om

.c
ul
EC 8651 - TRANSMISSION LINES

pa
AND RF SYSTEMS

jin
.re
w
w
w
 UNIT I

om
TRANSMISSION LINE THEORY

.c
General theory of Transmission lines - the transmission

ul
line - general solution - The infinite line - Wavelength,
velocity of propagation - Waveform distortion - the

pa
distortion-less line - Loading and different methods of

jin
loading - Line not terminated in Z0 - Reflection
coefficient - calculation of current, voltage, power
.re
delivered and efficiency of transmission - Input and
transfer impedance - Open and short circuited lines -
w
reflection factor and reflection loss
w
w
Introduction

om
The transfer of energy from one point to another takes place through

.c
either wave guides or transmission lines

ul
Transmission lines always consist of at least two separate conductors
between which a voltage can exist

pa
Wave guides involve only one conductor

jin
There are two types of commonly used transmission lines

.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Transmission Line as Cascaded T sections

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Transmission Line Equation – General Solution

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Physical Significance of the Equation-Infinite Line

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Wavelength and Velocity of Propagation

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
Waveform Distortion

om
The received waveform will not be identical with the input waveform at the
sending end
This variation is known as distortion

.c
1. Frequency Distortion

ul
2. Delay or Phase Distortion

pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
The Distortion Less Line

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Loading of Lines

.c
• To achieve distortion less condition → increase L/C ratio

ul
• Increasing inductance by inserting inductances in series with the line

pa
is termed as loading such lines are called as loaded lines
• Lumped inductors → loading coils

jin
Types of loading
(a) Lumped loading
.re
(b) Continuous loading
w
(c) Patch loading
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Inductance loading of Telephone cables

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Reflection on a line not terminated in 𝑍𝑜

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
The first component of E or I that varies exponentially with +s is

om
called the incident wave which flows from the sending end to the
receiving end

.c
The second term, varying with 𝑒 −𝛾𝑠 , must represent a wave of

ul
voltage or current progressing from the receiving end towards the

pa
sending end is called reflected wave

jin
In case of an infinite line (S = Ꝏ) of for 𝑍𝑅 = 𝑍𝑜 the second term of
the equation becomes zero and the reflected wave is absent
.re
When 𝑍𝑅 = 𝑍𝑜 , the waves travel smoothly down the line and the
w
energy is absorbed in the 𝑍𝑜 load without setting up of a reflected
wave. Such a line is called a smooth line
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Reflection coefficient

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Reflection Factor and Reflection Loss

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
Input Impedance and Transfer Impedance of

om
Transmission Line

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Open Circuited and Short Circuited Lines

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 Problems

w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 UNIT II

om
HIGH FREQUENCY TRANSMISSION LINES

.c
Transmission line equations at radio frequencies - Line

ul
of Zero dissipation - Voltage and current on the

pa
dissipation-less line, Standing Waves, Nodes, Standing
Wave Ratio - Input impedance of the dissipation-less

jin
line - Open and short circuited lines - Power and
.re
impedance measurement on lines - Reflection losses -
Measurement of VSWR and wavelength
w
w
w
 om
Introduction
• When a line, either open-wire or coaxial, is used at frequencies of a

.c
Mega Hertz or more, certain approximations may be employed leading
to simplified analysis of line performance

ul
The assumptions are usually made are:

pa
1. At very high frequency, the skin effect is very considerable so that
currents may be assumed as flowing on conductor surfaces, internal

jin
inductance then being zero
.re
2. Due to skin effect, resistance R increases with 𝑓. But the line
reactance ωL increases directly with frequency f. hence 𝜔𝐿 ≫ 𝑅
w
3. The lines are well enough constructed that G may be considered
w

Zero
w
 om
Skin effect:
Skin effect is the tendency of an alternating current(AC) to
become distributed within a conductor such that the current density is

.c
largest near the surface of the conductor, and decreases with greater

ul
depths in the conductor

pa
Parameters of the open wire line at high frequencies

jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Line constants for zero dissipation

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Voltages and Currents on the Dissipation less Line

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Standing Waves: Nodes

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Standing Wave Ratio

.c
ul
pa
jin
Relationship between Standing Wave Ratio and Reflection Coefficient:
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
The Input Impedance of the Dissipation less line

