ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER Cebu Main: 4 floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel (032) 254-33-84 ‘Manila: 3" floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Resto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, Manila POWER PLANT ENGINEERING — DAY 1 THERMODYNAMICS ‘Thermodynamics ~ is the study of heat and work. ‘A. Pure substance ~ a working substance whose chemical composition remains the same even if theres achango in phase. (most common example i water) B. Ideal gas whose equation of state fs PV= mT. (most common example i ai) Properties of Working Substance: 1, PRESSURE 1 Pressure =i te rato of force per uit area Gage pressure ~ is the pressure reading from the gage pressure instrument wich is higher orlowor than the atmospheric pressure \Vacuium pressure is pressure thats lss than atmosphere pressure. A. Pressure = FO Kyi? in? ‘Absolute pressure(Pas) = Gauge pressure + Atmospheric Pressure Pate = Py + Pas 8. tatm=0 Kpag = 101.925 Kpa = 14,7 psi = 29.92 in Hg = 760 mm Hg C. Hydrostatic Pressure, PP = wh where: w= density of fd = (SG x) height of id wy = density of water 000 kgim® = 9.81 KNim® = 62.4 Ibi! = kal 2, TEMPERATURE -is the degree of hotness or coldness of a substance or body ‘Thermometer is an instrument used to measure the temperature of a body or a substance Pyrometer isan instrument used to measure hightemperature gases. A. Relation between °C and °F scales °C = 5/9 (F ~32) oF = OSC + 32 B. Absolute temperatures: °K = °C + 273 oR = °F + 460 ©. Temperature Difference: 819 AF "k D. Absolute zero 3. Density, Specific Volume and Specific Gravity: mee vv If vo fluids are mixed together: Aw Bve Vv 4 © sce ‘working substance which remains in gaseous stale during ls operating cycle and, Tel # (02) 736-4438, ee MMi ys MEV ml vetmal¥2 gg, VirVe “my/vytmyivg “" memy mim tr ‘SGq = specie gravity ofminture wg = density of mire 4, Internal Energy(U) -heat energy due tothe movement of molecules witin the brought aboutits temperature 8. Flow Work, w; wi 6. Enthalpy, h Pressure x Specific Volume W= P(V2- Vi), Kd va Vi, KG hh = Intomal Energy + Flow Work h= U+ Py or Us (Pan~Pv) 7. Stagnation enthalpy, ha hy + vs? [2000 winere: ve = nial velocity, he = ordinary enthalpy 8. Entropy, s = a/T General Flow Equation: 41. Volume flow rate, (Q) mise Q = Areax Velocity= A xv = mv where: A = x/ 4 D? (for circular cross section) A = Lxw (for rectangular) 2, Mass low rate, (m),kglsec m= Qlv maAvio= Avw Where: w= density» = specie volume 3. For steady flow process: ms = mz Attn a Ay vw = Ap Yoo 4. as constant =Q) Ary = Aave Za Se GOW = FOV OPM = ya Where: As inlet area Aa = ext aoa vi = inletvelecty va = exit volocty Conservation of Mass and Energy The law of conservation of mass states that the total mass is a constant. This means that the total ‘mass entering to a system is equal tothe total mass leaving Forms of Energy 4. Potential energy, P - is an energy produced due to the change in elevation Pe=mgh where: m= mass of AP = Pa-Py = mgtha- hy) the body f= height or elevation Unit Analysis: (1 Unit™ English Uni m mgo pe mh | ks Bu pe= Oh ppm | ky Btu ! Bru 7000" "778 | kg, b ee feolarecceases a at rn] Tf os n= 1 kofkg, ‘tib/tb) mf tic Energy, KE - is wean? ake =i wire m= mans seat oto gay 4. Work, W - is the product of the displacement of the body and the component of the force in the Secenoihedopsconet,” Wx = Face DanceNote: 1. Work done by the system is positive (out from the system) 2. Work done on the system is negative (entering to the system) 5. Heat, Q- heat is formed due to the temperature difference. = moplte-4) where: m= mass p= specific heat = temperature Note: 1. Heats positive when heat is added to the system: 2. Heat is negative when rejected from the system. LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS: Pr 1. Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics zo States that when the two bodies ae in thermal equilium with the third body, they are in thermal equiorum with each other and hence are atthe same temperature. 2. First Law of Thermodynamics. States that one fom of energy may be converted into another form. All energy entering = All energy leaving A. Prt iy We FU; +W= Pat Kat Wat Us + Q (Pa Pa) + (Ka ~ Ki) + (Up = Us) + Wa Wr) + Q AP+aK+AU+AW)+Q But ah =AU+ AW D. W= 4P+ak+aheQ E. Neglecting Potential energy, Kinetic energy & Heat: W= Ah= hy hy 3. Second Law of Thermodynamics KeWvin-Planck Statomentt. tis impossible 'o construct a heat engine wich operates in a cycle and receives a given amount of heat from a hightemperature body and does an equal amour of 4. Third Law of Thermodynamics states that the absolute entropy of a pure cystaline ‘substance in complete intemal equlibrum is zero at zero degrees abaolte IDEAL GAS ‘deal gas - isa substance that has the equation of state PV = mRT. PV = mRT PV = 8.314nT where: P = absolute pressure m = mass of gas R = gasconstant T= absolute temperature Boyle's Law: (T=) Py =P. Vs Cha's Lave (= Conavec) , Basic Properties of Ideal Gas: 4 Rolation among ¢p, ., Rand k w—>| V = volume of gas. n= number of mols AG =G+R Bo ki k= 1.4 for cold air K=1.3 forhot air \. where: “cp = constant pressure specific heat 6 = constant volume specific heat K°= specific heat ratio R = gas constant 24 Btullb-R y= 0.7186 KJlkg-K= 0.171 Btulb-R 3.3 RbMD-R, 2. Ure gu constant ofan sis ten ys R= 83! np 1545, MbAb-R where: M= no. of moles of gas For common gases: ‘Ammonia, NH (M-= 17) Helium (Mt ‘Nitrogen, Ne ( 1 k= 1.687) Air (M=28.97) 28) Carbon dioxide, CO, (M= 44) RT 4 Pow ‘Oxygen, Oz (M= 32) 3. Density ofai.w wn ®. 5. Standard density of ar, w = 1.20 kgim? = 0.0749 Ib Standard temperature of sir= 70°F = 21.11°C Standard pressure of ait= 14.7 psi= 101,325 kpa 4, Spesific volume of air, v PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE 1. Find the pressure at the 100 fathom depth of water in kpag, ‘A. 1,798.96 kpag C, 1,993.96 kpag 2, Convert 780°R 19° A. 390.33°K —-B. 395.83°K —. 410.33°K ~— (B) 416.39°K 3. The barometer of a mountain hiker reads 930 mbars al the Beginning ofa hiking rip and 780 mbars atthe end. Neglecting the effect of alttude on local gravitational ‘acceleration, determine the vetical distance cimbed. Assume 9 = 9.7 mis? A. 1274.21m (B) 128.00m ©. 126734. D. 1563,24m DENSITY, INTERNAL ENERGY & ENTROPY 4, 100 9 of water are mixed with 150 9 of alcohol (density = 720 kg/m), Whats the spocific volume ofthe resuting miures, assuring tha he fds mixed completely? ‘A. 0.8210" cama ines cumikg B. 1,893.96 kpag D. 1,698.98 kpag ©. 063 x 10° cumtg (8) 1.16% 10° oug 2. Steam flows through a nozzle at 400°C at 300 mv. Find the stagnation enthalpy gam cing "8 aebicha_c, ssmrang (3 s09king 8. Given sieam pressure of 900 fy temperature of 300° Spite volume oS 8 ithe opeolteonthlpy is 8500 ti, wil Ure terval energy per foo essa? MASS AND VOLUME FLOW 1. Air enters a nozzle steadily at 2.21 kg/m? and 30 m/s. What is the mass flow rate through the nozzle ifthe init area ofthe nozzle is 80 A 035k9/s B. 35kgis 6. 6.3kgs (B) O53 kgis 2. A pipe fas a diameter of 4" at section AA, and a diameter of2 al ston BB, For an idea uid flow, he veloety is given as 1 Tsec at section AA. What the ow veloty at secion BEA) 4Nsec 8, OS IVsee C. 10fleee D. 20Wsee CONSERVATION OF ENERGY (FIRST LAW) 1. Steam turbine is receiving 1014 belt of steam, determine the horsepower output of the turbine ith work done by steam is 251 lb, ‘AY 100 Hp B. 462.7 Hp . 200Hp —_D. 6002.7 Hp 2, Steal ontes a turbine stage vith an enthalpy of 2638 kk at 70 rvs nd leaves the same stage with an enthalpy of 2846 kukg and a voloiy ‘of 124 mis. Calcul the power there are'5 pls steam edmiod aie turbine tote ? A. 4597.45 WB. 3076.55 KW C. 306381 KW D. 1675-42 KW IDEAL GAS: 4. Ife inal volume of an ideal gas Is compressed to one-hif ts orginal volume and to wie its temperature, the pressure ‘A. Doubles B.) Quadruples C. Remains constant 0. Halves 2, Find the mass of carbon dioxide having a pressure of 20 psia at 200°F with 10 ft 4 ivipa (h= 3263.9 Kika) with velocity of volume. A, 1.041bs BB. 1.44Ibs—(C.)1.24Ibs 1.34 lbs 3, Find the work posses for a Helium gas at 20°C. ~ (A) 609 Kiko B. 168-Kukg —C. 229 Kua ——D. 339 KJIKg. 4, Find the enthalpy of Helium if ts intemal energy is 200 Kk, A 144 Klkg —B. 223.42 Kulkg( C) 383.42 Kikg D. 168 KarkaALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER atu Main: 4 Noor Const Pacific Down Center), Sanclangko St, Cebu City Tel #082) 254-33-84 ‘Manila Branch: ¥ flor IPD Bldg 1955, C M Rest corner N. Reyes St, Sampeloe, Manila Ta # (02) 736-4838 PPE - PROBLEM SET #1 INSTRUCTION Encircle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer of your choice. MULTIPLE CHOICE: 4. Avacuum gage connected toa tank reads 30 kpa ata location where the barometic reading is 755mm Fg. Determine the absolute pressure nthe tank ) 706 kpa 8, 84.23 kpaC. 90.34 kpa D. 98.45 kpa 2, Datertne the pressure exerted ona diver at 30m below the free surface ofthe sea. Assume @ barometric pressure of 10% kpa and the specif gravily of sea waters 1.03, (A)404 pa B.A KpaC. 420kpaD. 430 Kpa A. Roompressed spring above the piston exerts a ores of 80N onthe piston. Ifthe atmospheric Dressure is 95 kpa, determine the pressure jpide the cylinder R. 10a20Kpa 8. 