BIO 102

section 005
with Ms .

Doty
 I

II
.hMVhEERRTTEFBB7ATETdREB
CHAP 24

must get rid

of last meal

D¥#¥
•
→

DIGESTION ;
by it eats again

argiaan-sffaatuw.am#9estJ
SGOpis.to#tas -
in sponges ,
digestion is

kingdomt.in#aia
intracellular

muHdter#ops inn
-

food it Ingest & absorb

digest
-

roundworms this
,
cavity is
,
. in ,
a

+he released nutrients pseudo coelom partially lined w/ tissue

U#c##
-
from mesoderm

most reproduce most bilateral animals have

sexually
-
-
no

a complete one way digestive see on

motile
during
-

all / part of life

.

,
dairy
-

tract .
cavity
•

cellsorganize.cl#tisSUes-
sponges
-

exception are
-

Flatworms have a solid mass of

tissues around their gut Cacoelo

•
emb.ru/OStructure- - most other bilateral animals
fluid filled cavity
have

jellies & a
Surrounding
-

-
other cnidarians have
two tissue layers
is outer ectoderm & inner endo
their gut
.
roundworms have a cavitypavtially
most animals include a meso linedwfmesodermcbetweenendodme.sc
-
-

derm ( middle layer)

pseudocoe.com#
inner develop
-

organs from •
most others have a body cavity fully
the mesoderm
lined w/ mesoderm
•
Sponges are
asymmetrical coeiom
-

cnidarians have
radialsymmetry-24.TN/MAL0R#NSAND
•

•
Animals w/ 3 layer body plan have
DIVERSIFICATION
-

bier-etr.IT#-cephali-zation= evolutionary
•
colonial
first animals
theory
evolved
of animal
from a colonial
origins
protist
.

in which Cells
Sentry
&
-

choanoftagategftructurometrat.cl
process c specifically
rs colonies had specialized cell types

atthefrontofth##head
the first animal
) is eventually process produced
-
Choa no flagellates cells resemble cells in modern

•
bilateral (3 t issued) ani -
-
sponges
earliest fossil evidence of animals dates
ma Is divided into 2
•

lineages back to 635 million years

ago . . .
←
before land Plants

protostomes.firstembryoni.cc#ening
-

•
dramatic adaptive radiation occurred
during
becomesthemouth# the Cambrian( 542 -
488 million years ago
. . .
)
most invertebrates all animal lineages present by the end of the
-

prd
.
.

environmental factors we re probable influences

Deuter0StOM#
DGIobaldimatewarm-ofirstembryonico-pen.mg#
-

DOXYgenconcentrationincreased-becomests.2.no
opening becomes mouth
•
echinoderms & all
vertebrates
 2
Body Plans
'
24 4 SPONGES .
: .
forma ) arians

&tentadesusua1Hdownwa#
mobile
"
pore -
Medusa shaped w/ mouth
''

D umbrella
"

P-qporiferaispong.es
' :
bearing • -

Aquatic animals w/ no tissues I organs

cytes = - .

feeding typically reproduce sexually

''
cells b Choanocytes = collar
"
Cells .

Amoebocytes
cleaning & regenerative cells
=

¥
is

Primitive To Mesohyl jellylike middle matrix w/ structural

-
-
D
Polyp :
"

Cup
"

Shaped w/ mouth &

immune #

components
usually Upward
*
system tentacles
iens-E.AE#sorprsoitIEpiYEE'woIY**
. --

's
safe %
'S
:%" .tn#yreproduceasexualhe
¥
cells) -
Asymmetrical ,
often appear columnar with Medusa bud
or vase like
sessile I sedentary
-

Live attached to surface ( sessile)

.

-
-

Suspension feeders filterfood_ from

:
-

from water via pores&coHarce

•
Sexual Reproduction
•
Classes of Phylum Cnidaria
-
most sponges are hermaphrodites teach
individualcanproducebotheggs&sperm
-
Class HydroZa
D D#TSELFFER t2! sperm released !

polyp & Medusa body plans

⑧
-

fertilization produces a zygote that dev

-

e tops into a ciliatedplanKtoniclar# o

Hydra = fresh H2O predatory polyp
Portagese of colony of
°
man wa r

A sexual
=

•
Reproduction polyps & medusae

Budding
Fragmentation Class A nth 020A ( I
-

flower animals
'' "
-

-
Gemmate ( FW sponges)
~
tiny clumps of resting cells
B
Polyp body plan only
encased in a hard coat °

oAnemones=typicaHysolita#
as reefs
b Produced during dry conditions
& wind - dispersed

Class Cub 0209 ( box

jellies)
• Medusa body plan only
•
Strong swimmers / fish predators
°
most potent venom in the world -

can Kill an adult in minutes

Class Scyphoza C typical jellies)

24.5 CNIDARIANS
-

:
•
mostly Medusa body plans
C may reduced polyp
•
Phylum Cnidaria stinging :
have
stage)
,
1st w ,
cnidarians !
true
-

jellies & sea anemones

includes corals ,

tissues -

symmetrical
radially
-

zt.is#ersCendo & ectodermis)

Mesoglea
"
D
is
"
middle jelly between
= hydrostatic Skeleton
is Gastrovas.ca/arCavitY- ( vs digestive . tract)

cnidocytescstingingcells.LA#dmouthforpreycaptureC&release)
Tentacles w/
-

stinging Cnidocytes contain

b
spring triggered
-

organelle
,

-
barbed nematocysts

-
Nerve Net C interwoven n e r ve cells

Control the movement of the

organism
 3
ClassCestoda_

npvh-aerdynk.rTfWt/glasrebvmascurl-aevtiyc-eXgswla.tears&#trwa#es+g
tapeworms
-
-

24.6 :
FLATWORMS -

live & reproduce in the

Phylum Platyhelminth es :
-

Scolex C head ) includes hooks

" "

flatworms ,
the simplest protostar & for suckers to attach to
Flattened bilaterally
.cat body the
gut wall
-

3 embryonic tissue layers

-

-
-
Do NOT have a gastro Vas -

Organ systems but

CUlarcavity-herm-aphrod.to
-
coelom
-

no
,

nutrients their body

through
-

move

using diffusion body segments called

-
-

almost all hermaphroditic

proglottids
free-living
-

some are
,
others Do Absorb nutrients across the
parasites
are
body wall
-

Contracted via undercooked

Class Turbellarian
free
• -

beef
-

or pork
livingcnonparas.it
Muscular tube called
-

pharynx sucks food into Do Class Trematode = Flukes

gastrovascular cavity -

& ventral suckers

-
-
oral
Also serves to excrete
large
•

a
-

amounts of waste & release

-

sperm

moved via diffusion from ex

-

-
Schistosoma
I Schistosoma
that
"
fluke
flame cells ( Ka blood
''

T protonephridia) a

primitive
-

causesschistomios.is
kidney -
tephritid
but can t ,
. -
affects -200 mil
mostly in ,

cells SE Asia & Africa

Self -

fertilize -
secondary host aquatic snails
=

•
swap sperm in enters humans through skin
or
engage
-

Denis
fencing
"
" -
causesweakness fever , , &
•
many reproduce asexually damage to internal organs
& can
regenerate

ex :
Planarian Chon Orchis
,
ex :

Common FW

Turbellarian Do 1st intermediate host

7
is aquatic snail Cs)

±
•
Classes Cestoda &
! Do 2nd intermediate host =
fish
Trematode us
-

Parasitictapeworms&fluke# 8
- Life cycle generally includes I
multiple hosts 0

B Larva asexually in
reproduce
intermediatehosts_ ( often snails)
before
developing into
reproducing
adults
•
Adults reproduce sexually in
Be contracted Via ingestion
the definitive I primary host
of undercooked fish
( sushi )
 chitons
-

Class Polyp lacophora →

24 9 ROUNDWORMS : • Marine ; feature a dorsal shell

witheig.int#ates-
.

