggered one of the most violent early
attacks on Jews. In November 1938, Nazi-led mobs smashed windows,
looted, and destroyed Jewish homes, businesses, and places of
worship. This wave of violence in Germany and Austria became
known as Kristallnacht, or Night of Broken Glass.

Nazi Concentration Camps After gaining power in 1933, the

Nazis began rounding up political opponents and placing them in
concentration camps, detention centers for civilians who were
considered enemies of the state. Before long, they were sending Jews,
communists, and others they despised to these camps. By 1934,

SavvasRealize.com
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Nazi Concentration Camps, 1933–1945

NOR WAY FIN LA N D
N
Vaivara
Klooga
W E ESTONIA

S SW E D E N
a

Kaiserwald LATVIA
Se

c
DENM ARK lti LITHUANIA
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S ea East
Neuengamme Prussia
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G R E AT Bergen- Sachsenhausen
Belsen Treblinka
B R I TA I N NETH. Dora-Mittelbau Chelmno
P O LA N D Sobibor 0 200 mi
GE RMANY Gross- Lublin-Majdanek
Plaszow
BELG. Rosen Belzec 0 200 km
Buchenwald Theresienstadt
LUX. Flossenburg
Auschwitz-Birkenau Miller Cylindrical
CZECHOSLOVAKIA Janowska Projection
Natzweiler Dachau
FRANCE
Mauthausen
SWITZ. AUSTRIA HUNGARY
KEY RO M A N IA
Death camp Jasenovac
Labor camp Ad Jadovno
ria Sajmiste
National borders, 1933 tic Y U G O SLAV IA
I TA LY Se Black S ea
a BULGARIA

>> Analyze Maps Where were the death camps located? How did this location reflect
the goals of the “Final Solution”? Map

World War II  18.3 The Holocaust

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INFER Explain why the Jews in the Warsaw Ghetto

decided to fight back.

The Allies Respond to the >> Passengers on the refugee ship St. Louis were turned
away from Cuba and the U.S. In June 1939, the ship was
Holocaust forced to return to Europe and an uncertain fate.

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The Liberation of the Concentration Camps


Impact of the Holocaust

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PERSECUTION UNDER THE NAZIS 1933-1945

OTHER VICTIMS OF NAZI PERSECUTION
1933-1950 5

1933 9.5 MILLION 4 3.3

MILLION
Death Toll (millions)

1950 3.5 MILLION 3

1.9
MILLION

50,000 MEN
2

WERE CONVICTED OF HOMOSEXUALITY, 1 220,000 200,000

AND BETWEEN (APPROX.) (APPROX.)

5,000 AND 15,000 0

Roma Non-Jewish Soviet Disabled
WERE SENT TO CONCENTRATION CAMPS. Poles POWs
Source: Jewish Virtual Library Source: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

>> Analyze Information Besides the Jewish population, what was the next-largest
group of victims of Nazi persecution? Why do you think that group was targeted?

World War II  18.3 The Holocaust

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DRAW CONCLUSIONS Why were Soviet

and American forces finally able to liberate many
concentration camp victims?

ASSESSMENT
1. Synthesize In what was Hitler’s campaign against
German Jews rooted?

2. Compare and Contrast Describe the difference

between Hitler’s “Final Solution” and the Nazis’
>> Holocaust museums around the world attract millions
earlier persecution of the Jews. of visitors each year. Their goal is to remind the world of
the horrors of genocide.
3. Recall In what ways did Jews resist Nazi
persecution? Gallery

4. Infer Why did the Allied Powers refuse admittance

to Jewish refugees before Hitler’s launch of the 5. Synthesize Why are people from around the
“Final Solution”? world making sure the Holocaust is not forgotten?

World War II  18.3 The Holocaust

 18.4
As 1942 began, the Allies
were in trouble. German bombers
flew unrelenting raids over Britain,
and the German army advanced
deep into the Soviet Union. In the
Pacific, the Japanese onslaught
seemed unstoppable. But helped by
extraordinary efforts on the home
front and a series of military victories,
the tide was about to turn.
>> Women learned new skills in order
to participate in the war effort. In some
countries, they served in combat and worked
in manufacturing. Women also offered day
care for children of those who worked or
served.