11250Kpa (C.)123.4 kp D, 137.40 kpa 4. Ifthe absolute temperature is 300°K, what i the equivalent jo °R? A. §30.34°R ‘B. 534.23" C. 537.20°R (D,)540.6°R: 5. Ifthe °F scale thrice the °C scale, what are the value °F and °C? A. 26.67°C and 50°F B. 26.67°C and 80°F C. 16.67°C and 70°F D. 56.67°C and 60°F 6. Water enters the heater gt 30°C and leaves at 150°F, what is the temperature difference in °C? "A. 25,55°C 35880 C, 4555. 85.85 7. A5 kg plastic tank that has a volume of 0.2 m’ is filled with liquid water. Assuming the density ‘of water is 1000 kg/m’, determine the weight of the combine system. A 195k9 |B. 200K 205kg 0. 210 kg 8. Determine the mass of the a contained Wra room whose dimensions are 15 fx 20 ft x20. Assume the density of the air is 0.0724 Ibift®, ‘A. 1149 slugs (B) 13.49 sigs C. 15.49-slugs 0. 17.49 slugs 9. The waigr owe in the channel 200 mm x 300 mm athe rate of msec. What is the volume flow in see? A. 124f%)s —B. 2240s. 3240s CG) azanis 10. Two gasoous streams are mixed together with one stream centans a diameter of 120 mm ane specie gravy f 0.86 and spoad of 5 mis and onthe other stream i 160 mm and dons of £890 kg/m’ at 2 mvs, Find the mass flow rate ath exif dager of ext s 200 mm, A B5kgis-B, 7OKys —C. 75kgis (0) 80 kals In one soction of wator flow the prossureis 1500 kpa Iie energy is 20 Kika find the enthalpy at this point. ‘A. 21.50 Kilkg B, 23.50 Kilkg ©, 25.50.KIKgD. 27.50 Kuk 12. In a constant temperature process at 150°C, heat is transferred with an entropy change of 0.5 IK. Determine the at added forthe system. A. 2OVSO KS PHS0K) G 22150K) _D, 291.50K) 13, Two hundred kg of watar¥ added Yo 4000 Ig of akchol wih specie gravy of 0.8, Determine the specific volume after mixing, m’/kg, A ooot24 8, 02424 (6) 000124. o.a00%24 1M. A bth of concrete consisted of 240th ie aggregate, 380 bs eaarse nggrega, 100 ts, cement, and gallons water. The specie gry ofthe sane and gravel may Be taken a8 2.05 ee RS 1aibiye? —B, 667.14 bye? §——_C. 747.14 yd? _D. 847-14 Ioyd? font BEBE Slt Att, tines one 2 on sass ©. 32.39 mof HO A 3023mm, CB.39568 mC. 38.38mm —D. 42.39 mm 17. Re1S4a ows ina pips a€ 30°C with a specie volume of 0.04434 m?kg. The intemal eneray fnd enthalpy of tka are 250,8 Kukg and 275.0 Klkg respectively. The pressure of the refigerantin Mpa is A 05 8. 04 ©. 03 Do 418. water's heated on an electrical range with a power rating of 1.5 KW for a period of 18 minutes. The ial and final temperatures ofthe water are 15°C and @S°C and 70% of tloctcal Neat is transfered tothe water. What isthe amount of water? Aiaig: Ce agio 6, $540, D929 19, Angw temperature staé is to be used where eezing and boling temperature of waters at {100N and S00'N respectively. Calculate the absolute zero in degrees A-#60(78)-0026 C.-273.15._.-100 20, The increase-of enthalpy ofa certain gas is 141.9 K) KJ when the pressure iereases from 103,448 kpa to1024.48 Kpa end the volume decreases fom 0.4772 eu, m 100.0748 cu. m Find the change of intgmal energy in Ks Aide (B)t425 C1415. 18424 21. ina constant temperate, closed system process, 120 KJ of hea is ranstered to the working fluid at 88°C. Wat i the change of entropy ofthe working fui in KK. 22. Five hundred klocoloteg of heat is added io 2 kg of water at 80°C, How much steams La Hotel in Mandaluyong City, On the ground level, the barometer reads 102.6 Kpa absolute, topside it read 95 kpa absolute, Assuming that the average air density was 1.2 kg/m’, estimate the height ofthe hotel auscomn 2, S50m | c se0m | (B) 887m 24. The tid in @ manometer tube Is 60% water and 40% aleaho{S6 = 0.80), Whats the Tmanomer tid lg ference # 10 Kpa pressure difrence fs apped across the wo en othe manometer? tam BASm GATS 0. 1.48m 25, One huncret grams of waters mxod to 160 grams of alcohol (density = 790 ka). Calcite the spoctic volume of th alton assuring Ha ts mixed complet. Cay izemnion 8. 1 Semtlgm C175 on gm D. 20 emg 26. id hows trough 2 20 tubes on a single cooler wth a velocity of Smps. The tube inside Giarnteris 40 mm and ald denety of 0.80 gramML. Whats te vokame flowrate in gpm? A, 996 B. 105 co . 09 27. A double purpose tank 18 ft wide, 24 tong and 4 R depth sled wih water, Wha is the ‘weight of wator nthe tank in fong tons? ‘tons Batons G. Sttons —_D. SOtons 28. Oil hi though a 16 tubes ona single cooler wth a volociy of 2 mis. The infernal diameter of the tube is Somm and ol density i 0,85 gan. Find the volume lw in Mers per sec. Ge 2060B 3222 C8222 D262 29, The barometer ofa mouniai hiker reads 890 mbers athe beginning of hiking pan 780bars at the end. Neglecting the effect of altitude on local gravitational acceleration, determine the vertical distance climbed. Assume g = 9.7 mis A 127421 m (B.)1289.00m ©, 1267.34m _D. 1583.34 130. Determine the atmospheric pressure at g location where barometric reading is 740 mm Hg and gravitational acceleration is q= 9,7 m/s*. Assume the temperature of mercury to be 10°C, at ‘hich the density is 13,570 kgim. ‘A, 99.45 koa 741 kpa ©. 95.44kpa_—D. 98.66 kpa 81. What isthe kinetic energy of a 500 kg body traveling at 20 m/s? ‘A. BOK) B. 85K ©. 90K D. 100K 132. Whatis the potential energy of a 300 kg body ft strikes the ground from a 60 m elevation?” A f2715K) B. 13715K) —C. 147.15K) —D. 197.15 KI 133. Five kilograms water enters the heater at 25°C and leaves the heater at 180°F, Determine the heat added in kw. Sires a ssw ssl. oer 34, Walrénters the condenser at 30°C which has a mass of 3 kas. It heat added is 100 kw, determine the outlet temperature in °C. 7.96% —_B. 99,06% c. 41.a6’c 43.966 36, The Brthalpy of airis increased by 140 Kilkg in a compressor. The rate of airflow is 16.42 kglmin, The power input is 48.2 Kw. What isthe heat loss from the compressor? A 98Bkw —B, 10.56hw —C. 12.39kw OD. 15.95 kw 36. Steam enters a turbine 60 Ibs of steam per minute with an enthalpy of 1700 Btullb and velocity of 98 fs. It leaves the turbine at 1400 Btullb at 880 fUs. The heat loss is 90,000 Btulhr. Find the horsepower output of the turbine. ‘A. 304.56 hp B.483.45hp —_C. 501.62hp_—D. 604.62 hp 37. Steam enters a turbine stage with an enthalpy of 3620 KJikg at 75 mis and leaves the same Stage with an enthalpy of 2800 KJikg at 128 mis. Caloulate the work done by steam. A. 514.62 Kilkg B. 614.62 Kika GC. 71462 KulkgD. 814.02 Kala 38, A steam turbine developed 2372,20 Hp when its inlet concilion is 1300 Btullb enthalpy ane 400 fs velocity and steam flow of 200 lbfmin. The exit enthalpy is 600 Btullb. Find the exit velocity ‘A. 50 fps B. 52 fps ©. 54tps D. 56 fps 39, The mass flow rale of the gas in a gas turbine is 40 kg/sec. The specific enthalpy and velocity inthe inlet are 1300 Kulkg and 160 m/sec respectively while in the outlet are. 350 KJ/kg and 50 ise respect Cale the power ouput in KW of he turbine ifthere is a heat loss of, 1000 ‘A. 87462 B. 94805 ©. 41872 D, 90405 140. A house is to be heated by hot water that receives heat from a furnace. Air with a enthalpy of 305 Kikg and fuel with an enthalpy of 45360 KJikg enters the furnace and the gases leaving have a enthalpy of 608 Kitkg. There are 17 kg-air per kg-fuel and the water for heating Toosives 18.3 KW of heat by circulating through the fumace. What is the fuel consumption in ge? ‘A. 1,863 B. 1,289 ©. 1,864 D. 1,074, 44. Alvin a-10 my’ tank has a pressure of 500 kpa and temperature of 40°C, Determine the mass of air in the tank. ‘A 4466kg 8. S566kq CC. 66.68kg OD. 77.66 Kg 42, The pressure and temperature ofthe vessels 360 kpa and 60°C, what i the density of arin kgien®? 'A. 3.976 kglm® B, 4.976 kglm? C, 5.976 kglm® | D. 6.976 kom 43, What isthe specific volume of air at 15 psia and 90°F in Nb? A 13.57 lb B. 18.5710 C. 17.57 0M O. 19.57 Hb 144, The temperature of an ideal gas remains constant while the absolute pressure changes from 400 kpa to 800 kpa. If initial volume is 100 liters, what is the final volume? 46. 46, 47 48, 49, A 1000 0, 1250t0s C. 1500!les_D, 1750Ktes nN tng a SAF er ong dove, epee eto ‘80°F. Determine the final gage pressure assuming volume remains ‘constant. ee a Se apetpag, ©. 395% p50 hn Pe eee Heke socom Upc sioner onthe water surface Aewrdcepietoake? seep EMME cosm 6. 2066m 0. 255m Find the mass of ammonia in the 100 ft tank having a pressure of 70 psi at 120°F. eee a pg Zest (D)3t01 1 er of it aot 110 oa a compresses one ais gna volume and I armor, what ee ie presse? ie agiga cr abtpe GO) MONEE i ookee itn ce 10 cabic meas a ar SF400 Kp and 127°C. THeweiht of tu glen Rowers ws irc tsa G80 ‘ari eed por ints device arenge emai Wpessreo 40 foes heated from 27°C to 227°C. Initially the volume of the air is one liter. ‘What isthe final air volume? ‘A OSiter — (6,)0.00167 m>C, 2.4 ter, 0.036 m’| = is a reversible atic process: ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER | "2 aaicn Stung angi one stmheers ‘Cebu Main: 4" floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84 kt Manila: 3 flooeJPD Bldg 1955, CM Resto comer N, Reyes St, Sampaloe, Mala Tel # (02) 736-4638 PVs ek re POWER PLANT ENGINEERING = DAY 2 BWe a C.Q=0 Dans me(T2-T) E AU= mo(T-T) FAs = 0 Processes of Ideal Gas: 8. Polytropic Process(PV" = c) Is an internally reversible adiabatic process 41. Reversible Process: No fiction loss n= 1 the process is constant lemperature 2. Adiabatic Process: No heat gain, No heat loss. The system is perfectly insulated If n=0 - the process is constant pressure. 