-
Phylum Nematode =

(nematodes)
rouridworms
-

unsegmented worms w/ a

cylindrical body & a pseudo -

Coetom

compietedigestivetractqanervotem.no
•

circulatory or respiratory organs

Collagen rich cuticle is per
Class Gastropoda
-
-

snails & Slugs

-

- →
iodic ally molted C ew)

nudibranchs
have

cklaenoftopdao
'T B Snails (only terrestrial mollusk)
20,000 species live slugs &
'

-
Some ,

97889
Iea C sea slug)
in
Soil
fresh
, & inside
water ,
seas
other animals
,
damp
's
its
incorporate into
own tissues

free-living
•
most a re

decomposeslong < 1mm

several types of
parasitic
-

rounding
infect humans
and animals :

ex :
pinworms & heart worms nudibranch snail
sing
but scratch in
' -

Class Bilal via → bivalves

nanbfcotthe.tn Bed • filter feeders = NO radula

BStrongadductormus.de#cosingshes
-
the
but

•
Mussels scallops oysters clams
,
, ,

lots of
& cats
dogs
die i

24.8 MOLLUSKS mussel

clam oyster

Phylum Mollusca the

M0llUSK#
• :
- - -

Class Cephalopod a →
cephalopods
B
squids , octopuses cuttlefish,
, chambered nautilus

bilate.ro/1ysymmetricalP#tomes
-

Coeiom
with a reduced
ugly smar t cute weird

-
most are marine but some live in
,

FWoronland_
-
defined by the presence of a

mantle

maysecreteacal c.in#-richshel1-movementusesvarioX
•

Of_af0_0t squid nautilus

cuttlefish
octopus
Radula for
feeding Ctoothy tonnage)
-

• Not in bivalves •
Chitons bivalves &
gastropods
,
have ,

Respiratory Open circulatory System C has pumpended

hear t
System blood 's but
"
-

#
) open -
vessels
•
aquatic mollusks have gills -
cephalopods have closed
• some land livers have a
lung Chitons cephs &
gastro s
a
-

,
have radula
•
2nd most speciosa ani -

.
many aquatic mollusks have siphons
mat (> 100 K Species)

Bivalves-fitterfeeding.PH
-

•
4 main Classes ! -
Others =
respiration & movement
 5

*"€EBE
reiqfSgapudtsrmceoiapwndrlKmtfiuoc-haHr.sEoeYnvc%@ut9ajm-e=ro.Enxc8?usidraectol9rpagh-yemiunoasrmntESoge.TEh#sL
rifles
f-
•
cephalopods =
fastest cont 'd
Oligochaetes
,

largest & most intelligent -

invertebrates
simp1ebrain&aventra1nervecor#
-

allows mvmt & Senses

0ctopusf8ams
-

organic debris &

-

feed on
-

tentacles
ater
2 help

microorganisms
-

air
body
the oil each
in
segment

Aleph
indiv rid ia expel waste ←

47
-
-

24.7 ANNELIDS
'
neaatotaii
encircle worm
←
←

Longitudinal
ciruarmusces
Eg
In
cno
"
,
Has both
hydrostatic w/ the skeleton

PhylumAnnea
•
accordion - works
feint
: "
is

hermaphroditic exchanges
.

sperm
segmented worms
,

with another
-

Bilateral.CO#mate
.

#afµ⑤µme
:*

⑥µ µFpEpod
of vessels vessels
s blood
←
Fod
•

Classes of Anne Iida :

•
Class Polychaete :

Marine worms * lots of

← no actual eyes !

Parapodia &
( bristles) on each segment
•
some are active predators
para pod
= C sand wor ms )
foot on B some are filter feeders Cfan
each side ,
wor ms , feather duster worms)
b

is
produce a larva called a
nmdausdfsvee trocophore * similar
to jellyfish?

worms Mollusks !
o Also produced by no
bristles
,
sand worm fan worm •
Class Hirudin ea :
Leeches
*
predator *
filtered live the & damp
er
can in ocean
-

land habitats but most common ,

in fresh water

Body has a
-

b ristles

few
byristies
-

Segments ems
y Many are scavengers or predators to
Class
-

Oligo chaeta
• .

.
small invertebrates
• some suck blood from vertebrates
@ a ✓ fly worms !
* terrestrial
o saliva protein Keeps blood from clotting
-
while it feeds C has anaesthetic too ! )
-

marine or freshwater species ,

sometimes used
but most -
common are soil -

dwellers
for small
limb

& mucus reattachment

-

body is coated w/ proteins ,

te¥t
when blood

seva.es?eeisndesn
't

Get rid of extra

B
# gas exchange occurs across body surface blood C fingers
.
,

#tg
'

& 2 vessels '

toes . .
. etc )
.

help distribute oxygen

 6

cUbphy
O
A.ShaelUticoerthr#rnaety-flsuedtmingmChovouethnppraltie
Horseshoe Crabs

Egmentedarapa.ec
-

24.10 ARTHROPODS :
over cephalothorax
shells

I !)
← joint f foot
leg • spine like telson ( not Stinger
-

Phylum Arthropod q
over
• i used to flip crab
• Book gills
• Blood collected for injectable drug
-

most diverse animal group purification testing

#
IIE
%eba¥e%%t around
*
intruder

( > I m I I Spp) C
lik)
e good
bgaogtevia
if clot free ,

reduced coeiom , Open Circe -

* coelom -

most
ltatoryystem ,

erate.se#es
-

ates
!
.

Key Adaptations :
-

Hard

jointe.de#Keetonmadeofchitih-
•
,

individuals must molt

periodically
o

as they grow

Class Arachnid a
oiappendage
• allow •

movement
o
specialized segments &
-

cephalothorax & abdomen

appendages -

Paired chelicerae & pedipalps

not great
B Insects & crustaceans

iamasgeeing have compounde4es_ 9 9

Y e
° most have sensory antennae
-

Spiders sp Chelicerata
Yessing
ed -

of
@
seeing
Do 8 pairs eyes

undergo
metamorphosis
mvmt
•
•
y pairs of walking legs
through specialized •
-

Hairs for sensory reception

developmental stages -

✓ :

• extinct trilobites
trilobite fossils trilobites

the ONLY acceptable spider

\ -

Scorpions sp chelicerata
•
pedipalps modified into claws

chelated
( type of
! pedipalps)

•
:
"
jawless arthropods 'm
'¥ngce Ticks & mites chelicera
one
SP
-

- ta
body segments Cephalothorax
+ :
2 Mite

Evolved&Abd0#h
-

8%8 -
Tick
mferonhfesdeg -
modified legs ?
← ,

worm -
Paired
•
Arachnids also have pedipalps
→

not im .
-

Simple eyes
ages NO have hairs)
-

antennae ( typically
,

HSbloodcoHectedforgpf
-
-

parasites
nose?
sma
arachnids
may carry
.

femceasnyfrflusfllem.r.fi
's
to
pathogens
 ^

species
##egs
7
Subphylum Myriapod a Krill & copepods
i

• • are small &

!
provide a basis for the marine

elongatedbodyw/on#
-
food chain

pairofantennaeaze.ie#&many-egs
Centipedes
krill
-

onepairoflegsper-eg.net
•
copepod

carniverouspredatorso
•

1st pair of legs

modified as fangs

f
to
inject venom
WHALE ! !
food for BLUE
provides

eose3on
-
Millipedes .