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
Input impedance of Open and Short Circuited

om
Lines

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Power and Impedance measurement on Lines

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Measurement of unknown load impedance

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Reflection losses on the Unmatched line

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
Measurement of VSWR and Wavelength

om
.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
.c
= 5.756 𝑥 10−12 𝐹/𝑚

ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 UNIT III

om
IMPEDANCE MATCHING IN HIGH FREQUENCY
LINES

.c
Impedance matching: Quarter wave transformer -

ul
Impedance matching by stubs - Single stub and

pa
double stub matching - Smith chart - Solutions of
problems using Smith chart - Single and double

jin
stub matching using Smith chart
.re
w
w
w
 om
Impedance matching
It is important to transfer radio frequency signal from the source to the

.c
load through transmission lines without power loss.

ul
To achieve this the source impedance and load impedance have to be
matched

pa
For maximum power transfer the load impedance must be complex

jin
conjugate of source impedance
𝑅𝐿 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 = 𝑅𝑆 − 𝑗𝑋𝑆
.re
A network which is used to match the load impedance with source
impedance is called matching network
w
One eighth wave line, quarter wave line and half wave line are used as
w

matching networks
w
 om
One eighth Wave line

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Similarly, for the current on the transmission line
𝑉𝑅
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑅 cos 𝛽𝑥 + 𝑗 sin 𝛽𝑥
𝑅𝑂

.c
The input impedance of a dissipation line is

ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Quarter wave line (Quarter Wave Transformer)

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
Half-Wave Line

w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
Stub Matching

w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
Location and length of the Stub using Reflection Coefficient

om
.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
Circle Diagram

w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w

K2R2 + K2X2 + 2K2R + K2 - R2 - X2 + 2R – 1 = 0

w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
SMITH CHART

w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Stub Matching

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
• Single Stub Matching:
w
w
w
 om
.c
ul
The input impedance of the line is 1 / SR0 at a voltage maximum

pa
S / R0 at voltage minimum.
At intermediate point A the real part of the input impedance is 1 / R0

jin
or the input admittance at A is

.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w

This is the length of short circuited stub to be placed d meters towards the load
w
 om
Double Stub Matching

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 UNIT IV

om
WAVE GUIDES

.c
General Wave behavior along uniform guiding

ul
structures – Transverse Electromagnetic Waves,

pa
Transverse Magnetic Waves, Transverse Electric Waves
– TM and TE Waves between parallel plates. Field

jin
Equations in rectangular waveguides, TM and TE
.re
waves in rectangular waveguides, Bessel Functions, TM
and TE waves in Circular waveguides
w
w
w
Electromagnetic Waves between parallel Plates

om
• The electromagnetic waves that are guided along or over conducting
or dielectric surfaces are called guided waves

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Transverse Electric Waves

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Transverse Magnetic Waves

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Transverse Electromagnetic Waves

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Rectangular Waveguides
• Rectangular or Circular shape → simple lowest cost

.c
• A hallow conducting metallic tube of uniform cross section is used for

ul
propagation

pa
• Waves are reflected from wall to wall
• Zig-zag fashion

jin
• Maxwell’s equations are used to determine electromagnetic fields
.re
w
w
w
 om
Electromagnetic fields between rectangular waveguide

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Transverse Magnetic Waves (TM) in Rectangular Waveguides

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Transverse Electric Waves (TE) in a Rectangular Waveguide

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Impossibility of TEM waves in Waveguides
• Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) wave do not have axial component

.c
of either E or H, it cannot propagate within a single conductor

ul
waveguide

pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
BESSEL FUNCTIONS

jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
TM Waves in Circular waveguide

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
The field equations for TM waves are given by

om
.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
TE waves in Circular Waveguide

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
WAVEGUIDE CAVITY RESONATORS

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
 om
RECTANGULAR CAVITY RESONATOR

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Circular cavity resonator

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
UNIT V RF SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPTS

.c
Active RF components: Semiconductor basics in

ul
RF, bipolar junction transistors, RF field effect

pa
transistors, High electron mobility transistors
Basic concepts of RF design, Mixers, Low noise

jin
amplifiers, voltage control oscillators, Power
.re
amplifiers, transducer power gain and stability
w
considerations
w
w
Active RF components: Semiconductor basics

om
in RF

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Bipolar junction transistors

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 Power Amplifiers - Introduction

om
.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
 Amplifier Power Relations

om
• Generic single stage amplifier configuration with input and output
matching networks is shown in fig.