3, For Any Process: ts a process where thore is no change in mass (my = 'm) | n> - the process is constant volume. lfm= k~the process is isentropic o, AM Ble b. Ah = mop(Te-TH) 6. AU= me,(Ta-Ti) | : ——— 7 an 7 tn (Py!) pupenye, a@ipt Bode n= MAR a, ah ME PNA PG) in (iv) 4. Constant Volume Process(V1 = Vi) Bw PAB=PM MRT) 6. = moy(Ta-T) _wherercn = oC Anatter term: Isometric, Isochoric,Isovolumic. For example: iid tank, air tank, rigid vessel 1-0 1-0 we A. Relaion botwoon PandT, Fie B= melTe-T) WHO D. Ah = mofT2-T)—E. AU = moTa-Ti) Fan = mening : 2h 1, ©. ah map(fa-TH) AU ma(Te-TH) Fe as © mo, nae ; 5. Constant Pressure Process(P:= 2) Another term: Isobaric process A. Relation between V andT, Vis 3 a Ty B. Q = mop(Tz-Tr) C. W = P(Ve- Vy) D. Ah= meglTe- Ti) t EAU = mogtz-Tr) Fas = mepin 2 ‘ GAS CYCLES 6. Constant temperature process(T2=T;) Another term: isothermal process, Hyperbolic process 41. Carnot Cycle 15 the most efcent thermodynamic 'A. Relation between P and V: iV = PaVe Formulas P, y BW = Pinel = Pivyind2 = mRTIn v2 = matin BL P, c h . @= Pine = Pviine % \, f = Pin? = mein VE = 1 hs Pain Se = men B 2 Dah=0 E aU= y, P, F. As = mRin2 = mR int ui PyNote: Formulas: In terms of compression ratio pressure ratio: Qq = heat added = Ty(s1 ~s4) Og, = heat rejected = T2(s1 ~ 54) W = Qq-Qa = (T1—TaN(S1~ 80) go => a Om Mean Effective pressure, Pm Pm = pres # ‘High temperature source is known as a Temperature Source, Low temperature source is known as a Temperature Sink Heat is added during constant temperature process. Heat is rejected during constant temperature process, The process fs two constanl temperature and two isentropic process. ‘The efficiency of tho cycie isa function of temperature. If the temperature difference increases, its cycie efficiency will increase. 2. Otto Cycle Is a sparkignition type of engine. ovt-mt (8) B.(8)* Bab Babi ott ‘i = compression ratio = Vy/Vp =V4l'V5 ‘fy = compression pressure ratio = P,P, Qu = heat added = m oy (Ta Ta) Qe = heat rejected = m oy (Ta-Ts) be where: ¢= learance volume Pa = mesn etfectve pressure = WY. —W Wp W-Ve ‘Ts = maximum temperature, Py = maximum pressure where: Vi = MRT / Ps Vo = Va—Vs Note: 4. Maximum temperature occur after combustion or before expansion. 2. Heat is added during constant volume process, 3. Heat is rejected during constant volume process, 4, The process is hy ‘and two isentropic process. 5, Ifeompression ratio increases, its cycle efficiency will increase. 6. The eycle efficiency depends on compression ratio and its specific heat ration. PROCESSES OF IDEAL GAS 4. Airis compressed adiabatically from 20° 10 400°C. if mass of i being compressed is kg. Find the change of entropy. iSoWrePC Process (SC) As =O ‘A. 1.039 KICK B. 0.746 KIPK C D. 1.245 Ka 2, Two kilogram of arin a rigid tank chahyée its temperature (pm. 32°C to 150°C, Find the work done during the process. Foe G We A. 236 B. 170 ©. 195 ) 0 3. Aperfect gas has a value of R = 58.8 fl-ibflb-°R and k= 1.26. if 20 Btu are added to 10 Ibs oft 5 at constant volume when initial temperature is 90°F, find the final temperaturg’A) 97°F OCAT BB 104°F CC. 154°F i. 185°F 3. Helium gas Compressed in an adiabatic compressor from an intial state of 14 psia and 50°F to a final temperature of 320°F in a reversible manner, Determine the exit pressure of Helium. °C A. 385 psia yao. Spsia C. 425psia D. 44.5 psia 4. An insulated box containing helium gas falls from a balloon 4.5 km above the earth's surface. Calculate the temperature rise in °C of the helium when box hits the ground. A152 B.126 €.253 14.4 CARNOT CYCLE 1. ACamot cycle operates between the temperature limits of 300°K and 1500°K, and produces 600 KW of net power. The rate of entropy change of the working fluid during the heat addition process is: AO B. O4KWK (G)OSKWIK | D. 2.0 KWIK 2. ACamot cycle has a maximum temp&fature of 550 °F and minimum temperature of 100 °F. Ifthe heat added is 4200 Btumin, find the horsepower output of the engine A.34.53 B. 40.56 44.13 D. 65.40 3. Carnot cycle A, B and C are connectld in series so that the heat rejected from A will be the heat added to B and heat rejected from B will be added to C. each cycle ‘operates between 30°C and 400°C. If heat added to A is 1000 Kew, find the work. output of C. 111.4dkw B, 849.78 kw C. 247.53 kw D, 141.89 kw orTo BYCLE 1. A sparkcignition engine operates on an Oito cycle with a compression ratio of 9 and @ temperature limits of 30°C and 1000°C. If the power input is 500 KW, calculate the mass flow rate of ait, A. 1.99 kgls 210 koe C. 2.39kg/s _D. 2.59 kgs 2. An ideal gasoline entie operates with an intial cycle temperature of 48°C and exhaust temperature of 150°C. The change in temperature during combustion is 150°. Calculate the ideal thermal efficiency. A 32% B, 33% C. 34% D. 35%ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER Cebu Main: 4 floor Cons Pcie Downtown Center, Saniangko St, Cebu City Tel M032) 254-33-84 ‘Manila Branch 3" floor IPD Bide 1955, € M Rest comer N. Reyes St, Sampaloc, Mela Tel (02) 736-4438 PPE - PROBLEM SET #2 INSTRUCTION: Encircie the letier that comesponds to the correct answer of your choice. MULTIPLE CHOICE: 4. Acclosed rigid container has a volume of 1 m® and holds air at 344.8 kpa and 273°K. Heat is ‘dded unl ine temperate is 600"K. Determine change of iferal energy ‘A 75080 KS. (B.)103400 KIC. 1280.95 K). 0. 1390.35 K) 2. Aperect gas has a valle R= 88.8 fUbMo-R and K= 1.26, 120 Blu are added o 5 bof his {ee at constant volume when the inal ternpealure Is 90°F, id the change in entropy ‘A, 0.1350 Btul°R B. 0.2350 Btu/*t 10.0350 Btu°R D. 0.3350 Blu?R 3, AZ kg mace onygen expends at constant pressure pt 172 kpain apiston-elnder system from a temperate of 32°C to afnal temperature of 182°C. Determine the work done CA) TISOK) B B81K) Cc. 8.1K) D. 108.1 KI 4, White pressure remains constant at 689.5 koa the volume ofa system of 0.567 m’ to 0.283 m®. Determine the heat addedirejected. (AK) 682.29 KJ B, 782.29 KI C, 882.29KJ D. 982.29KI ‘5. Apis linder containing air receives heat at a constant temperature of 500°K and an initial pressure of 200.kpa. The initial volume is 0.01 m? and the final volume is 0.07 m*. Determine Rework (AySeK B488K)” C-889KD. 30K) 6, An ideal compressor compresses 12 Kalin ofa isahermal from 99 kpa and a specie ‘volume of 0.81 m*/kg to a final pressure of 600 kpa. Determine the work in kw AC BO9kW B. 1809KW, (C) 28.60kw D300 kw 7. Attigid tank contains a perfect gas with R = 2.08 Ki/kg’K and k = 1.67. Calculate the final temperature in °C if it initially at 30°C and 15 Ku/kg of heat is added. AV83 BBC. 3272 D384 8. Airis ted from 27°C to 327°C. How much does the specific intemal energy of the air hangd as a resul ofthis heating? TA S015 rlkg decrease 1B. 901.5 increase C. 215. decrease, )218.4 inc 8. Onygon at 200 ka, 27°C fs Confined ina piston-olinder device arrangété maintain constant pressure. How much work in KJ/kg is produced by this system when it is heated to 227°C? wa B12 874 0. p20 10. Air at 1 Mpa, 27°C is contained in a piston-cylinder device ‘is arranged to maintain a Constant pressure. How much Neat in KJ ' ". co raise the temperature of Ns ato e jan) ir changes from 527°C? A. 180 B. 370 00 D. 1040 11. Apiston-cylinder device contains 1 kg hydrogen Jas” Heat is transferred to the hydrogen as its ‘temperature increases by 10°C. What is the boundary work done during this process? A M3Kl B 102K). BOK) Dw atKs 12, Airenters an adiabatic, steady-fow turbine at 1 Mpa, §27°C through a one square meter duct ‘with a velocty of 100 m/sec, The air leaves the turbine at 100 kpa, 187°C: Tha, mass flow rate of the airin kg/secis: A. 87.4 8. 1373 ©, 327.2 D) 435.6 43. A0.5 kg steel (c= 0.5 Kifkg°K) rivet cools from 8O0°K to 300°K upon being installed in @ ‘veted structure. ‘The entropy change in KJ of this rivet is: A. 0631 By -0.245 C. 0.245, D. 0.634 14, A1750 kg car is raised to a height of 1.8 m by hydraulic hoist, The hydraulic pump has @ 16. 16. 7, 18. 19. 20. aa 23. 24, 26. 26. 21, 28. 29. constant pressure of 800 kPa on its piston. How much volume in im’ should the pump displace to delve the ruled work fr iting the car? 0386 B. 00581 c. 0023. 0047 ‘neat transfer tothe surroundings from a person at esis about 400 Kulhr, Suppese ‘Tat the vention sytem fais nan audtgrum containing 100 people and assuming tat the energy goes into the air of volume 1500 ‘im initially at 300°K and 101 kPa, calculate the rate in °Cimin of air temperature change. ‘A081 ‘E053 ©. 024 b. 10 Atresh poured conrete hardens the chemical transformation lease energy trate of 2 {ive Assume the conto: ofa poured layer does not have any heat loss and thet has as average heat capacity of 0.9 KJ/kg°K, find the temperature rise in °C during one hour of the: hardening (curing) process. A. 7 BL6 8 Do Ait al 2 pressure of 100 kpa has a volume of 0.32 m*. The air is compressed in a reversible ‘adiabatic manner until the temperature is.190°C. The reversible work is ~63 KJ/kg. Determine the initial temperature A. 98.23°C (B) 102.19°C C. 123.48 iD. 143,45°C “Air at a pressure of 100 kpa has a volums of 0,32 m®, The air is compressed in a reversible ‘adiabatic manner until the temperature is 190°C. The reversible work is ~63 Kika, Determine te change ofiternal energy Rees (B)1B08 KIC, 2034K) —_D. 9B.60KI “Tree cubic feet of oxygen aro compressed ina piston-cyfnder in reversible scabatic process from a temperature of 300°K and a pressure of 102 kpa until the final volume is one tenth the inka yolume, Determine final orperature TTS BOSSE C 5356K —_D. 1,050.56" Ina reversible adiabatic manner, 17.6 m/min of air are compressed from 277°K and 101 kpa {0 700 koa. Determine the change of enthalpy Dr SB.28 Kw BE2KW (EZ )TO2¢KW —_D. BO.24kw in a verb adiabatis manner 1/6 oP of ar are conned trom 27% end 108 kpa {0 700\kpa_ Determine the power required NATE BAaTh fC, GAT1 hw (i) 54.71 kw Aircontanad n'a pator-oyindor and is compressed ina @versible adiabatic manner from a temperature of 300°K and a pressure of 120 kpa to a final pressure of 480 kpa. Determine final temperature A. 345,79°C B) 445,79°C C, 545.79°C ——D. 645,79°C Ahir contained ina pston-onder and is Cohpressed in a reversible adiabatic mannor fom a temperature of 300°K and a pressure of 120 kpa to a final pressure of 480 kpa. Determine work pertllogram.A.