ftewfanimal
iordspeatoskihtrnownf
sdiaoelfc.aeiryg-isbn.orgpevs.ae#tsghei./mtOaegti#nt
•

•
BE Barnacles filter food from
the water w/ feathery legs

ghettos
* slower
size
moving * longest pen is per body

feathers
"

)whale
on a

-
•
Isopods are mostly marine
but also sow
bugs & pill bugs
ISOPODS :

doritos being pet

sharing
•
Subphylum Cry gfaceq
-

-
includes mostaguaticarthropod#

Cephalothorax
-

2pairsofante.hn#
exoskeleton incorporates
calcium
-

carbonate
-

hanging
eyesmaybesimp.IE/compoun#
-
out
doing
Laundry
-

examples :

have 5 pairs of walking

Decapo#
•

tea
having a
claws !
legs ← party
z
.

have first pair of cnelapeds

legs
0 some =
I
or

÷
s
 Insect traits & 8
diversity
•

papas
adult
•

Subphylum Hexapod a :

most diverse lineage larva →

Three part body ; head

-

3pairsoflegs-pairofantezpairofcomp.co#deyes
I
.

thorax & antennae

-
,

Malpighi an tubules
for excretion T hold
m u ch
onto
tho
as
as

possible

Hosting
-

@x)
from the exoskeleton
evolved

Importance of Insects :

Undergo metamorp
-
-
•

hosts ( incomplete or
pollinate flowering
Complete)
-

adult plants
•
stages larvae pupa
:

,
,

-
most closely related pollinators

to crustaceans C gene food for

comparisons)
-

wildlife
-

4 most diverse orders

woodpecker
of insects "

dispose of
BEETLES -
wastes &
remains

dung beetle

-
FLIES
-
feed on pest
species

WASPS
-

{
caterpillar

to
÷m¥÷E÷¥
's
studies
-
ants

worms
silk

Used in scientific
BEES
-
-

entomology Our main competitor for

food & plant products
- BUTTERFLIES

-
can spread
human diseases
or inflammations
MOTHS -

mosquito t malaria
 9

'
I:C
wocmati
Eia ansepraitemloifsetnbnrlo.dfciy?oeepFqtseI-S9E.ncohr
mantore-gta
-
Crinoids
-
:

ECHINODERMS
lillies attach to surface
24 I 1
•
sea a
:
• feather stars swim by
.
waving
← spinet skinned
highly branched arms

Phylum Echinodermata
←
.
:
-

Spiny -
skinned animals
-

the
largest group of invertebrate
-

deuterostomes
-

coeiomateswr
pehtaty
.
adults are

Sea Urchins & sand -

dollars)
spines & plates of calcium carb
-

-
-
•
covered in Ca C 03 plates w/
→ Onate in their Skin form an
long Spines used for protect
-

spines * have an internal skeleton ,

endoskeleton
-

come Not made of bone &

but

pfraoff joints and movement

-
plates :
ion
into no
,
organized

moving 1-120 through

•

Example :
Sea Stars organism
through tube feet
out

, . a
a

watermen
V •
drives tiny
-

fluid filled tube

-
feet

a stomachextendS0Utthr0Ughth
-

penta
rgnedmimafx
-
-
No brain but do have
,
a nerve net
-

eyespots at the tip of the arms

-

m¥mhm%7
one of Taylor

thee
foie
IT
'
,
ssest
swift
:*
-

Gas exchange is through the

& tube feet

g¥T%e
skin
separate sexes , reproductive
SKEE
* a -

structures in each arm

#
Cucumber .

.
* lateral Penta radial
symmetry

microscopic plates
embedded
.

in a Soft body

Black spines but protect them -

* typically selves by expelling sticky

filter
feeders body tissues through anus
Echinoderm Diversity
. . .

Brittas :
thin , highly
flexible arms
• most diverse & abundant /
the
defense !
 I
CHAP 25

Vertebrates
25.1 VERY EARL BIRDS
Y •
Invertebrate Chordates :

is

elong
ndoskel tonwqskult
' "

* keep 's

Archaeopteryx Subphylum

Iroc
nor data together
-

• :

-
First early bird fossil discovered Tunicates I
-
sea squirts -

B only larvae have all 4 chordate traits

link ;
Important missing dis
"
- -

covered after Darwin 'S

•
Undergo metamorphosis into
barrel -

shaped
one yr .
adult , retains only the gill slits
Origin of Species published

oNotochord egeneratesb.su
was

nutrientsthrough
Ck in water get a tube to
Lived about 150 Mil Yrs ago
feeders)
C filter
-

New discoveries like these add

-

Adult
sessile)
Of evolution c mobile) c
info to Knowledge -

ary relationships
Archaeopteryx
* no big breast
muscles for
flight

Reptile → Bird

* solid
bones

Subphylum Cephalochordates
-

Lancelets Tread region

25 2 CHORDATE TRAITS .
: B fish shaped body
-

Aodutts
retain all 4 Chordate
•

& EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS

traits
Nrnteintoabe
having a notochord B Adults are = 5cm
f
Phylum Chordata Chordates Live in sediment filter food
Be
• :
& from water
-

I
-

group of bilaterally symmetrical ,

digs itself
Coe1Omate,deuterostom#
T
*

intgeatihme
↳ ent
•
Traits unique to chordate embryos :
Kele,
1 .
-
stiff flexible connective
,
tissue ( notochord)
back side
← on

Dorcas
,hoL
2 .
- runs parallel

Vertebrate Chordates
vertebrate turns into backbone
to notochord → if ,
.
:
z

Gits
. -

NOT phylum
← subphylum ,

4 .
Muscularponaltail
-
-

Subphylum Vertebrates
urocnordata
B Have an

EVOlbreatuhteiwonl uincgh.eors/dgailtse.s&oafmbnsiforoticmfeg.rs
B Studies of genes & development have
identified tunicates as most closely
related to vertebrates

qy¥oro# jawless fish

•
First vertebrates :

when
jaws evolved
new
feeding
of
In
°
,

strategies emerged
• ,

g
watery
environment
for embryo
to develop in
 2
25 3 FISHES vertebrates

Bcontye?¥¥÷
asrlmhgfocn-vaeurmsdk-tlheirsvcghasdo-qneracift-hqHsengpadfylojrnbes.cu-#aonlfv.ecgmyd
:
First
.
.

jawed
evolved 420 mya
•
Fishes . Jaws
-
evolved from gill arches
.

C skeletal elements that support gills)

First-rate
lineage
-

to evolve
.
Jawed fishes first :
animals w/
-

most fully aquatic SCales&pairedfins_

most jawed fishes still have
feormnpeo ,
Vertebrates C generally) inn
-

traits
,

these

Re
hoannggi
for Tendon
co

oxygen
-

Ostracoderms were first

•

early jawed
lineages :

( jawless) fish * no fins Placoderms ( extinct)

.
.
.
-

Only a few CM
long B

g¥of%¥ Sharpbonyp1atesfunctionedliKeteet#
B

intonate ¥g§g large

•
some were very
B
First to show internal fertilization &
-
extinct development

f
Tiny!

green
P

togged

•
Two lineages of
jawless
-

Aca nth Odi ans C extinct )

fish Survive today 8 arose during the same period as placoderms
• A few cm long
Lampreys
-

• no bony ar mor
-

Hag fishes
Both lampreys & hagfish have :
•

cartilage.no#Keeton-NofinS-
-

Visible
fins)
(paired
-

lampreysarede.ae#
•
some
.
Jawed fishes can be cartilagenous
parasitesoffi.SI or bony

§
Hagfismeee)
•
•
are mar -

of the ocean)
feeders (vultures -
mostly marine fishes w/
.
cartilage
-
skeleton

sensorytentac.IE# to find food -

exposed visible gill slits
,

maintainer
.