Flipped Video

>> Objectives
Understand how nations committed all of
their resources to fighting World War II.
The Allies Turn the
Explain how the Allies began to push back
the Axis powers in Europe and the Pacific. Tide
Describe the Normandy landings and the
Allied advance toward Germany.

A Commitment to Total War

>> Key Terms Like the Axis powers they were fighting, the Allies committed
Franklin Delano themselves to total war. In total war, nations devote all of their
Roosevelt
resources to the war effort.
Winston Churchill
Joseph Stalin
internment Governments Redirect Resources To achieve maximum war
Rosie the Riveter production, democratic governments in the United States and Great
aircraft carrier
Britain increased their economic and political power. They directed
Dwight Eisenhower
Stalingrad economic resources into the war effort, ordering factories to stop
D-Day making cars or refrigerators and to turn out airplanes or tanks instead.
Yalta Conference They raised money by holding war bond drives. By buying bonds,
Dwight Eisenhower
citizens lent their government certain sums of money that would be
returned with interest later.
Wartime economic policies placed limits on individual economic
freedoms. Governments implemented programs to ration, or control,
the amount of certain vital goods consumers could buy. Rationed
items included rubber, tin, gasoline, and certain food items. Prices and
wages were also regulated. In the United States, the war stimulated
the economy by creating millions of new jobs. Unemployment, which

SavvasRealize.com
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WWII GDP COMPARED TO AIRCRAFT AND TANK PRODUCTION 1939–1945

TOTAL GDP 1939–194

1939–1945
45
(BILLIONS OF 1990 INTERNATIONAL DOLLARS)
TANK & AIRCRAFT PRODUCTION
UNITED
$8,513 STATES 60,973 303,695

$2,773 GERMANY 19,926 119,907

SOVIET
$2,426 UNION 54,500 149,220

$2,338 UK 23,202 131,549

$1,296 JAPAN 2,464 76,320

Sources: Harrison, Mar, "The Economics of Wo

World
orld
d War
W II: Six Great Pow
PPowers
eers in International Comparison", Cambridge University Press (1998);
National World War II Museum

>> The Allies’ commitment to all-out war meant a shift in manufacturing from
commercial to military goods and equipment. Producing for the war effort also helped
keep Americans employed. Analyze Charts What generalization can you make about
GDP and war production based on the data in the chart?

World War II  18.4 The Allies Turn the Tide

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World War II  18.4 The Allies Turn the Tide

 War in North Africa

N
W
E
S
PORTUGAL ITALY TURKEY
SPAIN
ATL ANTIC GREECE
194 2 SYRIA
O C EA N 19 4 2 Algiers Sicily CYPRUS (U.K.)
LEBANON (FR.)
Oran TUNISIA (FR.) PALESTINE (U.K.)
Casablanca Kasserine Pass Medite r ranean S ea
1942 Tebessa
0 500 mi Tripoli Cairo
MOROCCO 42
0 500 km SPANISH 19 El Alamein
MOROCCO 19
Lambert Conformal 43
Conic Projection
EGYPT
LIBYA
KEY ALGERIA (ITALY)
(FRANCE)
Areas under Axis control, 1942
Areas under Allied control, 1942
Neutral nations, 1942
Allied advance
Major battle

>> The Allies had tremendous challenges to overcome in order to regain control of
western Europe and Africa from the Axis. Analyze Maps By what two routes did 3-D Model
the Allies meet in Tunisia? What do you think was their reason for meeting at this
location?

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FINLAND
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Greatest extent of OCEAN SWEDEN
Axis control, 1942
Allied territory, 1942 Moscow
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Neutral nations, 1942 North

Sea DENMARK SOVIET
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UNITED Ba UNION
Major battle 3
IRELAND KINGDOM 45 194
19 44
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NETH. 19 45 Kursk
1944 London 1945 1 9 45 1 94 4

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y GERMANY
N D-Day nd
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1944

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Sicily
Tunis Lebanon (Fr.)
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>> After the Allies had encircled Germany, they continued to bomb German industrial
and military centers. German defenses were eliminated, and the European war came Map
to an end. Analyze Maps From which direction did the Allies come when they
launched the D-Day invasion?