-O481 Kg) B. -12461 ill Soxe1 Kikg'd. 20464 Kuk ‘Airis compressed polytropicalty from 101 kpa and 23°C felivered to a tank at 1500 kpa and 128°C Dotermine per hlogram ofa the heat moved during comprossion TUSK B.2ataBC. S3130K)O. 434.90 KI ‘One Kilogram per second of air initially at 101 kpa and 300°K is compressed polytropically ‘according to the process PV;'"= C. Calculate the power necessary to compress ‘the air to Saokpa A ar7akw |B. 13772ku (C.)257-72kw D. 397.72 kw ‘aris dompressed polyropicaly in a oyinder according to PV" = C. The work required fs 180 Fakg, Determine the change of internal anergy Foa40.08 KlkgB. 17862 Kutkg.C. 180.62 Kkg D,, 169.62 Ki Airsezompreseod pobiropically in a cylinder according 0 PV" = C, The work required fs 180 Keka, Determine the heat transfered ‘A 107.77 Kal Aa Kikg_C. 127.77 Kilkg_D. 197.77 Kiko Airis expanded from 7 Wipa, 327°C to 200 kpa in @ closed piston-cylinder device ‘executing pvt ‘onstant process, The work produced during this process in Kufkg is: F226 B 2834. SBA, APB ‘anSarZompressor has nila enthalpy of 35 Btub and exit enthalpy of 70 Btu. The ‘Mase ow Sais 3 fel. heat oss s 466.62 Blum, tind Ue work input to tho comressor,31. 33, 34 37, 38. 29. a 2 48. 45, 41. 48. 49. (@2)159.51hp —_D. 169.51 hp Bulb and exit enthalpy of 68 Btu/lb. If heat loss A. 1939.51 hp. 149.54 hp ‘An air compressor has an inlet enthalpy is 5 Btulb, find the compressor work. A. 41 Bulb B.-41 Biulb C. 20Btub —_D. -20 Btufb Ian air standard Otto cycle, the clearance volume is 12% ofthe displacement volume. Find the compression ratio and or thermal efficiency. A. 052 B. 0.55 C. 0.53 0.60 ‘ACamot oycie has « maximum temperature of 220°C and ‘minimum temperature of 20°C, Find the cycle efficiency. A. 54.23% B. 58.35% ©. 43.20%. 40.87% ‘A steam engine operation between 150°C and 500°C, Whatis the theoretical maximum thermal efficiency? A. 99% B. 27% ©. 49% 45.30% ‘An gngine has a bore of 15 cm and stroke of 48 cm. If the volumetric compression is 2200 ‘em find the engine efficiency. 1K 462 B44 ©. 454 D. 403 ‘A.Camot engine requires 40 Ksec from the hot source. The engine produces 20 kw of power {and the temperature ofthe sink is 26°C. What isthe temperature of the hot source? A 245570 B. 210.10°C C. 260.18 1. 325.00°C ‘A Camot engine receives 130 Btu of heat from a hot reservoir at 600°F and rejects 49 Btu of heat. Calculate the temperature ofthe cold reservoir. A297 — B.-6046°F 0. -208°F OD, -22.7°F ‘The maximum thermal effcioncy possible for a power cycle operating between 1400°F and 280°F is: A. 58% BBB7% e Co2H DB S7AO% ‘A heat engine is operated between temperature limits of 1380°C and 230°C. Engine supplied wih 14,142 KJ per KWH. Find the Camot cycle efficiency in percent. A010. B6505 0. 6786 oa An Otis engine has learange volume of 9. li produces 350 hw power, What i he amount otheat westedin KW? A 20443, B. 16080, C, 18240 D, 14505 ‘An air standard engine his a compression ratio of 18 and a cul-off rato of 3, Ifthe inlake air pressure and temperature are 100 kpa and 28°C, find the work in KJ per kg. ‘A 2976 8, 2168 ©. 2437 B. 962.50 ‘The thermal efciency of a particular engine operating on an ideal cyte is 45%. Calculate the heat supplied per 1500 wat-hr of work developed in Kd Ant2343 42000". 14218. 11,108 An Otto cycle has an ihitial condition of 98 kpa and 30°C. The compression ratio is 11 and the maximum temperature of the cycle is 1400°C. Find the heat added in KJ/kg. A. 632 8. 680 ©. 763 D. 876 ‘An Ottto cycle has an initial condition of 100 kpa and 30°C. The compression ratio is 10 and the maximum temperature is 1400°C. Find the cycle mean effective pressure per kg of air. ‘A. 30567 koa B. 491.34kpa C. 503.05kpaD. 674.30 kpa ‘An Ol eye has a heal added of 1000 Btu and work output of 550 Bt Find the percent Gearance A 632% B. 897% C. 1204% OF 18.72% Airis compressed in an Otto cycle from 100 kpa to 700 kpa. Find the cycle efficiency. AOW205% B, 30AS% C, A8.55% 58.34% ‘An Otto cycle has an efficiency of 5436, W heat added is 400 KJ, find the work done ABK 828K) C.20K). 0, 222K ‘An Otto cycle has an efficiency of 60%, If works 700 KA, find the heat rejected ‘A 486.67 KIB. 476.67 KIC. 465.67 KJ" D. 496.67 Kd ‘An Oto cycle has an efficiency of 48%, I heat rejected is 1000 Bt, find the heat added. ATG Gu 8. 1918Bt C.1923Bty. OD. 2023; ‘An Oto cyte has an intial condition of 31°C and 100 Kpa, The compression rato is 8 and the heat added during the procoss i 1000 Kula. Find tho moan effective pressure, 1. 859.73 Kikg B. 689.73 Kika C. 709.73 Kilkg Jo" 739.73 Kg st 52, 53, 56. 57. 6, 59, 60, 61 62, “The compression rato of Oo cyte is 10. If maximum temperature ofthe cyte is 1200°C, find the temperature after expension ; A. 30.5.41°C — B. 307.41°C C. 311.41°C D. 313.41°C “The ital temperature and pressure of Oto cycle ere 28°C and 100 Kpa respectively. The compression ratio is 6 and heat added during the process is 1300 Ki. Find the maximum pressure ofthe cycle. A 4648Kpa 8. 4748Kpa GC. 4943Kpa__D. 4948 Kpa ‘An Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion power plant generates 10,000 KW using warm surface water inlet temperature of 26°C and a cold deep-water temperature of 15°C. On the basis of a 3°C drop in the temperature of the warm water and a 3°C rise inthe temperature of the cold water due to removal and adeition of heat, calculate the power required in KW to pump the cold-deep water tothe surface and through he system heat exchanger i the fequired pumping pressure jncrease[s 7kPa, Assume a Camot cycle efficiency and density of ‘cold water to be 1000 kg/m’. A. 108 B. 120 2 148 D. 160 ‘An elastic sphere contaning gas at 120 KPa has a diameter of 1.0. Heating the sphere causes itto expand oa diameter of 1.2 m. During the process the pressure fs proportional to the sphere diameter. Celculate the work done by the gas in 1 AaB 5.508 Cc. 458 D. 354 [An ideal gas with a méleouar weight of 7.1 klkg mol is compressed fom 600 kPa and 280 °K to a final specific volume of 0.5 m/kg, During the process the pressure varies according to p= 600 + 150v + 95v" where p is in kPa and v in m"/kg. Calculate the work of compression in ‘Kuikg? A. 328 B. 28.7 C. 356 ‘D. 304 Airis used in’ a Camot engine where the volumes at the beginning of the constant temperature heat adkltion and the constant-temperature heal rejection are 0.386 m’ and 5.573 m respectively, Calculate the thermal efficiency. ‘0.754 8, 0782 C. O713 0.967 Aan aie-stanara Ota cycle has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of compression the pressure and temperature of air are 100 kPa and 25 °C respectively. The heat added is 1500 kg, Caleulate the mean effective pressure in KPa ‘A. 12308, 11320, 1354D. 1068 “The cycle work of an air-standard Oto engine is 1000 K.Vkg, The maximum cycle temperatura is 3200°C and the temperature at the end of isentropic compression is 650 °C. Calculate the compression ao of henge ‘A. 85 722 ©. 80 D. ott {An inventor presented the following test resulls ofthe engine he designed: power developed, ‘38 KW; fuol consumption, 3.1 kp; fuel heating value, 48,540 Kukg,operaiing temperature {imits, 28°C and 1200°C. ‘A. his claim is valid D, none of the above Two Camot engines A and 8 operate in series between a high-temperature reservoir at 4200°K and low: temperature reservoir at 450°K. Engine A rejects heat to engine B, whic in tum rejects heat tothe low-temperature reservoir, The heat raceived by engine A is 600 Ki ‘The tw engines have equal hermal eflecios, Calcul tho wok oF engine BK A. 300 B. 1685 C. 2547. 1406 /Aheal engine has a thermal eciency of 45%. How much power does the engine produce ‘when heat is transferred Ino it at arate of 10° Kir? ‘A SOMW 8. 75MW 0. 100MW 125M ‘The thermodynamic effeiency ofa heat engine thal rejects heat a arto of 20 MW when heat is supplied toa arate of 60 MW is 333% 8. 50% c 66.7% 0. 75% ACamot engine operates using a 527°C energy reservoir and a 27°C energy reservoir. The thermodynamic efficiengy of ts engine is %. 50% B 625% GC. 736% J. his claim is not valid C. inconclusive D. 103%ALC ORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER Cebus Main: 4 floor Coast Pacific Downtown Center, Sancangko St, Cebu City Tel #(032) 254-33-84 Manila: 3% Noor JPD Blig 1953, C M Recto corner N. Reyes St, Sampaloe, Manila Tel # (02) 736-4438 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING ~ DAY 3 3. Diesel Cycle sa compression ignition ype of engino Formulas: Kerve 22. (Me ovr AC) Inems of mpegon ato presse al Pa (,)k Pets) b= empenion ts a ts = cones psa ™ A A. Qq = me(Ts=T2) 210% B. Qa = mofTs-T) * consiant pressure © W= Oy- Ox D. Cycle efficiency, a et k. (2) Ve mol a = expansion ratio = re fa Fa= expansion ratio = VyVs Vp = volume displacement = Vi - Vz Note: 4, 2. 