-
Harvested for their skin
#
-

jaws include teeth that grow in rows

o Teeth are continually shed & replaced
belts & wallets
" " -
• eel skin
for
-
separate sexes "
Usually made of hagfish skin
agzpw.ae "
za

parasitic Lamprey Hagfish -

°
may be laid externally
;÷7÷o÷°
O may develop & hatch inside mother 's body

¥od ctoaca-multi-purposeexitfoyeeaseofwastesasperm-egg.es
-

.
 eye)

ctphnroeigcu.mirfsteonrm~tothbeicrtkar.afnlepsoohduyflsiinm-bftisnp.rrseg.ieun
( Act . i -

hop - ter -

ig - i -

•
Class Ckiondrichthyes
-
= .
Class Actin opterygii -

Ray
-
-
3
finned fishes have
Cartilagenous fishes
tearooms
-
Sharks -
Swim bladder to control buoyancy
#
B Predators scavengers filterers
, , -

Most diverse group of Vertebrates

larg.es/-livihgfish-#haesharK
• T

CfiHerfe_ede )
Examples
- :

whale shark Great White harvested for

Sturgeons
B caviar
Shark Gars fish
B a re
long predatory
,

•
Teleosts includes 991 of ray .
-
finned fish ,

such as anchovies ,
salmon ,
Swordfish ,

trout ,
tuna , cod etc .

pfreda
"
" °
some have fixed sexes

) o
some are hermaphroditic
filtfeeeder
some can
change
o
sex

Gars Tuna Sturgeon

Nurse Shark

←
scavenger
of also some of
Some
ancient most ancient
most

s flesh
Ign
•
Class Sarcopterygii :
Lobe -

finned fishes that have

Iet joints
'S
-

Rays & Skates -

Bones support inside of fins
B
Flattened body w/ largepectoralfihS_
gunge
•

*
, '
o
may be used to stimulate scallops
-

Seperate Sexes
⇐ B
Benthic predators &
scavengers -
TWO lineages of lobe-finned :
•
Stingrays have barbed venomous tail
B Marine coelacanths
•
Largest living
I
ray = manta ray C filterer)
Thought to be extinct until 1938
0
,

Manta Ray
when a
living coelacanth was
found in the Indian Ocean
•
Freshwater Lungfishes * river dwelling

Have

modifiedswimbladderthatactslikea-ung.SI
o

from lungs into blood

oxygen diffuses
o Ancestors of tetrapods

Coelacanth

Skate

Lineages of bony fishes

-

Ray
-
-
finned fishes ( Actinopterygii )
-

Lobe-finnedfishescsarcopteryg.it# freshwater
lungfish

Bonereplacescartila-geintheadultskele.to#
•

IEEE f
sins

•
Gillitshiddenbeneatkoperculum
 BEGINNING OF NEW TEST MATERIAL
4
Frogs

distanHcelvapunrsg-B.Tua/d-esbrpumoyf.#dirnekod#hefy-sSBKL1imetbaclhsn&geblifpd-
& Toads
25.4 AMPHIBIANS
-

:
metamorphosis
•
undergo complete
aquatic Ctadpoles) w/ gills tail
-1
o
juveniles
=

Changes supporting
terrestrial w/ & tail
• o adults - no lungs no

move
Frogsia
•

to ( and
-

distancehoppers
oPoisonglandbehindhe#
-

LOrtingwe-ght
arger.morecomplexlungs-3-chambe.ve#eart
•
Stronger limbs
• Neck for independent head mvmt
-

•
Two blood circuits systemic C body)
:

pulmonary Clangs)
&
18 Better separation of oxygenated frog frog
& Uh oxygenated blood

nSce-arCollaebtoensesadseptmdefoiraain-blbdorenedsowunedowdalvienoded
sg-vyeelidrst.ea#bArmaptheibsa
-

-
Ectothermic

Firsttetrapo#
-

TypicaHybreedinwate#es
eggsy frog
-

GOthroughmetamorph-si.fm
•
toad toad
aauaticjuveniletoterreaadut
-
evolvedfrom1obe_finnedfi# a

•
limbs are homologous to fins of
lobe -

finned fishes

examples of modern amphibians

-
Salamanders

25.5 AMNIO TE
• most like ancestral amphibians reptiles ,
-
birds -
mammals

EVOLUTION
Amniotes :

Livetheirlivesentand→
-

adapted dry to life in places

•
-
Caecilians k lay eggs in water ,

toconsei.ve#ater
half Keep eggs inside

sepera-tesexeswi ntern.uai
• subterranean -

fertilization
-

Amnioticegg-keepsemb.ve#surroundedbyfl
 s
Crocodilians

cfoseuxmrda-pcilmerhonxaNqpomib.sist-rab#edpguneoitrrFaaef.iFmgsldrboYz#t-slouitfeaoyrhictgjryalfge-mzusi.e7lhIrnEtos?
25.6 REPTILES
.

:
Predators w/
elongated snouts &
-

( Class Reptilian )
-

Sharp teeth
-

spend much of their time in water ,

•
Reptiles
ectothermic & swim propelled by muscular tail
include lizards snakes
-

Like birds they have a

, ,
,

,
& crocodilians heart
&

Lizards & Snakes

crocodile
alligator

MOStdivers-e.ge#pof
-

red

-
All have teeth
-

• most eat insects

Covered W/
overlapping
-

scales
• periodically shedtheirsk
25 J B I Py D S
SnaKesevolvedfrom_
.
-

thelizards
( Class Aves)

Feathers
filamentouskeratins.tv#esderivedfroMscales-
•
-

feather functions

Helpbirdsmaintaihtempb
-

/ gain of heat
Turtles
Slow the loss
& Torti Ses
%aa.EE Helps
'
'

keep bird dry by

Toothless shedding water
.
-

-
-

Color plays role in courtship

Bony Keratin

provi¥¥¥
covered
-

,
' •
Shell attached to skeleton
Feathers
.
on
wings
marine
( )
Tortises=terrestr# KeelforflightmusCleaHachmen#
-

Lightweight
•

turtle turtle

1nternalcavitiesihbonwD
-

Noteeth
-

As
•
supplied Keep muscles
with
energy ATP for

Endothermic
tor ti se
tortise •

•
Bird has larger brain & eyes
than reptile
"pon#BBSyr%rbTwe3IdRaoEkusDrefbng2SicdhasEeyrmOnfN.pwaslitn#dgfreomuasvbdt-ermngiotlaesry;inxgamCosyit-rdgmSwT.aelsc9#-
6

•
Reproduction :
25.8 :
MAMMALS
-

Fertilization
occurs via cloaca
.