World War II  18.4 The Allies Turn the Tide

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EXPLAIN How did the Allied advance toward >> The Allies launched a massive invasion on the
Germany limit that country’s ability to wage war? fortified beaches of Normandy, France. By the end of
D-Day, they had a foothold in Nazi-occupied France and
had taken a major step toward its liberation.

ASSESSMENT Chart

1. Draw Conclusions What actions did democratic

governments take during the war that many 4. Identify Main Ideas What was the significance of
citizens would probably reject in peace time? Hitler’s offensive in the southern Soviet Union?

2. Summarize Describe the strategy involved in the 5. Interpret How did Allied nations limits the
invasion of Normandy on D-Day. individual rights of certain people during World
War II? Why did this happen?
3. Identify Cause and Effect How did the total
war effort in the United States affect the nation’s
economy?

World War II  18.4 The Allies Turn the Tide

 18.5
By early spring 1945, the war
in Europe was nearing its end. That
April, the Allies lost a key leader,
Franklin Roosevelt. Though he did not
live to see the final victory, he knew
the defeat of the Nazis was inevitable.

>> The Allied strategy in Europe was to

encircle Germany, advancing from the south,
west, and east. Here, Soviet and American
soldiers meet at the Elbe River in eastern
Germany.

Flipped Video

>> Objectives
Understand the reasons for the final defeat
of the Nazis.
Victory for the Allies
Describe how the Allies began to push back
the Japanese in the Pacific.
Explain how the dropping of the atomic End of the War in Europe
bombs ended the war.
Describe the aftermath of World War II and Germany Is Defeated By March 1945, the Allies had crossed the
the founding of the United Nations. Rhine into western Germany. From the east, Soviet troops closed in on
Berlin. In late April, American and Soviet soldiers met and shook hands
>> Key Terms at the Elbe River. All over Europe, Axis armies began to surrender.
Douglas MacArthur In Italy, guerrillas captured and executed Mussolini. As Soviet
kamikaze troops fought their way into Berlin, Hitler committed suicide in his
Hiroshima
underground bunker. After just 12 years, Hitler’s “thousand-year Reich”
Nagasaki
Nuremberg Trials was bomb-ravaged and in ruins. On May 7, Germany surrendered.
United Nations (UN) Officially, the war in Europe ended the next day, May 8, 1945, which
Bataan Death March was proclaimed V-E Day (Victory in Europe).
“island-hopping”
Manhattan Project
Harry Truman Reasons for Victory in Europe The Allies were able to defeat the
V-E Day Axis powers in Europe for a number of reasons. By 1942, Germany and
its allies had to fight on several fronts simultaneously. Hitler insisted on
making major military decisions himself and some proved disastrous,
especially the invasion of the Soviet Union. He underestimated the
ability of the Soviet Union to fight in defense of their land.
The enormous productive capacity of the United States was another
factor. By 1944, the United States was producing twice as much as all
of the Axis powers combined. Meanwhile, Allied bombing hindered
German production. Oil became so scarce because of bombing that

SavvasRealize.com
Access your Digital Lesson 762
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at

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>> After winning the war in Europe, the Allies poured all their resources into victory
in the Pacific theater. Analyze Maps Based on the map, how would you describe the Map
Allied strategy to defeat Japan?

World War II  18.5 Victory for the Allies

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World War II  18.5 Victory for the Allies

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goals of the Allies’ post-war policies toward the
defeated Axis countries?

>> Prime Minister Tojo did not have the same

totalitarian powers as Hitler and Mussolini. Still, he was
tried and executed for war crimes committed by Japan
during the war.