3, 4 5, 6. . Maximum temperature occur after combustion or before expansion, Heat is added during constant pressure process, Heat is rejected during constant volume process, If Compression ratio increases, ils cycle efficiency will increase. If compression ratio increases, its cycle eficiency will increase, The cycle efficiency depends on compression ratio and its specific heat ratio, 4, STIRLING AND ERICSSON CYCLES. Stirling Cycle TVW Ericsson Cycle PIeT Efcency ofboth Sing and Efcsson oye, =o = 5. BRAYTON CYCLE Open Cycle Gas Turbine A. Compression Process from 1 to 2 using ‘Compressor Fuel, co et Generator Pivit = Pav 2-4) #-() k Output In terms of compression ratio pressure ratio; jastor Beef Baby Go Py q We = compressor work = m ¢p (T2~T1) were: cp = 10 KangeK B. Heat Added in the Combustor: 2 to 3 Gas Turbine (Constant Pressure process: P2 = Ps) Qa = mop (Ta Ta) Air Compressor @ ©. Turbine Expansion: 3 to 4 (lsentropic Process: 63 = s4) Wr = turbine work = my (Ta ~ Ta)‘Ts diagram cee Macha) 4 haha (hehe) hehe to pressure rao = FZ F8 m= compression rato = i F, Backwork Ratio, BW pw = Compressor Work. _ We, “Turbine Work” Wy Gas Turbine Cycle Considering Fluid Friction: ‘A. Actual compressor work, We We = mop (Ta! - Tr) 2c = compressor efficiency = Ideal Compressor Work ‘Actual Compressor Work os We’ (ia) ‘Te diagram B, Actual Turbine Work, Wi" Wy = mep(Ta = Ta) = turbine ofisienay = 8 Turbine Work offcteney = ctual Turbine Work (©. Actual Not Work = Wh? = We’ GAS MIXTURE PARTIAL PRESSURE, Patel pessue =P P a. B. Turbine Work, Wi an > ideal turbine work o M Wee hhh, Kika = m(hi =), KW Turbine ; — ———» S Quality after Turbine Expansion ~ 825 51 = XSi jo Entropy, 6he = etx We = turbine work output = Wi x 0 ‘Where: @ = turbine efficiency m|® \tz C. Heat Rejected in the Condenser, Qr Condenser| Qn Gr = h2~ hs, Ki/kg = m(ha~ ha), KW \Where: y= hrat given condenser temperature or pressure Qy = heat carried by cooling water = Mx Cp (tots) mete ta = mass of cooling water requirement in Condenser @ my hy) (t= 8) ® D. Pump Work, Wp We pp workout Pa. Kk Vpo = Wa(Pa~ Ps), Kellkg Wr 2 We > ‘ump ‘©p = pump efficiency = Wy y= pump work input @ E. Enthalpy, hy hg = va(Pa~ Ps) + ho Pr =boller pressure P= condenser pressure F. Cycle Etfiionsy, © “Turbine Work Pump Work _ (Wr-W) _Q,-Oy (rch) (herbs) Heat Added a hs hy @. Cogeneration efficiency, ee ee = (Cat Wr) Gna) ~ Chg-hy) be cooling water tw = Net tant Ouput _GO Ht input Gs J. Back work rato = Pump work Turbine work = W/W |, Overall thermal efficiency, es fiche ths hy 3. Reheat Cycle: ¥ We A. Heat added y= (hy = he) + (hs — ho), Kalkg {Qq= millon) + (ha ha), KON B, Turbine Work Wr = (hy ha) + (haha) KG ‘We = ihe = ha) + (hs ~ he, KW C, Pump Work Wp he is, Kika = m{he- hs), KW ‘We = velPe- Pa), Kuk D. Enthalpy (he) he = ve(Pe Ps) + hs E. Heat Rejected Qa = (hah), Kulkg = mgha =), Kalk (We = Wy) F, Thermal Efficiency @ PURE SUBSTANCE 4, What is the approximate value of temperature of water having enthalpy of 208 Stull? A. 138.67°C 11655°C C, 258.67°C —D. 68.67°C 2. Steam at? Mpa and 250° ina rigid cylinder i cooled until the quality i 30%. Find the heat rejected from the eyinder. ‘At 2 Mpa and 250°C: 41144 mhkg 670.6 Kaho ‘At2 Mpa, (saturated): vy = 0.0011767 mi{kg, vg = 0.09963 ur = 906.44, Uy = 1693.8 AA 2432.35 Kg, B. 920.20 Kukg (C) 4,206.02 Kkg. 1082.84 Kulkg 3. At 1.3 Mpa, mixture steam and water has an entropy of 3 Kakg-°K. Find the enthalpy of the Imture VALL Mpa: = 2.255, &5 = 6.4053, t= 814.93, y= 1972.7 T1627 T1iUng 8. 1599.99 Kllkg” ©. 1.23445 Kikg (D) 1,162.40 Kika 4. Moue win 708% qually at 500 pa is neste totnermaily nil ils pressure a 200 Kpa. Find the heat added dung the process, “AL 600 Kp s+= 1.9607, ip 4.9808 _AL300 Ka and 161.85°C: 0888 Kiko MBS kay, 535.16 Keg ©. 9BBA4 Ky D. 705.94 Kika 5. Steamieaves an industrial boller at 827.4 Kpa and 171.6%. A portion of the stoam is passed {rough thotting calosmeter and is exhausted to tho atmosphere when the calorimeter pressure 101.4 Koa. How much moisture does the steam leaving the bor contain ifthe {emperature of he steam a the calvimeter is 115.6°C? ‘A274 Kpa (171.6°C), hy = 727.25 Kk, hay = 2043.2 Kika From table 3: At 104.4 Kpa and 115 °C, fe = 2707 6 KANG A a7 @300% 6. 456% «=D. 2.34% STEAM CYCLES A. Find the Rankine cycle thermal efficiency ofa steam plant with the following enthalpies in Kk ‘ering turbine = 3100, leaving turbine = 2400, entring pugne = 140, faving pump = 180 525% BM T% C. 321% 22.6% 2, Ina Rankine cycle steam enters the turbine at 2.5 Mpa (enthafpies & ontropis giver) and ‘condenser of 60 Kpa (eropertes given), whats the ermal eficiency ofthe cycle? M25Mpa bys 2003.1 KUkg = 6.2575, ACEDKpR sr= 1.0910 5000 = 34049 hy = 20054 v= 0.0010300 D555% -B. 45.23% 0. 3428% ©. 12.94% A. Asupetheat steam Rankine cycle has turbine inlet conditions of 17.5 Mpa and 530°C expands fn. larbino fo 0.007 Mpa. Te turbine and pum polyropi efciencies are 0.85 and 0.78 Tespectvey, pressure fossen. between pump and turbine inlet are 1.5 ipa, What should be thepumpworin king? A 1734 8.2782 ©2582. 47.38ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER “cebu Main: oor Coast Pie Downtvin Cee), Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #082) 254-3388 Mani reneh yt poor IPD Bldg 1953, M Resto coer N. Reyes St, Sarpale, Manila Tet (02) 736-4438 PPE - PROBLEM SET #4 INSTRUCTION: Encl the letter that corresponds to the corect answer of your choice, MULTIPLE CHOICE: A. At 180°C the entropy of a substance is 5.2 KJI/K, the quality of the substance is: NBN Be eB.8s%, C. S6.04% 87.56% }2. A410 m? vessel initially contains 5 ‘m? of liquid water and 5 m? of saturated water vapor at 100, ta "Caleaate the internal energy ofthe eysiom using the steam ables. ALiOOpat w= 0001043 Kg, vy= L6840,m'KG, Ur= 417.3 Klkg, Up = 2506 Kika ROKK) B BRIO KC. 1x10K) |B 2x10 4. Avesddln'a volume of {1m contains fquid water and vepor in equibrum at 600 Kpa. The fad enor ins amass of kg. Using steam tables, calculate the mass ofthe water vapor, ‘At 600 Kpa: vr = 0.001101 milkg, vg = 0.3187 mivkg, NOeK 8 1S7KG 6. 254kg — O)3.16k9 A, Asteam has a condition of 2 Mpa and 250°C undergoes constant pressure process until its quality i. 60%. What isthe heat rejected by star? WS Sars Wing. 8. 1086.28 Kika. 1048.18 Kika, 1542.94 Kaka 5. Steam with specific volume of 0.09596 ii'/kg undergoes a constant pressure process at 1.70 ‘Mpa until its specific volume 0.13796 m’/kg. What is the work done? Tia ting. 8. 67-1 Kulkg G, 62.78 KUkgD. 97.23 Kika U6. SiosTr ih an entlpy of 2843.5 Kkg undergoes a constant pressure procass at 0:90 Mpa chal enthatpy bocnmes 2056.4 KAIKa, What's the intemal eneray? “703.2 Kilkg&. 7032 Kuk. C, 64.3 KlkgD. 9844 KG 7. One kg of steam at 260°C and with enthalpy of 1861 Kika is confined in a rigid container. Heat ‘appted ntl the steam bocomes saturated. Determine the heat added. TOK! Beek). 790K). BOD KI A. One kilogram of steam at 121°C and 10% moisture undergoes ‘a constant volume process until tho pressure bocomes 0.28 Mpa, Determine the fina temperature A, 200.4°C B. 374.5°C @ 206.5°C D. 873.4°C A. Atank contains 0.50 m'/kg of steam. Heat is transferred at constant volume until the pressure reaches 100 kpa, Determine the fal steam qual A. 23.34% B. 45.32% G 29.47% D. 39.45% AO. There are 2.27 ka/min of steam undergoing an isothermal process from 27.5 bar, 316°C to 6.8 Dar. Dotermine the change in entropy, KU/nie-K ReneiTe Be 2.A1734 C3405. 0.204 AA, Steam at 200°C and with entropy of 5.6105 Kivkg-K expands isothermally to 0.515 Mpa. For 5: cara ats ne work done? A. 211005 KJ B. 11034 K) C. 1972.4K)-, 14082 A2, One kg of steam expands isentropically from 2.1 Mpa and 374°C to 93°C. Find the final SiR Teaane OTIC 93.1 | D. OB.24% ¥4. Steam flows isentropically through a nozzle from 1500 kpa, 288°C to 960 kpa. For 0.454 kg/s ‘mass determine the change in volume, ‘0.031 ms B. 0.043m%s C. 0.054mis_ D. 0.076 mils 4. A steam turbine receives 0.52 Mpa of steam at 300°C. Then expanded in an irreversible seers Mittoes a prossure of 0.012 Mpa. ifthe exhaust steam is dry and saturated, calculate the stage efficiency of the process. A. 67.45% 69.50% C. 74.23% D. 87.45% 95. Steam at 1.4 Mpa and 270°C flows steadily through a steam throttle valve that reduces its proasure by 80%. Find the change in entropy, Kuk. a 19. 70 A. 22, *28, 2, 25. 2r. 28, 29, 20. A. 0.34 By -0.058 C. 0.63 D. 076 ‘A steer calosmoterrecelves steam from a pipe at 0.1 Mpa and 20°SH. Fora pipe steam ‘roseure of 2 Mpa, wal isthe quel ofthe steam? ow Boom 6. 92.94% __ 95.56% ‘an eto team generating process starts with saturated quid at 20 psa, The change in ao ao gual tothe ial entropy. What is the change in enthalpy. At 20psia: (hy = 602 Btullb, s; = 0.3389 Btullb-R). BS 304 Biull. B. -196.2 Biull C. 196.2 Btulb 6, 230.4 Btulle ‘eynder and piston ertangement contains saturated water vapor at 110°C, The vapoxs aeirescad ina reversible adiabatic process unl the prossu is 16 Mpa, Detenine oe co eeee by the steam por klogram of water. (Hint: Use steam table to sve this problem) erga tuikg B20 Kkg C. -432 Kika D. -990 Kaka A car with frontal area: ‘m?, and traveling at 80 kmihr in air at 20 °C is experiencing a diag Fa= 0.225Apaiv*. How much power in KW is needed in ‘order to maintain its speed? ‘A. 892 ‘3. 