(Class Mammalia)
Female lay amniotic
-

voice
got
shelled eggs
•
nutrients inside sustain
.
Females produce milk -
to nourish
offspring
b the embryo Mammary glands
-

Mammals have or fur

h a i r
•
.
made of keratin

•
Endotherm
•
Diversity •
Four chambered heart →
convergent to bird
-

,
evolved independently
I

Most diverse are the

Larger Skull & brain for their body size than
-

perching birds 97
-

Three toes face forward

z other vertebrates
4¥
•

consists of bone & there

,

one back .
•
Lower jaw a single
• ex
jays sparrows starlings 3 middle bones
-

. , ,
are ear
robins , & Cardinals

robin
cardinal
• Four different types of teeth "

rated
-

'
nmga
-

vampire teeth
•

onebranchgaverisetorepsb.rs
on d most diverse -

hummingbirds
-

are
raw bones

Therapsids (synapsid subgroup of mamaIS)

,
• capable of flying backward •

for
B
Long beak & tounge
getting nectar from flowers Largest extinction event Know occurred 250 mya
-

•
701 of species diss a peared
.

•
Cynodonts C group of therapids) survived the extinction
o Gave rise to mammals
during jurassic

03-survivingineagesofmamonotremes.hr#supias
&placentalmama#
,

K T)
Pg (
° -

K extinction led to extinction

of the
-
or

✓ dinosaurs ,
but allowed mama I diversity to
increase
dinosaur
-

their -

Oldest
Females lay
surviving mamaI lineage
leatheryeg.gs
-

-
-

Many birds make a Young suckle milk secreted by the mothers skin
-
Five species : four are echidna
Seasonal migration

spiny
C anteaters) & the duck billed
platypus
- -

penginsdratit-eb.ro
-

( emus ostriches . Kiwis , rheas

, ,

Cassowaries) cannot fly

B South of Equator

platypus
echidna
 ?
second most diverse
Marsupials
--pouched_
bats
• -

are

Mamm# / B

sustained
Only
flight
mammals capable
"
of

ptrea * Chiro
most live in Australia , some
"

shot
?
eloi
-

"
in South or Central Asia r or

Young
bornprema-tueudevelopinapouchohthemothep.ee
-

are

X :
Kangaroos ,
Koalas Tasmanian
,

devils
lives in North America
Only op#
-

Kangaroo Koala Opossum

Moles & Shrews adapted to
burrowing
-
:

Soricomorpha
"
"

buses
por
Both monotremes & marsupials
" q
• "

Cetacea :
a
( dolphin whales)
have a cloaca
p
•
Placental Mammals I
"

extended development within

"

-
Artiodactyl a
the mother 'S body leven -
toed mammals ;
deer , cattle goats
Placenta
Umbilical
&

attaches
• pigs
.

y
, ,

themotEteus
provides nourishment
,
hippos)

after birth suckle milk

young
-
,

from mother 's nipples y

separ-ateopening-sforexcretory.urinary.oreproducti.ve#
-

Dominantmammaandhab
-
.

Primates
" "

i tats & the

only marine mama Is
F

( lemurs monkeys , ,

apes , humans)
?
-
-
most diverse are rodents
• Rodent teeth specialized teeth for "
"

gnawing " Carnivora

-

*
''
Rodent ia
( dogs ,
cats ,
bears ,

weasels ,
seals ,
and
walruses)
g
r
 CHAP 26
I

c
oBourlmusGarasrppsigneightaernnseds cwrdellefopxaccesntp-tmeioanrstehfhinucluamdesahtnmisanvlsf.eeobk.yse.at
MEI
H
*
o
# aa
Hottie
26.1 A BIT OF :
26.2 :
PRIMATES :
OUR ORDER
NEANDERTHAL .
primates :
an

•
Human Like fossils found-

in

Germany 'S Neander Valley -

First evolved in warm forests
Postulated they
belonged to an
-

Traits suited them to life the branches

extinct human relative called Homo
-

among
neanderthalensis •
Shoulders w/ an extensive range of motion
-
Fossils date to 40,000 yrs ago
F

Since then ,
Similar fossils have

n found ( binocular Vision)

B
Excellentdepthpercepti.co#
•
Neanderthals compared w/

⇐
Homo :

Boyes
&
-

Build
Brain
big
or
as as
(
-

bigger)
-
was shorter ,
stockier

Primates have

largebrainfor-theirbodysiz.eu
•
a

Regions devoted to vision & information

processing are
devoted to smell reduced
enlarged ,
area is

•
primates have a varied diet
-
Have all
-
four types of mammalian teeth

Primates
•

spend life in a social group with adults

ofbEs
-

Females give bir th to only I or 2 at a time & provide

extendedcareafterb.ir#
•
Primates probably arose before the extinction of
• Neanderthals lived side -

the dinosaurs ( exactly when is not Known)

by side .
w/ Homo Sapiens in

some regions for thousands

of years -
did they interbreed?
-
2010 DNA analyses showed cer tain
mutations
shared between H sapiens &
were .

Neanderthals in pops from France China & ,

,

Papua New Guinea but not in people from

,

Africa or Chimpanzees

Suggests human Neanderthal mating

-
-

took place in the Middle East after H .

sapiens
began venturing out of Africa ,

but before they dispersed to Europe ,

Asia & Elsewhere

,
 2
•
Common ancestor of all modern -
Anthropoid Lineage
primates evolved 85 my a • Includes monkeys apes & humans,

• Feed primarily on plant material

-

Branching occurred 50 mya into wet .

nosed & dry - nosed primates

wet-nosedprimates-aidsindetecti
IonngscentsJ-x.az
•

sefMadag#ar
-
•
Two lineages of monkeys
-
Old World Monkeys

Africa.themiddleeast.GASIXB.to#downwardfacingnos-tris
• Live in

tailabsentorshort

Lorises of India & Asia

•
tree
-

I
some are -

climbing forest dwell -

ers others spend most time

, on
ground

-
Ga#dfAfr
-

New World Monkeys

• Live in forests of Central & South America

•
smallev.flatterface.nostrilsopentothesi.de
Iaifteprehen ( can grab)

Dry-nos.ec/primatesinc1Udehumahs&mostothe-rmodern
primates
-

Tarsiers
•
Apesdttumans.be/ongto-
• oldest surviving dry nosed lineage
-
thetominoidlineage
Hominidsshareanancestorwithof.rs
small nocturnal insect
•

Live
,

Southern
eaters

have lived
Asian islands
that
-

30 mya
on
Wonkeys may
 3

humansw.be#IasYEuif
•
Modern Apes 26.3 :
HOMINIDS :

Gibbons-liveinsoutheas-tA.in
-

.
Humans have shorter ,
finer
forests
"
lesser

greaterdensityofsweatglo.no#
=
apes
"
I
hairs than other primates &
-

& F
•
elongated ar ms permanently
curved fingers
• Live in family groups easier to cool bodies
-
our
through sweat

factorsfavoringbipedalism-tre.no
•

toward a drier & hotter climate

• Ability to move efficiently across open

grassland would have been favored

• Human walkers than chimps
useergy
"
-

Bipedalism Keeps the bodice

Great apes
"
-

from the ground

B
gains less heat
-

• show sexual dimorphism in size me

vertical body intercepts less sunlight

Orangutan
atra&
• is
Upright stance makes it easier to
scary
-

surviving
the great
only Asian ape
forpredators
• Gorillas Chimpanzees & bonobos
,
-