World War II  18.5 Victory for the Allies

 UNITED NATIONS STRUCTURE
GENERAL ASSEMBLY SECURITY COUNCIL ECONOMIC AND SECRETARIAT INTERNATIONAL
Includes all member Responsible for SOCIAL COUNCIL Carries out work COURT OF JUSTICE
nations; main maintaining international Coordinates UN economic of UN; is headed by Settles legal disputes
deliberative body peace and security and social work Secretary-General among member nations

SUBSIDIARY BODIES SUBSIDIARY BODIES COMMISSIONS, DEPARTMENTS AND OFFICES

Includes Human Rights Council Includes peacekeeping OTHER BODIES Includes Department of
and International Law operations and political missions Includes Status of Women Economic and Social Affairs
Commission Commission, Economic
Commission for Africa

ADVISORY SPECIALIZED AGENCIES

RELATED ORGANIZATIONS SUBSIDIARY BODY
Includes UN Educational,
Includes World Trade Peacebuilding Commission Scientific, and Cultural
Organization (contributes to GA FUNDS AND PROGRAMS Organization, International
and Economic and Social Council Includes UN Children’s Fund Monetary Fund, and
on ad hoc basis) and World Food Program World Health Organization

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and security and solving economic, social, cultural, and humanitarian problems.
Analyze Charts Under which of the five departments is the World Health
Organization?

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World War II  18.5 Victory for the Allies

 ASSESSMENT 3. Infer Why did Japanese emperor Hirohito call for
Japan to surrender?
1. Draw Conclusions How did wartime production
of resources play a role in Hitler’s final defeat? 4. Cite Evidence How costly was World War II in
terms of European and Soviet casualties?
2. Distinguish Which military campaign did the
victory at Guadalcanal initiate? 5. Summarize How were the Nazis’ “crimes against
humanity” dealt with at the Nuremberg trials?

World War II  18.5 Victory for the Allies

TOPIC 18 ASSESSMENT

German Expansion, 1936–1939 FINLAND

NORWAY Leningrad
SWEDEN
ESTONIA
0 500 mi
North Moscow
LATVIA
0 500 km Sea
Albers Conic Equal-Area LITH.
N DENMARK
UNITED
Projection KINGDOM
W
IRELAND
E Warsaw
Berlin
ATLANTIC S London NETH. GERMANY POLAND SOVIET UNION
OCEAN Sudetenland
BELG.
Rhineland C Z E C H O S L O VA K I A
Paris LUX.
RI

A
KEY S T HUNGARY ROMANIA
Axis Powers SWITZ. AU Black Sea
FRANCE
Areas under Axis control
YUGOSLAVIA BULGARIA
Area militarized, violating
treaty, 1936 ITALY
ALBANIA TURKEY
Rome
PORTUGAL
POR SPAIN GREECE

1. Explain the Major Causes of World War II Use the 6. Explain Roles of World Leaders Write a paragraph
above map and lesson information to write a paragraph that explains Franklin Roosevelt’s impact on the Allied
describing the German invasion of Poland in 1939. war effort. Consider the foreign policy of the United
Consider the agreement between Germany and the Soviet States, Roosevelt’s support for Britain and the Allies,
Union, how both countries benefited, and the reaction of and U.S. entry into war.
the Western democracies to the invasion of Poland. 7. Explain Major Events of World War II Write a
2. Explain the Effects of Military Technologies Write paragraph explaining the significance of the Allied invasion
a paragraph explaining how new military technologies of Normandy. Consider the objective of the Normandy
affected the events of World War II. Consider the effect landings, the geography of France, and the duration of
on civilians, the effect on industry, and the number of the battle. What were some challenges the Allied forces
casualties. faced?
3. Explain Roles of World Leaders Write a paragraph World War II in Europe, 1942–1945
explaining how Prime Minister Hideki Tojo impacted FINLAND
ATLANTIC NORWAY
Leningrad
U.S. involvement in World War II. Consider Japanese OCEAN SWEDEN

economic and political goals in East Asia, American Moscow

S ea

North
Sea
foreign policy prior to the attack on Pearl Harbor, and DENMARK S OV IE T
tic

l
UNITED Ba U N ION

Tojo’s military policy. IRELAND KINGDOM

19
45
Warsaw 19
44
3
194
3

Berlin 194
NETH. 19 45 Kursk Stalingrad
1945 1 94 4
4. Identify Causes of Turning Points in World 1944 London
45
1 9 45
44
BELG. 19 19
N GERMANY
dy
War II Write a paragraph that describes how the Allies W
D-Day
Norm
an
Battle of the Bulge
SLOVAKIA
Paris
1945
tried to prevent further dictatorships from emerging in E FRANCE
19
44
SWITZ.
HUNGARY Yalta
S Vichy 4 R OM A N IA
19 4
Europe and Asia after World War II. Consider the Allied V ic h y
Black Sea
KEY
19 44