364 . 7.81 22 ‘Aston condenser in a Rankine cycle has an inlet condi 6t 150 kpa and 90% quality. ea loam is a, find the gallons por minute of cooing water in the condenser for 12°C rise in temperature. eee ssah gon. B. 119834 gpm C. 128456 gpm. 1274.48 9pm _Aborr feed pangs eporate at 40°C suton. if pump eficiency is 85% and needs 20 kw power aoe eee alts de th pump, find the maximum pressure of the baller could alain for & on ere 108.20 koa ©. 8232.34 kpa_C: 8441.60 kpaD. 9825.45 koe ‘A boiler feed is avaiable at 5 Mpa and 200°C. The boiler has a steam generated at 10 kg/s at B hips and 200°. Find te devopedbolerharseeaur of Me A 1092.45 hp B fp. 1873.45 np _B. 2336 hp ‘A Rankine eyco has an output of 5000 kw, The overall ficiency of 85% and ‘vaporaion of 1.2. Find the mass of steam evaporated "982.45 kgihr B. 10,224.60 kgihr C. 6171.27 kosher D. 8745.23 kale ‘A Renkine coc eas @atoam toto condition of4 Mpa and 400°C. The turbine exhaust 1 rama the oyle efficiency, “A. 23.23%” 27.06% C. 24.23% D. 43.29% a nse nas a turbine work of 600 Kag and efflency of 88%, pump work is 3 KAKO a ertiteney of 72%. I oye efficiency is 26%, find the neat added tothe cle Sr sBT7 60 Kulkg 'B. 2345.19 Kilkg(C.)2016.38 Kika D. 1852.40 Kd ‘A Rankine cycle has an initial mass of liquid flowing at 45 kg at 75°C. If final enthalpy is 1200 fei, hd the change of enthalpy ofthe system. a GSTS KIB. 83434K) — C. 76245K) (0) 285.97 Kd ‘Aturpine hess an aaitaie enthalpy of 2900 Ki in a Rankine cycle. ‘The pump work has iso 25 Kilkg, For a flow of 3 kgs, find the system output FR Sees. BOBO KW C. 6343 kw | (O) 9825 kw ina hantie eyce, the system turbine inlet has a condition of 3126 Kf enthalpy and ons pY te Rate quality after expansion is 62% ancl enthalpy of 2103 Kika wt N= 259 alka. Find the mB ame™ jor of, K 23.45% (B)35.40% C. 30.34% iD. 38.44% “The avatable enthalpy 2f steam atthe exit of bolle in a Rankine cycle js 2000 Kk ane Trips atthe entrance of turbine is 2870 Kuk, mass of steam is 35 ks find the Rest Joss between the boiler exit and turbine entrance. M05kw B. S0kw C, 20 kw D. 50 kw in GRdokine cycle steam enters the turbine a3 Mpa (enthalpies & entropies given) one, {i 2 anne oS po (properties glen), what isthe thermal efficiency of the cyle?At 3 Ma: hhy= 2804.2 3, 6.1869 1.60 koa: 250.06 hy =22036 = 1.1457 y= 6.3867 w= 0.001033" 25.55% -B. 4523% | C. 34.20% OD. 12.04%ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER ‘Ce Main: 4° floor Coast Pacifie Downtowen Center, Sanclangho St, Cobu City Tel 032) 254-33-84 ‘Mania: 3" floor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto comer N. Reyes St, Sampaloe, Marla "Tol (02) 736-4438 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING ~ DAY 5 ‘eras felsanslert FUELS & COMBUSTION wets BWM Properties of Fuels & Lubricants: 4, Density and Specific Gravity Mass ‘Volume where: Density of water = 1000 kg/m? = 9.81 KNim? = 1 Kgl = 62.4 Ibsit 2. °APL & °BAUME Units: Density = ‘Specific Gravity = 5 1at5 A. For Petroleum Products: “API= 141° : _ or 1m Products: BES ne FRR HE sail Tels 8, ForBrine “BAUME = < "405 __ 190.5 Gin Ulobe Bly ans°C es bees ©. Specific gravity with correction factors due to temperature effect: CHENSAN SM SG, = SGyrs aft ~0.0007(t2 ~ 4)] 3. Heating Value of Fuels: |A. Healing value of sold fuels, / Gn = 39,6200 + 144,212(H- 2) + 9.9048, Kia) B._ Heating value of quid fuels 41,130 + 1306 CAPD, Kika, 4. Theoretical Air-Fuel Ratio for Solid Fuol Wake: Gr Cot00% ALA = 11.50-+94.5(H- 2) + 4:38, 9 B. Actual Ai-Fuel Ratio: AIF = (Theoretical 6, Typical Combustion Reaction of Liquid Fuel ‘A. Molecular Weights: c= 12 Hi Molecular Weight of air o=16 Ne44 s=32 B. Airby volume: Oxygen in air = 21% _Nitrogenin air_ = 79% 3.76 of Nz per mol O2 ‘Air by weight Oxygen = 23.20% Nitrogen = 76.80% Ae herting abe bine vk Tiger feng Vibe ~m hit ake: Hover Heck) Velie Caevineter “wee C, THEORETICAL AIR-FUEL RATIO Fuel + Air = Products of Combustion GyH + Or + X(3.78)Na = yCOr +2, HaO + x(9.76)Nz where: x, y and z represents the number of mols. With ewes te: CH # (140) XO, + (1-40) X(3.76)N2 = CD, +2 H,0 + (140) (3.76), +020, Note: UnbumedO,: ex For perfect combustion: x= 2052 4, Theoretical Air- Fuel Ratio mol sir Molal Basis: Theoretical AirFual Ratio =x + 3.76%, TEE 2x4 28(8.76)x hg a yan +m" kg fuel Mass Basis; Theoretical Air-Fue! Ratio = 2. Aun Ase Rabo = Theta! (1) Actual A/F 3, Excess ar, e Theoretical A7 Actual ATF Theoretical air = Actual AF Did ‘Theoretical A/F 5. Partial Pressure of HO = =P RA imr = total mols of product with excess = y +2+x(8.76)+ © (X) imy = total mols of product without excess = y +2 +x (3.76) P= pressure (Use P= 101.325 kpa if not given in the problem) (VARIABLE LOAD) Plant capacity 4. Reserve Over Peak = Plant Capacity - Peak Load KW hrs en 2 yo KA hes ener 2, Avorage Load, AL = iors af ho 3. Load Factor, LF = Average Load / Peak Load 4, Capacity Factor, CF = ____ Actual Energy Produced __ Maximum Energy Produced 5, Annual Capacity Factor, Cera)» UFCY‘Annual KW 6. Use Factor, UF = mF _ ae KW plant capacity x noofhours 7. Demand Factor, Actual maximum demands ‘Connected Load DEF 8. Diversity Factor, TS oye = _SUMof Individual Demands _ vere OF aximum Simultaneous Demand are Average 8, Plant Factor, PF = ——_—Average Lo bose Rating of Equipment Supply 10. Utilization Factor, UF = Maximum Demand of system _ rH Rated Capacity of system 11, Operation Factor, OF = Duration of actual service _ otal Duration of Period of time considered eal Lod Ried Cop (Boilers ) Steam —— wal, kg/hr Formulas: * BorLeR | 1. Heat generated by fuel Qe: Ge = my ay Where: ny = mass of fuel Beonomtser 2, Rated Boller Horsepower, REH | / A RBH = HS. (ror water tube) tr ae Peedwater BR a oH= HS or fr tube) t where: H.S. = Heating Surface Area, m* Pat ME ny 3. Developed Boiler Horsepower, Oo ban = Melts te) 3622 Where: m. = mass of steam in kginr Note: 1 Bo. Hp = 35,322 Kithr DBH 4, Percont Rating, *R 9% = DBH y 100% a RBH ‘5, ASME Evaporation Units = ma(ha~ be), Kilhr 6. Factor of Evaporation, FE = Ps =He 2287 7. Boiler Efficiency, m = 8. Net Boiler Efficiency, io = o 9. Actual Specific Evaporation = "*., kg steamikg fuel 1 10, Equivalent Evaporation =m, xFE = mp x5 11, Equivalent Speci Evaporation: = ™® x FE = ASE x TE my 412, Boller efficiency in terms of ASE, ESE and FE: FEx2257 a= asm _ ESEx2287 an ee, FUELS A. The specific gravity of oll tested at 29, £852. Find its API in degrees, ‘A. 35.98 8.37.62 98 D.23.54 2 Ais engine consumed 945 iors of fet per day at 36°C, I the fel was purchased at 15.5°C ‘and 30°API at P29.00, determine the costo ue o operate the engine per day. P7622. 6 ‘A. PS677.50. "8. PAB77.80.—C. 48,088.90 (0) P27,127.76, _3© A oyfndrical tank 4 m long and 3 m diameters used for oi sorage. How many days can the tank supply the engine having 27°API with fuel consumption of 60 kgthr? ("ID") 17.53, B. 5.84 C. 12.84 ‘D. 19.84 a) AC Betetmine the airtue aio on a molar basis forthe complete combustion a octane, with theoretical amount of ai. Calg USO» TWIBSICNS = BHO B CO 59.5 kgan / kGtet 5: Methyt alcohol (CH:OH) is bumed with 25% excess air. How much unbumed oxygen in kg:inok ‘xyoenikg- mol fuel wil there be in the produc ifthe combustion Is compete? ‘A035 8048 C) 0.37 D, 065 CHsOH H1SO,418(3°0)N> oe te O4 1S(2 EN Coe 3) VARIABLE LOAD PROBLEM a . ‘A. 875 NAW powerplant has an average load 35000 KW and a load factor of 65%. Find the reserve over peak in MW, D215 B23.41 62538 0.10.75 2. A poiver plants sald to have a use factor of 48.5% and a capacity factor of 42.4%. How mary hours dit operate during the yoar? ‘A.660032 (8765023 C.8500.52_0.5858.23, A: Aplant with an installed capacity of 30,000 KW has a utlization factor of 83% and a capacity factor of 58%. Find the load factor. A. 68.47%: BOILERS A. The heating value of fuel supplied in a boiler is 40000 kikg. I the factor of evaporation is 1.10 and the actual specific evaporation is 10 kg stearnvkg fuel, what is the efficiency of the boiler? (A) 62.07% — B. 53.08% —C. 78.05% | D. 54.97% 2, Whatis the water rate in kg/hr of an ausliary boiler which produces steam at 0.80 MPa and 98% dry from feedwater at 43°C. The fuel calorific value is equivalent to that of afuet oil of 25° API rating burned at the rate of 1.2 metic tons per day. Assume an efficiency of 70%. 129, Steam Poperies A SE0 KPa y= SUAS Ling. "ToT RG, (Tp Sea eee eg Baa Oe OGL) CB 67.47% =— 0. 68.47% ~——D. 84.77%\ « ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER ‘Cobu Main: 4" door Cost Pacific Downtown Cater), Sansinngko St, Cebu City Tel (32) 25433-84 ‘Moria Branch 3 floor IPD Bldg 1955, C M Resto comer N. Rays St, Sampaloe, Manila Tel # (02) T4438 PPE - PROBLEM SET #5 INSTRUCTION: Encirce the letter that corresponds fo the correct answer of your choice. ‘MULTIPLE CHOICE: 41. A diesel electric plant supplies energy for Meralco. During 24 hrs period, the plant consumed 220 gallons of fuel at 28°C and product 4,000 kwshr. Industrial fuel used is 28°API and was purchased at P15,50 per itr at 15.6°C. What should be the cost of fuel to be produced per kw te AL PA.05 B. P2.10 (E> P3.20 D. P1.00 2. K 750 bip diesel engine uses fel oi of 20°AP!graviy, uel consumption is 0.75 bho. Cost of felis P1793 per ter. For coningous operation, determine the mint Yum of ‘cubical day tank in m°, ambient temp is 45°C, A498, 3625. ©7435 —_—D. go4 3. A diesel power plant uses fuel that has a density of 892.74 kg/m” at 15,66°C, Find the heating value. A 44,600 Kika (619,301 Blurb C. 43,000 KiKg 0, 4356.2 Kung 4. A desel power plant usé5 Tul wih healing value of 45,038.8 KJKg. Whats the densly of fue at 30°C? A. 0.9 kglii ——B. 0.877 kali C. 0.850 kgf OQesreran 5. A diesel engine consumed 940 li of fuel per day at 30°C. Ife fuel was purchased at 15°C and 30 °API at P4.00Hl, determine the cost of fue! to operate the engine per day. A. PS077.50 B. P4077.50 (CY P3721.98 1. P9,000.00, 6. A.oylindrical tank 3 m long and 2 m diameter is used for ol storage, How many days can the tank supply the engine having 27°API with fuel consumption of 65 kg/hr? aoe 330 'c. 7e8 738 7. The specie gravy of fF having a healing value of 44,808.2 Kalk i: 090 8. 