Hands can be used to

carry food
-

native to Africa

GoriHaislargestlgpmate
O

relatedness
°Chimpanzees&bonob#Coey
>7
lineage diverged between G -
to my a

orangutan
gorilla

bonobo
Shaped spine s shaped
a -

. c -

chimpanzees spine

7)
attaches

•
Differences between

In
o
skull
og

apes)
chimpanzees C :
TEIFI
"
"
&
, ← )
wide
-

Humans have a flatter face & smaller

legs
jaw with reducedcanines_ angerarms
offers
na
"
b
-

Humans have larger brains relative to

+
regs
←
femurs
slightly
-

→ angle
body size
feamnugr.se
inward

"
Humans walk upright C bipedalism)
-

• evolution of bipedalism led to changes

in backbone , feet & Spinal cord
r
f feet
arched
Human thumb
longer Stronger
-

feet C no
is feat
of
Eye
,

Corno app
& more manure r a ble
÷ Comparative PART ONE Anatomy ?
CH 32 : NEURAL CONTROL Vertebrate

iDnNtoBerasvblpNeinrxotaduvscep-itdnhoarelcughfdtapccbhalieneomumrrbdchE-enoyptItdoesirrgysacccnltnolipfdreeectsrpnvittossorrheeceludacsyit-ftrcameholis-tlvsoucnrteeaprddftytocmioho3aB¥megugy.2cNi.jb.oe&tiOrgnrlssi
.
. Nervous systems :

ANIMAL NERVOUS SYSTEMS

vertebrate Nervous Systems
=
no tissues =nosystemg_
: -

nervous.se#-em )

Radially
-

symmetric invertebrates have a nerve net

( Cnidarians & Echinoderms)
• Information in all directions

centralized
organ C brain)
•
no

•
can alter the size / shape of the
body
•

cnidarians-indivi.cl#neurons
•

EI-hineudenms.in#truenerves C bundles

CH .
33 : SENSORY PERCEPTION
cnidarian
echinoderm 33.2 : OVERVIEW OF SENSORY PATHWAYS

•
Stimulus an aspect of the internal or
-

external
-

Bilateral invertebrates show cephalization

environment that has the capacity to excite a
#
Distinctheac.tw/1arge#entration
others )
sensory neuron

Sensory diversity
planarians-pairofgang.li#mpebrain
• ° :

Anne&artpaiedveneve
C0rdsconne#gggtto@yggigg#ppgbra
• -

Mechanoreceptors
rgespndtomechans.ca/energy-
pewits
detect
Some
changes
B
in

B some respond to -

@@_ggg@Bo BOBO B Some respond to pressurefromsoundwo.ve#

Wha1es&elephantsproduce&detectultra-lowfreguencysound#
B

Thermoreceptorsrespon#temperatueor
-

HUSKS have variations

temperaturechang.ee
.€
*

Bivalveshave#ban
•

cephatopodshavesomeofarge.se
mostcomplexnervoussystemsof#bates
*
•
B
Help animals avoid harmfultemperature.SI

Helppredatorsfindwarm-dedpreyovampi.ve
B

bats detect war m blood to locate a vein C WTF ? ! )

-

taste
• used in re
"
•
homeostasis
used to maintain
progenitor Engram
photoreceptorsdet-ectig.it
-

Humansdetectvisibleligh#
B

1nsects&rodentsamonganimalsthatcandetectUVligh#
me

bone
hangnail)
→
Ken

hammerhead
-

Other (not as common ) receptors :

y
sharks have them
Train!
/
←
on nose
B

Magnetoreceptorsdete-7¥
d cttheE#hmagnetic
•
Help animals detect prey

in navegation MIST migratory

animals
 VISION

cav°Bitsonmep-dloarutvnisdlacoeDyxfnbocser-thi.dgamnle#,ptfarhsc&ndlouearpstyxc#fei-nohdsmragetOo.cI-N
33.4 CHEMICAL SENSES:
33.7 :

← photo reception
•

duceamentalima#
,

Requires eyes brain & photoreceptors

Bilateral invertebrates concentrate

olfactory
• , ,

receptorsatheaden# Invertebrates :
.

ear thworms don't have eyes but have

have
-
,

may
-

receptors in their skin

•
Humans & other vertebrates have -

scallops have many eyes w/ lenses on the

receptorsextendingintasacav.tt
t
mantle but cannot visual
, produce a
image
-
insects have other
-

The
average person can
distinguish approx .
-

Cephalopods have very

000 different odors I
,

2
Dogs can detect odors at concentration 1000 to 10,000
=

times less than humans

←
nasal compound eyes
cavity complex camera eyes

'T

Vertebrates
berate
• :

I nasal
cavity

Havecameraeye.SI
-

←
•
convergent evolution
•
T as
is#
of Chemicals
the detection t e no
position of eyes varies among vertebrates
dissolved fluid
Mostnon-predatorybirdsfmammalsho.ve
a

in
-

Octopus has taste receptors on its suckers

ey-esonsi.de#-head
×monocularvision_ C prey)

antennae
•
Predatory animals have eyes in front
fly tastes w/ feet
-

A & -

fishes have taste receptors in skin

nocturnal animals
targe
a

have
Covering their body andQ "

Humans&othermammaavtate
-

receptorslocatedinthetastebud#
• Cats , dolphins ,
& some other Carnivores
have lost the ability to detect sweetness

''

eye shine
'
'

binocular
monocular vision
vision

7 7

CH 35 STRUCTURAL
taste taste
s
receptors :
.

SUPPORT & M V MT
pheromones-signalin-g.mu
•

secretedbyanindivl.cl#toaterthe
behaviorofanotherofthe-ame.es
-

oftenformat.in#
35.2 :
ANIMAL MOVEMENT

AHanimalsareCapableoflocomotio#
-

produced by many insects reptiles & ,

.
,

most mammals
at some life cycle
•
Vomeronasal organ stage in their

.reducedinhumans&doaedimates free
ex barnacles
-

are
swimming as larva
-
.

;
adults continue to

mrEPti
sessile
on
move feathery legs
33 5 HEARING
: ←

. •
For movement to occur in one direction

Hearingistheper-ep.to
,
f

musdesmustexertforceont#
•
m
by
Sound
-
mechanoreceptors oppositedir-e.to
•
sound waves converted into vibrations
-

Fish have very simple ears

•
Vertebrate move to land posed new

Challenges for hearing

eardrum
external C vibrates)
←
-

Tympanuminmanyamphibiaeptes

Mostmammalshaveanermidde.fr
-

inner
 Locomotioninwate.ir Exoskeleton

mAanterildsw.ceitphnalopebds.ayt/bvewringsahtepocreiat.cmo/tv-felimghn#t
-

JetpropulsionChaopod BCuticle.shell.orotherhardexte.ir#bodypart
-

Swimming
Molting
formuscle.at#chment
-

streamlined body & buoyant ex Arthropods

o :
•

- Endoskeleton
Locomotion
•

On Land
-

Animals have Various ways of BInternalframeworkofcartgedb.me

o ex :
echinoderms vertebrates
,

reducing friction
•

Mucous.scales.elevatedbodyb.ch
•
eetah is
elastic tissue
fastest land animal
helps propel some animals

CH 36 CIRCULATION
.
:

Flight
•

36.2 CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS

grAniamvialtys&prmustope1foverocrome_
war#
:

-
evolved independently
in ,

AHanimalsmustprovideceithoxyg.es
insects birds mammals & •

nutrientsdremove-was.es
, , ,

pterosaurs

circulatorysystemspe.ec#istributionof
- -

Involves pumpce.g.hearttyovefy.cl
-

•
Open Circulatory System
Hemolymph
-

open-endedvessels-Arthropods.mu)
,

C not cephs
.

33.3 TYPES OF SKELETONS

:
•
Closed Circulatory System

Bloodsedihontnu0s
-

Musclesinterac.tw/SKeleton#
•
-

Hydrostatic
filed
ton=f
-

intermarries
•
ex : soft -

bodied invertebrates •
Evolution of Vertebrate Ciro .
system
C Earthworm 's
segments each a
All
-
vertebrates have Closed Ciro SYS
fluid filled chamber)
.
.