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
Fig. Generic amplifier system
w
w
w
• Input and output matching networks are needed to reduce undesired

om
reflections and improve the power flow capabilities
• Here amplifier is characterized through its S-parameter matrix at a

.c
particular DC bias point

ul
Key Parameters of amplifier, to evaluate its performance are

pa
i. Gain and gain flatness (in dB)
ii. Operating frequency and bandwidth (in Hz)

jin
iii. Output power (in dBm)
.re
iv. Power supply requirements (in V and A)
v. Input and output reflection coefficients(VSWR)
w
vi. Noise figure (in dB)
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
RF Source

om
• RF source is connected to the amplifier network
Incident Wave power:

.c
The incident wave power at node 𝑏1′ is given by,

ul
′ 2
𝑏1
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 =

pa
2
1 𝑏𝑠 2
= →1

jin
2 1−Γ𝑖𝑛 Γ𝑠 2
𝑍𝑜
Where, Source node 𝑏𝑠 = 𝑉𝑠
.re 𝑍𝑠 +𝑍𝑜
w
w
w
 om
Input power:

.c
The actual input power pin at the input terminal of the

ul
amplifier is composed of the incident and reflected power waves

pa
jin
Sub 𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐 value in above equation,
.re
w
w
w
 om
Maximum Power Transfer:
If the input impedance is matched with complex conjugate of
source impedance (𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍𝑠∗ ) or in terms of reflection coefficients

.c
(Γ𝑖𝑛 = Γ𝑠∗ ), then the maximum power transfer from the source to the

ul
amplifier will be occur.

pa
The maximum power transfer from the source 𝑃𝐴 is,
𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝑖𝑛 |Γ𝑖𝑛 = Γ∗𝑠

jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
Transducer power gain

om
Transducer power gain is nothing but the gain of the amplifier when

.c
placed between source and load.

ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Unilateral power gain(𝐺𝑇𝑈 ):

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
Additional power relations

om
Available Power Gain (𝐺𝐴 ) at Load:

.c
∗
The available power gain for load side matching (Γ𝐿 = Γ𝑂𝑢𝑡 ) is given as

ul
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡𝑒ℎ 𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘

pa
𝐺𝐴 =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒

jin
.re
w
w
w
Power Gain (Operating Power Gain):

om
The operating power gain is defined as “the ratio of the power
delivered to the load to the power supplied to the amplifier”.
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

.c
𝐺=
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑟

ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
 Stability Considerations

om
• An amplifier circuit must be stable over the entire frequency range
• The RF circuits (amplifier) tend to oscillate depending on operating

.c
frequency and termination

ul
(i) If Γ > 1, then the magnitude of the return voltage wave
increases called positive feedback, which causes instability

pa
(oscillator)
(ii) If Γ < 1, the return voltage wave is totally avoided (amplifier). Its

jin
called as negative feedback
.re
Two port network amplifier is characterized by its S-parameters
The amplifier is stable, when the magnitudes of reflection coefficients
w
are less than unity
w

|Γ𝐿 | < 1 and

w

|Γ𝑆 | < 1
Stability Circle

om
Output Stability Circle: The output stability circle equation is given by

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
 om
Input Stability Circle:

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om
(ii) When |𝑆22 | > 1, the center (Γ𝑆 =0) becomes unstable.

om
.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
Stabilization Methods:

om
If the operation of a FET or BJT is unstable, we take steps to make
them stable

.c
The instability conditions Γ𝑖𝑛 > 1 and Γ𝑜𝑢𝑡 > 1 can be written
in terms of the input and output impedances

ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w

To stabilize the active devices, a series resistance or a

conductance will be added to the port
w
Configuration at input port:

om
In the input port, the addition of 𝑅𝑒 𝑍𝑆 must compensate the
negative contribution of 𝑅𝑒 𝑍𝑖𝑛

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
 om
Stabilization of input port through addition of shunt conductance.

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
 om
Configuration at output port:
In the output port, the addition of 𝑅𝑒 𝑍𝐿 must compensate the
negative contribution of 𝑅𝑒 𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡

.c
ul
pa
jin
.re
w
w
w
w
w
w
.re
jin
pa
ul
.c
om