CROATIA
France SERBIA
postwar policies toward Germany and Japan, Allied ITA LY MONT.
BULGARIA Greatest extent of
Axis control, 1942
L
UGA

Rome Allied territory, 1942

belief in democracy, and assistance in developing new Anzio Salerno ALB.
S PA IN Neutral nations, 1942
PORT

1944

GREECE
constitutions. TURK E Y advance
1 94 3

Allied
Palermo Major battle S Y R I A
Mediterranean Sea
Sicily
5. Explain the Major Causes of World War II Discuss Tunis
1 943 Lebanon
b (Fr.))
(Fr

the major causes of World War II by completing the

chart with the result(s) of each event. Consider how
the event impacted the countries involved, the war
participants, and the war’s outcome.

EVENT RESULTS
Fall 1939, Invasion of Poland

May 1940, Invasion of France

June 22, 1941 Invasion of

the Soviet Union

December 7, 1941, Attack on

Pearl Harbor

World War II 

TOPIC 18 ASSESSMENT

8. Explain the Major Causes of World War II Write a 13. Identify and Describe World War II’s Impact and
paragraph that explains how the German invasion of Describe People’s Participation Write a paragraph
the Soviet Union in 1941 changed the course of the identifying and describing the impact of World War II
war. Consider Germany’s decision to invade the Soviet on the U.S. economy and the role of U.S. citizens in
Union, the benefit to Britain and her allies, and how the the change. Consider the war economy and changing
decision affected Germany. workforce.
9. Explain Roles and Identify Examples Write a 14. Describe Effects of Atomic Bombs in World
paragraph explaining the role of Adolf Hitler and the War II Write a paragraph that describes how the
Nazis in orchestrating the Holocaust during World dropping of atomic bombs in World War II affected the
War II. Consider the outcome of the Holocaust, how the outcome of the war. Consider the destruction caused
death camps were operated, Hitler’s goal concerning all by the bombs, the global “arms race” following World
Jewish people, and differences between concentration War II, and the historic action of the Japanese emperor
camps and death camps. (August 10, 1945).
10. Explain the Major Causes of World War II Write
a paragraph explaining how the Japanese seizure of
Manchuria contributed to the start of World War II.
Consider the motivations of Japanese military leaders
and ultranationalists, the Western response to Japanese
aggression, and Japan’s reaction to the West.
11. Identify Causes of Turning Points in World
War II Write a paragraph that describes the impact
15. Explain the Significance of the United Nations
of World War II on Germany’s economy. Consider the
Write a paragraph that describes how the events of
country’s pre– and post–World War II economy and
World War II influenced the purpose and powers of the
government.
United Nations. Consider its purpose, powers held by
12. Locate Regions and Places Complete the graphic the UN Security Council, the countries with permanent
organizer with the locations and dates of examples positions on the UN Security Council, and comparison
of Axis aggression, including the significance of the with the League of Nations.
events to the start of World War II. Consider the places
16. Explain Roles of World Leaders Write a paragraph
involved, the timeline of events, and the responses of
that describes Winston Churchill’s attitude toward
other countries.
appeasement and the Munich Pact. Consider the
results of appeasement of Germany, Winston Churchill’s
Acts of Aggression speech (excerpt below) to the House of Commons in
Japan 1938, and the results of Hitler’s violation of the Munich
Pact in March 1939.
“This is only the beginning of the reckoning.
Italy
This is only the first sip, the first foretaste of a
bitter cup which will be proffered to us year
Germany by year unless by a supreme recovery of moral
health and martial vigour, we arise again and
take our stand for freedom as in the olden time.”
—Winston Churchill, October 5, 1938
17. Write about the Essential Question Write an
essay on the Essential Question: When is war
justified? Use evidence from your study of this Topic to
support your answer.

World War II 

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