Structure of heart & Circuits varies :

FersClatium)Eingle-ci
•

AMphibiansdmostreptiles-3chambersf.at
•

-ria&1ventri2rcuts
Crocodiliansbirds,Mammals-4ChambersCz
•

atria&2ventrides);2Circui#
①
morphological convergence
Aibgnyoaluskegxnci.hdsa-ruepwnxcglihyr-abnocdgieyratshl-ionwu.ga/hvsixek#r.tIoEnhbl&dr-a3tme8qsnv.jgaloQrsi
CH 38 RESPIRATION
•
:
animals rely
.
on
me

:
THE NATURE OF RESPIRATION • restricted to damp emits

snailslslugshaveg.it/S&/orlung#
-
some

Insects have

tracheae
Respirationithephysi.ca/processestha#
-

a
•
-

spiders & scorpions have

Carbon dioxide waste

-

Diffusion occurs across a

respiratory
surface
Second
-

exchange occurs at body cells

• invertebrates w/o Ciro systems

rely
.

soieuondiffusion 38.4 VERTEBRATE RESPIRATION

:
• Animals w/ a
circulatory system it to
- use
move
gasses
Respiration in Fishes
-
• :

"fiagts
covered or uncovered
-

Respiratory the env ; r

,
•
medium - .
•
countercurrent
exchange
on mental

Pai r edl u ngetrapods

substance w/ which .

Animals exchange gases -

Evolved from
outpourings of the gut wall in fishes
Became
increasingly important w/ the move to land
-

Amphibians.tn/picallyhavegil sthatarereplace#
-

exchangi ng.lv/HzOr#jregmore
•

piffnH#nair
.
frogs push oxygen into their
lungs

Repti les.birds.amamalsusepairedlu.mg#
-

-
Water is more viscous birds have most
•
efficient respiratory Sys .

OM-ammalscontractmusclescdiaphrag.sn#decreasepressure
-

Gas proportions in H2O varies greatly

38.3 INVERTEBRATE RESPIRATION

:

•
Animals w/o circulatory or

respiratory systems :

Asmal#f
have
-

or cells arranged

guaticordampenvi-onments-Relysoleyondi-f un.ES
,

in thin layers
-

: cnidarians & flatworms

Heo is
AS i"
← 9
Gilled
'
over
•

#
invertebrates : flowing will
it
encounter

Giavai
l s-filialablmentonusorplate.li#respiratory
-

w/

orgahsthati eforgasexc.no#ewwater
creasethefrface.ae
blood
amount
least
evolved of oxygen
independently aquatic invertebrates
-

in
-

May be internal or external b diffusion

Comparative
I /,

Tl

CH 39 DIGESTION AND.
PART TWO

CH 40
Anatomy
.
:
MAINTAINING
THE INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
NUTRITION
40.2 FLUID
VOLUME & COMP :

39.2 : ANIMAL DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS .

.
By weight . an animal
consists mostly of
•
All animals are heterotrophic & require Water ,
with dissolved salts & other solutes
nutrients -
extracellular fluids C interstitial fluid & plasma)
TO Ses fresh must be maintained within
Intracellular digestion ranges cells can tolerate
•
in *
sponges
gaff H2O Water
gain must equal
-

Flagellated collar cells C choanocytes) capture food water loss

Amounts differ in
environment
fishes
B
animals &
-

Amoebocytes digest & distribute nutrients

nave -

Metabolic Wastes
• extracellular digestion occurs in a sac prob
-

B Carbon dioxide ammonia I unreal u ri c acid

gems
,

or tube
i. ingestion
2. Mechanical & chemical digestion
40.3 EXCRETORY :
ORGANS
3. Absorption
4. Elimination
•
Planarians have protonephridia
C flame cells)
•
Incomplete digestive tract ( acoeio mates,
in cnidarians & Cilia on flame cells draw H2O into tubules to be filtered
flatworms ( platyhelminthes)
-
-

sac like gastrovascular cavity

-

Excess Heo & unwanted small , dissolved wastes released

single opening
-

. with a
Also used in gas through pores C diffusion)
-

exchange
Inefficient one meal at a time Earthworms have nephridia
-
-
.

Body segments have paired nephridia to filter fluid & release

-

Complete digestive tract ( pseudo coel

•
-
wastes
← conserves tho
omates & coelom ates) .
Arthropods have Malpighi an Tubules
most vertebrates Delivers waste to the
digestive
-
-

tract to be eliminated

Tubular tract w/ 2 openings ( mouth & cloacal ) Vertebrate Kidneys

-
.
anus
-

Steps of digestion can be operated simultaneously -

Kidneys fitter blood & release wastes as urine

Regional specialization in a
complete
digestive tract 40.8 EXCRETORY ADAPTATIONS :

-
Mouth -

ingestion
•
Fluid regulation in bony fishes
Esophagus C food tube )
- ''
"

Crop large
-

Body fluids less salty than seawater causing

storage are a
-
- .

amount of
water loss by osmosis
-

Stomach -
mechanical & Chemical digestion dilute urine
in FW fish
•
ruminants have 4 chambers ( dont drink water)
B
Gulp sea water , pump salt out through gills
-

Gizzard mechanical digestion

-
Ds
Paired Kidneys produce small Vol of concentrated urine

Intestine absorption of
digested nutrients
Kangaroo
-

rats & water scarcity ( desert animals)

-

is
length reflects diet ←
Yoernbgi
rmespiihaafeed
, stomach ,
-

Adaptations to dry Environments

-
Cloaca or anus -
waste elimination a Water intake via diet
A-
Dry feces
• Efficient kidneys
 40.9 HEAT GAINS :
& LOSSES CH 42 ANIMAL DVMNT .
:

Thermoregulation 42.2 STAGES OF ANIMALS DEVELOPMENT :

-
Metabolic heat

Animal Development
•
-

Gains & loses from surroundings

•
Thermal radiation
.
Conduction C touching)
-

Zygote fertilized =
egg
is Convection C through air )
B
Evaporation C losing heat)
-
( Cleavage)
-

Ectotherms alter their position -

Blastula = hollow ball of embryonic cells

Endotherm s alter their metabolism Gastrula rearrangement of blastula cells into layers
-
-
= 2 -
3 germ
H ectotherm s core & skin I body
temp may rem
-

-
.
B
ectoderm → nervous tissue Coverings
din constant o r fluctuate C hibernation) gut lining
ne endoderm →
respiratory tract &
Blastopore 1st embryonic
40 10 RESPONSES TO COLD
opening
° =

.
:
& HEAT so if develops @ mouth -
-
proto stone
>> if develops @ anus = deutero stone

Responses to cold
• .
Mesoderm Cif present) o muscles .
connective tissue ,
& cire .
Sys .

•
Endothermic vertebrates best suited .
Cell differentiation -
Cells become specialized
to cold environments in structure & function
signal to
hypothalamus
-
Thermo receptors send

B Blood vessels in Skin contract

B Muscle contractions make hairy feathers /
fur up C goose bumps )
"

stand
"

Shivering of skeletal muscles

B Brown adipose tissue releases heat
is
hibernation

CH 47 Animal .
:

Reproduction
41.2 MODES OF REPRODUCTION
: :

•
Asexual Reproduction : single
parent produces genetically -

identical offspring
stable environment
Advantageous in

& shor ter - lived SPP .

-
Methods :

•
Budding =
new individual grows directly from
parent C
e.g . Hydra Cnidarian Medusa buds)
,

"

Fragmentation breaks of
• "
:
piece off parent
& grows into a new individual C e.g . coral)
.
Transverse fission :
splitting in half & each -

individual ( platyhelminths)
half generates a new

W/o
Parthia genesis producing [ female] offspring
•
:

fertilization ( e.g . some inver ts , fishes ,

amphibians .

lizards & birds)

two
Reproduction
:
Sexual
•

parents produce genetically

Unique offspring from In gametes
 REVIEW LIE attach :

: , penetrate ,

(
integrate , dormancy replication ,

assembly, release

hypothesis
monomer :
papioma Hopes
I .

Lightning C Miller Urie -

) ,

Petrov
2. HTVS :
HIV start w/
,

3. Asteroids I Panspermia) RNA Convert to DNA

lysogenic
Polymer Hypothesis
I .
Tidal Flats
Cold Rhinovirus
:

Suffer C HTV)
Flu ?
ortho mix o virus
2 Iron .
-

To produce Prokarkotes
photocell Bacteria
.
& Archaea
1. Plasma) membrane
I Metabolism
.
Nuclei od ,
single loop
chromosome
3. Genetic Material
.

.
Bacteria & Archaea
CRNA World hypothesis)
undergo binary fission
First Cells

ChangeupDNA_
: i
.

Prokaryotic anaerobes
I.
Transformation Ctake
•

DNA from envmt)

To make Eukaryotic : 2.
Transduction C donor ,

I & acteriophages)
2.
.

Membrane in
folding 3.
Mitochondria 134 Conjugation , plasmids
Chloroplast (endo -

exchanged w/
pitti
symbiotic hypothesis) .
Bacteria have peptide -

•
Traits of Eukavyq & glycan , can have
Bacteria 1st euk was LPS C red) rif
gram
blue)
-

,
an animal -

like
,

LPS C
protist no
, grant
Virus : .
coccus ,
bacillus spirillum ,

protein capsid -1 RNAI DNA

•

bacteriophage
•

Lytic
e : attach , penetrate ,

replication ,
assembly ,
release
 Apicomplexans

.io/ari :0piStoK nta,Amoebo

-

Archaea :

- •
Plasmodium →
extremophiles malaria (mosquito)

methanogens
( less
gondi
-

Toxoplasma
•

to no Oz) → stomach ,
→
toxoplasmosis
swamp
thermophiles
-

C hot) Rhizarians :
-
-
-

halopnihes Csalt)
-

Foraminiferent
-

•
calc . Carbonate
Protist :
e
on

pseudopod S
outside
-

SAR Archaeplastida Rad

,

, ,

-
.
internal silica
.
pseudopod s
Zoa , excavator
SAR stramenopiks :
Excavator :

multiple flagella
,

Akreolates Rhizarian
-

Metamonads C parasites)
-

Stramenopiles
-
:
.
lack mitochondria
-

Brown algae CKelp) c anaerobic

resp )
.

DiEQ
plomatic
°
Fucus
.

Sargassum
holdfast
J .
giardia
Lamin avium 2
-

.
.
Parabasalids
-

Diatoms -
.
trvcnomonias
single cell
•

silica shell
Euglenezoan
. -

.
diatomaceous
earth Coil) •
C can be
( pesticide)
-
Water molds
auto ) herterotroph)
-
Mito trophic
.
caused potato
famine .

Ki#atidS parasites "

trypanosoma
Alveolates
Afrikan sleeping
:

- °

tsetse -0

Dinoflagellates
-

Chagas disease oassasin

flagella a)
;
.

Shell of cellulose
'
"

Zooxanthellae
.

A red tides
-

Ciliates
paramecium
.

oral grooved gullet

•

macro &
•

micronucleus
es
d x
daily
.

sexual repro .
 {

Gnetopmetanst
Archaeplastida :
Ahtheridia -
sperm
honks
-

Cellulose walls Archegonia -0

eggs
-
Red algae gametophyte -

dom Chaploid)

\
phycobillins
sporangia capsule
.

.
live deeper sporophyte d
e multicellular a rhizoids , 2n capsule
stank thallus

profiteroles
,

-
Green Algae etat
"
I
"

Chlorophyll a&b VASCULAR :

Charophyte SEEDLESS ferns & club :

moss
turns into plants -

Horsetails ↳ sori
,
silica
-
Whiskferns f
Amoebozoa :
in stem spores
Amoeba CLUB MOSSES Clycophyta)
¥Phr%u
-

-
pseudo pods -
1st todevelop all 3
,

Cellular slime molds roots stems & leaves c

gametes
-

.
indivial C slug) VASCULAR SEEDED
plasmodial

Gymnosperm
- :

C4ta
Ginta
•
colonial -
no flower
-
Gago palm)
Opisto Konta
:

-
-
C Ginkgo)
dioecious Cmale & female )
fungi animal , -

• ,

"
:*
'm
;
¥*÷÷¥:÷
'

.
3 yrs to produce seed
I
thick cuticle thin spines
-

PLANTAE
, ,

monoecious
-

evergreen
.
-

•
Arohaeplastic a eseauoya Lbug)
Charophyle Green .
Bristlecone C old)

Algae fwyepjpo.es
-

land
-

ephedrine
•
Nonvascular f plant
liverworts C Hepatica)
-

bryophyte mosses
-

Hornwort Canto
-
-

Cero pineta)
 corm

THE
phimestophylmchlone.ba#zompusTbnead
Anthopnyta flowering
:

angiosperm ⇐fertilization
Female :
double

carpet
ambiUT
#
cortex
e

stigma Cactivates)
style vascular
.

ovary cambium
endosperms triploid nutrients
Male: Stamen
free
rings )
.
Filament ovary turns into fruit
e
Anther C pollen) ovules turn into reeds

sepals o
calyx FUNGI :

Complete flower has -

single celled
all the parts yeasts
. -

.
hyphae → mycelium
extracellular
Ground dermal vascular
•

digest in
, ,

¢ aquatic
•

I I

#¥
schterenchymg epidermis xylem
-
Bd kills frogs
parenchyma or
&
•
Basidiomycota Cclub
Periderm ,

collenchyma
←Bas,
Basidiospores
-

o
upper epidermis carp
Zygomycoteg
.

ecto

spongy
palisade
-

mold
.mesophyll ⇐

ygospore]
@ → diploid
epidermis
.

lower
•
Ascomycota :

ascospores
eudicot
34/3 petals -

Monocot pity -
-
-

penecillium uses
conidia spores (asexually)
pericytes new yeast uses
budding
}
-

lateral roots .
omeromycota
filter
aernggigerumis
myonon.com
-

arbuscular mycorrhiza
-

↳ penetrate walls
primary growth @ .

apical meristem
Coffmana of cell
Secondary growth @ I
lateral Meristem cambium
 Fungi x
Algae Cyanobacteria
-

Fruticose
Roundworms =
pseudo -

ANIMALS
coeiomatesponges
Coelomate
-

Porifera
titer
feeding
=
Mollusks
choanocytes tonnage radula
-

amoebocytes potyplachophord
-

intracellular digestion 3 hearts

-

on octopus
no tissues
-

Cnidarians jellies Miropods

¥7
-

cnidocytes on .

tentacles
.
2 tissue layers
gastrovascular
-

Cavity
-

nfeednuaisaepagleynpa, Kingdom
phylum
syphctyp)
•

°
Mano warethedrd
Platyhelminth
-

gastrovats , pharynx CLASS

order
-

planarians in
+

schistosomes
trematode & family
gunny
via skin . .
.

species
I love Sarah Ellen Lack