0.80 C0877 (o) 0888 8. Steam flows into a turbine at arate of 10 kai, and 10 klowalts of heat are lost from the turbine. 'anoring elevation and kinetic oneray effects, calculate the power output of the turbine. nt wo are 2.0 Mpa and 350°C (h = 3137 KJ/kg) and 0.10 Mpa & 100% quality (h = 2675.5 ‘) A. 4000KW 8. 4375KW ).4005 KW. 4979 KW 9. fue is represented with Cs Has bumed with 40% excoss ai. mass of fuels 0.17 ko, find the mass of ar noeded yo 2 338K B LSBKy CC 24kg i. 534g AO. The analysis of @ product of combistion on dry basis, when Co His was bumed with ‘atmospheric ar, sas flows: CO = 12%, CO= 1.75%, O2= 301%, No 03.24%, Compute the actual air-fuel ratio. Cally t Ont HANES! GisederGorero lOO Career arty eras racy 20 Aboller burns fuel ol wth 15% excess ait” The fol may be represented by Cys Hop. Calculate the mola siruel rato, 1 A @ i760 = GC) 10234 —p. t7.44 12, Given the folowing utimate analysis: C= 71%, No= 4%, He= 4%, 02=8%, Sp= 5%, Ash = 6%, Moisture = 8%. Using 20% excess ai, determine the actual ai-fue rato 4) 1.88 8. 11.21 C. 21.21 D. 9.22 19. Acerfain coal has the folowing ultimate analysis C= 70%, No= 4%, Hz=2.5%, O2= 3.5%, %b, Ask %6, Moisture =? Determine the heating value of fue in Btulb A. 27,299.65 ('B)11,735.35 C. 26,961.45 —D. 27,320 Oey OMCs 14, A fuel gas has the following volumetric analysis: CH, = 68% C2Hs = 32% Assume complete: ‘combustion with 15% excess air at 101.325 Kpa, 21°C wet bulb and 27°C dry bulb. What is the paral proseure of waar vapor Koa? B98 ah Ste ares Beat c. 1728 @1se¢ MYO hy $45, There are 23 kg of flue gases formed per kg of fuel oil burned in the combustion of a fuel oi Cra Has. What is the excess air in percent? 53,9564 7 Cobh t8S(os1# GNa yr PCC! 4667 B. 2667 ©, 3667 D. 45.65, HBS COTM 448. By tow much isthe change of volume ofthe produc of combustion of benzene (Ce with thocrta ai? Both volanes of oscars era pros ae iaken a to so Presta and tempore K. 1.3% increase B. 1.3% decrease nochange D. 9.2% increase 1. Cala he ett fa np nevoeser for OMuston of of eta aha th theortsal a — «= | -:, "1, Calla the masain ko of he combustion roduts of 24s eof Ct) wih 30% A{té62 82048 C2087, 288d 42, Fvekosmol of octane ae bued wth stochiometic amount o a: How much walris fomed inthe rota the Sonbuaton complete? A. 1Skg-mol B.25kgmol GC. 35kg-mol_ (GMB kg-mol 20. Mety ote (HOH) i bud wth 30% excess a HO much anbumed gen ink Moloxygen/kg-mol-fuel will there be in the products if the combustion is compete? i MO eee aay 421, Dodosane (Crate) ie Bumed constant pressure wth 150% exces ai. Wha thease fora proses? Nee a3 B. 423 ©. 487 0. 513, 22. A compiete combustion of one kilogram of Cis rsuited to 20 kilograms of products of tonupe, Caculete ho potent oeag AC 29.16 B. 40.5 5.4 D, 55.6 2. Calcllte ie eatin vai cf coal having he flowing compostion by wight using Dong formula. Carbon 79%, hytopon 3%, oxygen 6 legen 3%, sur om water 2%, ash om A. 150480 Btu @)I9658 Btu 12640 Bu —=—D. 14,580 BR srTUATIONAL PROBLEM ‘Acar tation hes annual factors a lows Load factor 28.50%" Capaclyfector= 40.05% Use actor= 45.20% ‘The reserve carried over and above tho peak load is 8900 kw. Find the folowing 24, 26. 26. 27 28 The Installed capacly. ‘A. 58,600kw —B, 49,600kw ©. 39,600kw (0.)29,667 kw ‘Annual energy production: CA 106 0 10 ets 'D. 406 x 10° kw-hrs Hours per year notin ‘A 880s. (8) 623hs. —C. 800s. | _D. 750hvs ‘Awater tube boiler has @ heating surface area of 500 m?, For a developed boiler hp of 933. mae the percont rating ofthe bol. B. 206 x 10° kwehrs ©, 306 x 10° kw-hrs 169.81% — B. 150.17% ©. 160.17% — D. 180.17% tor of evaporation of the boiler is 1.12 and a steam rate of 0.73 kgls. What isthe developed boiler hp? A. 1.98 hp @ e074 npc. 4.8m 0. 190.2hp31 92, 33, 37. 38. 38, 1. The percent rating of water tube boller is 200%, factor of evaporation is 1.1 and heating ‘surface are is 300 m*. Find the rate of evaporation. ‘K. 6.153.02 kine B 8513.02 kghe (©) 9.38061 kglhr 0. 9830.61 kolhr “The actual spectic evaporation ofa certain bolerisB. Factor of evaporation is 1.15. Wthe heating value is 26,000 Kalk. Find the boiler ffiioncy AL 79% B. 78.41% C. 70.30% 20.00% ‘The ASME evaporation units of boiler is 24,827,500 KAih. The bole auiiaries consumes 2.5 MW. What the net boiler efficiency the heat generated by fuels 32,000,000 Kr. (A) 49.48% B, 50.40% C. 6475% 0. 60-10% ‘A 180,000 kg of coa! supplied to two boiler. One has a capacity of 350 kalhr and the other boiler has a capacity of 100 kalhr. How many days to consume the available fuel? AS 14 C54 0.13 Aboler operates at 82.3% efficiency while the mass of steam generated is 985, 000s in 5 hs. “The enthaoy of steam is 1400 Bulb and feed fs 250 Bul while the fuel used fr boller has a heating value of 14,850 Blulb. Find the os of fuel needed in shor tons per day Ror B. 3034 2410 D. Stas ‘ncoaltvd powerplant has tubine-geiétatr led at 1200 MW gros. The plant required ‘bout 10% ofthe power rs nora person. uses 10.000 ons of oa per day. The oul has a Healing Vlus of 6,800 Kea and he stom generator effceny e 85% What thera stan ation ofthe plant in pean? A, 20% B. 25% C. 33% ih 38% “wo bolts ar operating steadily on 94,600 ky of coal cofained in a bunker. One boler producing 1600 tg of seam af 12 factor of evaporation and an eflency of 65% and Sather Bote produces 1404 kof steam at 18 tacor of evaporation and efiony of 0% ow many hours wil he coal inthe bunker un the bles ihe heating vale Is 7.600 fealeg? Mo404 8, 2208 G)2%000 0. 2259 ‘typical steam generar with en eff of 70% i producing 10 Kole of team The trihaty of th entering water 125.79 Klug andi superheated to an enthalpy of 20348 Fang the fel wced has heating valve of 42160 Kuk, The A aio by weight 4 Datesnine te amount of er needed in Reet 84078 'C. 86873 46378 A steam generator evaporates 20,000 kg of water pr hou fom feed wale with enthalpy of 401 3 eg of lea vy enhaipy of 27088 tng, Coal consumption fe 2100 Koh. le Tain value a fed fo 26 300 KK9. Caluate the Bor Horsepower (tart a tase Co teee eb. ters A dieSel power plant consumes 650 Ii of fuel at 26°C in 24 hrs with 28°API, Find the fuel rate in gh Cire 824856285 Danas “The Tollowing data were obtained in a small power generating plant Power developed by the steam turbine = 2600 KW ‘Heat supplied to the steam turhine generator = 3500 Kuikg ‘Heat rejected by the steam to the cooling water in the condenser = 2200 Kika Power required by the feedwater pump to retum the condensate to the steam generator = 12 KW Dotermine the mass fw rate of steam in ig/sec Re B28 Ge 8082 (B)2145 A simple Rankine cycle produces 40 MW of power, 60 MW af process heated and rejects oun of heat tothe suroundings, Wha the lization factor ofthis cogeneration cycle neglecting te pomp work? 30% ‘0% ©. 70% D. 80%ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER {Cebu Main: 4° floor Coast Pacifie Downtown Conte, Sanciangko St, Cebu City Tel #032) 254-33-84 ‘Manila: 3" oor JPD Bldg 1955, C M Recto comer N, Reyes St, Sampaloe, Manila. Tel # (02) 7364438 POWER PLANT ENGINEERING ~ DAY 6 Steam Engines 1. Volume Displacement, Vo Steam engine is «double acting engine. *- Patan Red Nepetes: Vo = 2 ZOU] inte ». Piston Rod Considered . Vo= FDIN+Z (OC LNm sce Somtemer bd where: d= diameter of piston od oles 2. Indicated Power, 1P = Pay Vo ting ter Using indicator diagram: Pa= (A/L)K ‘A= average area of the diagram = Where: A = average area of diagram for both sides. ‘of the piston, m? or in® {, = length of the diagram, m orn K = spring scale constant, Kpalm or psilin Pai = Indicated mean effective pressure, kpa or psi Ee Ws esidy 3. Brake Power (BP) BP=PayxVb,kw —-BP= 25 TN, kw T= (Tare weight x Moment arm) rake mean effective pressure T= torque, KNn N= speed, rps. Steam turbine Using Prony brake to measure the brake power of the engine: 4. Friction Power, FP FP = Indicated Power - Brake Power BP Re 5. Mechanical Escioney,n i SUE CeneY ie = eS 6. Indicated Thesnal Efficiency, ny = ———!P_ ‘nth hea) ar 7, Brake Thermal Efciency, ny = —8P_ re) 8 Indicted Engine Eon, nu Gs 8. Brake Engine one, na = = matty ha} 10. Cooling Water required: my = 11, Equivalent Rankine Efficiency = (hy Ina) (1 ~h) Steam i Steam turbine Internat Pe ~ is a heat engine in which the potential, 7 ‘cENERATOR Kinetic energy and enthalpy of a steam is wm change ino useful work a eee Turbine Formulas: ve Wr = Dich KE MES i der 4. Ifkinetic energy and heat oss is considore: eo oe We meihe=te) + Lig vi? — v2) ~ a 2 /, Condenser 2. deal Turbine Works (KE and @ negjected) alts Ideal turbine work = m,(hy- hz) 2 Cooling Water 3. Actual Turbine Work: ‘Actual turbine work = ma(hy= hae) = ms (hy ~ ha) mat ‘where: Nz, = enthalpy after actual expansion ‘na = stage efficiency sem ete 5 (hy=haa) _ octool (y=) “de Jneket 1g expension ‘Actual 5. Turbine Power Output = ma(h- haar SI i ‘where: nr = turbine efficiency 4. Stage efficiency, nu na = TurbineOutput _ 7 7. Brake Thermal Eficiency: yp = “Eero8. Combined Thermal Efieney. me = SaneaerOuut ty Pre Brake Power 0. bake Eng octane = ke Powe ay =P Trgine GeneratorOutput 10. Combined Efficiency(ns) Nee 14, Cooling Water Requrementin Condenser, me = Ruta 12. Willan’s Line Is a straight line which shows the relation nai Crp mep) between the steam consumption (ms , Kgl) ‘and the load (L, kw) of steam turbine generator unit apn Mo _ ba (gre man) mM i mma Eur, a)? ‘Atony percent ofthe load: mg = (iget, — Mant) (given) + Mane Where: mia. = full load stearn consumption, kg/hr ‘maa. = no-load steam consumption, kg/hr im, = mass of steam consumption at any load, kg/hr oad, Key [ry a Sopetheatech Uf, = Toad atfulioad, KWL = load at any load, KW Pet a a Flak’ Cheol Geothermal Power Plant Sr WN Formulas: r} = eoek et Wok opr = Sef Foch Fld wl Come ble 2 teem vent => Generator 5 Brory Gecthermal Peat To re-injection pom Pla rt toelle Beay ‘Throttling process from 1 to 2: F by=mshetxehye oF x2 = quality after throttling Ingen AT 2, Mass flow rate of steam and ground water: oF my = mlx, 1a8s of steam flow m= mass of ground water 3. Turbine output, Wr Wr = me(hs- ha) ar 83 = 84 = + XS : 4: + xa) Where: r= turbine efficiency Nevbst of eh 4, Heat rejected in the condenser, Ox No Bireege po vel Qn = ms(-hs) 5. Generator efficiency Generator Efficiency = Gen, Output / Turbine Output Mg (hg —Hy) 6. Condenser cooling water requirement: rm, Gp lte—h) 7. @ = overall plant efficiency = Gen. Output / mg hy Tetons Chimney “iBLion 2 Reduce Diet Formulas: St ef A densa dss air 2dowivyanensd, = BF Rolo Fuel dt Frey ai w= theoretical cet 4. Volume flow of gas, Qy MgRo Pp ‘where: D = chimney diameter vn abe - pa 6 Actuel velociy, v Va 30 to 50% of theoretical velocity or va = OAV 7a = Arwa x Actual velocity = <0 : =e) 5. Theoretical velociy, vast 7. Value of R for any gas: R= SS Kng-K 8. Bymass balance in the furnace ms +1 *. Mas * Moan ‘Note: Mou usually expressed as percentage of m Where. my = mass of fuel ma = mass of alr man= mass of ash Mw = mass of gas STEAM ENGINE 4. A350 mm x 450 mm steam engine running at 280 rpm has an entrance steam, condition of 2 Mpa and 230°C and exit at 0.1 Mpa. The steam consumption is 2,000 kgihr and mechanical efficiency is 85%. If indicated mean effective pressure is 600 pa, determine brake thermal efficiency. ‘At2 Mpa and 220°C(Table 3): hy = 2849.6 31 = 6.4423 ALO Mpa: = 1.9026 hy = 417.48 Sq = 6.0568 hy = 2258 hee = 417.46 Kk A. 23.34% (8) 15.28% 6. 14.16% =D. 27.34% 2. Steam is admitted to the cylinder of an engine in such a manner the average pressure js 120 psi, The diameter of the piston is 10 in. and the length of stroke is 12 in. What is the Hp of the engine when itis making 300 mpm ? 171.4 Hp B. 175 Hp — C. 173.2Hp D. 174.4Hp STEAM TURBINE. 4. Asteam turbine receives 5,000 kglhr of steam at 5 Mpa and 400°C and velocity of 30 mmisec. It leaves the turbine at 0.006 Mpa and 85% quality and velocity of 15 misec. Radiation loss is 10,000 KJ/hr. Find the KW developed. 'AtS Mpa and 400°C: fy = 3195.7 Kkg = 6.6459 ‘810,006 Mpa y= 151,53 ty = 24159 A 1273.29 B, 2173.29 (C) 1373.60. 7231.29 2. A steam turbine with 80% stage effcisncy receives steam at 7 Mpa and 550°C and exhausts as 20 Kpa. Determine the quality at exhaust ALT Mpa.and 550°C: hy = 3530.9KJkg $= 6.9486 hny-23%.6 _At 20 Kpa(0.020 Mpa): s; = 0.8320 hy = 251.40 Sy = 707%6 (A) 96.96% — B. 76.34% —C. 82.34% OD, 91.69% 3. AG MW steam turbine generator power plant has a full4oad steam rate of 8 kg/kWV-t. ‘Assuming that no-load steam consumption as 15% of full-oad steam consumption, ‘compute for the hourly steam consumption at 75% load, in kgyhr. (A) 37,800 kafirB, 38,700 kai C. 30,780 kgllrD. 30,870 kg/hr GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT 4. 18,000 KW geothermal plant has a generator efficiency and turbine efficiency of {90% and 80%, respectively. If the quality after throttling is 20% and each well discharges 400,000 kg/hr, determine the number of wells are required to produce if the change of enthalpy at entrance and exit of turbine is 500 KA/kg, TR eyells (By 2welis Cc. Gwells_D, Bwalls 2. Aiquid dominated geothermal plant with a single flash separator receives water at 204°C. The separator pressure is 1.04 Mpa, A direct contact condenser operates at 10.034 Mpa, The turbine has a polytropic efficiency of 0.7. For a eycte output of 60 MW, what is the mass flow rate of the well-water in kg/s? At 204°C: hy = 870.51 Kulkg AU1.04 Mpa: hy ig 7796 8 0.034 Mpa: hy = 301.40 fy 0.9793 Sq = 6.7463 B. 2,100 (A)2.983 CHIMNEY C1860. 244d 4. The gas density of chimney is 0.75 kg/m’ and air density of 1.15 gi’. Find the driving pressure ifthe height of chimney is 63.74 m. A 0.45kpa (B)0.25kpa CC. 0.35kpa_—O 0.45 kpa 2. Asteam generator with economizer and ait heater has an overall draft loss of 25.78 ‘em of water. If the stack gases are at 177°C and if the atmosphere is at 101.3 Kpa ‘and 26°C, what theoretical height of stack in meters is needed when no draft fn are ised? Assume that the gas constant for the flue gases is the same as that for ai. A Giiio— B. 631.10. (6651.10 D. 674.40" ALCORCON ENGINEERING REVIEW CENTER 13, Aste. ey pacts eas Whars no aqua oy = 83.200 Ko abu Main: oo Cont Psi Dowson Cee), Sansinngko St, Cebu ity Tel M032) 254-3384 Determine the steam consumption at 73% load, kg/hr. “Masa ranch 3 or JPD Big 1983, CM Resto comer N Reyes St, Smploe, Mena Tel # (2) 736-4438 27290 B 26100, C. 30,000. 0. 28,020 +14, 149,00 KW geothermal plant has a generator efficiency and turbine efficiency of 90% and PPE - PROBLEM SET #6 {80% respectively. If the quality after thotting is 16% and each well discharges 220,000 kgf, INSTRUCTION: Encicle the letter that corresponds to the correct answer of your choice, determine the number of wells are requited to produce ifthe change of enthalpy at entrance MULTIPLE CHOICE: and exit of turbine is 500 Kikg.A. 4wells (8) Swells —C. Gwalls D. 8 wolis A. Asteam engine develops 60 Bhp with saturated steam at 103425 Kpa absolute and exhaust at 45, ina 10 MW geothermal power plant, the mass flow of steam entering the turbine fs 20 kg/sec ‘124.11 Kpa. Steam consumption is 736.36 kg/hr. Calculate the indicated engine efficiency “The quality after throng is 25% and enthalpy of ground water is 750 Kirk, Determine the based on 90% mechanical efficiency overall ffciency of the plant. A. 7.4% B, 9.6% (C) 16.67% D. 15.4% A. 69.74% B, 67.74% ©. 66.74% OD. 68.74% 46. Aliqid dominated geothermal plant wth a single flash separator receives water at 204°C. The 2. The crank of a double acting steam engine rotales at 220 rpm. The bore and stroke of the separator pressure is 1.04 Mpa. A direct contact condenser operates at 0.034 Mpa. The turbine steam engine i 300 mm x470 mm, andthe mean effective pressure acting upon the pistons has a polytropic efficiency of 0.85. For a cycle output of 40 MW, what isthe mass flow rate of 48 kolem. Find the indicated horsepower developed in the cylinder the wellwater in kgis? A208: hy = 870.51 Kilkg A. 144.14KW (8) 144.14np C. 150.14hp D. 153.51 KW ‘At 1.04 Mpa! 70:38 hy = 20082 hy = 27796 sy = 0.5720 A. Steam enters a steam engine at 2 Mpa and 230°C and exit at 0.1 Mpa, Steam consumption is ‘810.034 Mpa: ty = 301.40 23288 © = 0.9793 Sq = 6.7463 ‘So%gmy. betemine the eguaant Rank Aan’ Sn (Chis 8 2 A 31.22% — B 21.22% D. 22.12% 417. Ground water in @ Geothermal Plant has'@ ground water flow of 46 ky/s. ithe quality of hot 4, The indicated efficiency of a steam engine is 65%. The engine entrance is 2600 Kiikg and exit water entering the flash tank is 12%, find the mass of steam entering the turbine. ‘A552 kgis —-B. 254kgIs| C.340kg/s —_D. 4.80 kgls 43,75 KW D._70 KW 48, In aT MW geothermal power plant, the mass flow of steam entering the turbine is 27 kos. 122100 kag, stan coneumption 9000 Kg and mechanical fen sSO%, hal the brake power ofthe engine? A SSW. B. 84 KW € A steam engine 16° x 24" runs at 250 rpm. The diameter of piston rod is 2.5 in. The indicator “The quality after trotting is 23% and enthalpy of ground water is 730 Kifkg. Determine the card is 3.5 in long and the area of the head ends 1.96 sq, in. Area of the crank end card is ‘overall efficiency of the plant. A. 15.72% B. 15.49% (C) 15.17% D. 15.38% +186 sq in. Spring scale is 800 Ib. In the test, a prony brake with 10 f lever arm registered an 49. Steam in a Rankine cycle is expanded from a 200 psia saturated vapor state to 20 psia, The faverege load on the scale of 100 pain. Wha ia the machanioal effeioney of tho engine? turbine has an effioncy of 0.8. What isthe actual enthalpy afler expansion. ‘A. 86.50% B. 6800% C.8220% —_D. 84.10% "At 200 psia (saturated vapor): h= 1199.3 Btulb, s= 1.5466 Btub-R 6. Astoam engine has 10% brake thermal efficiency and consumes 750 kginr steam. The enthalpy ‘AL20 pia: sj = 0.3959 Btulb-R, Sy = 1.3963 Btullb-R, ty = 196.2 Btulb, hy = 960.2 ‘of steam at the entrance and exit ofthe engine are 2800 and 450 Kalkg respectively. Determine ‘A. 060.2 Btulb B, 986.1 Biull C. 1028.7 Btullb(O) 1062.8 Btulb the brake power ofthe enginein KW. A. 87 8. 76 49 D. 36 20. A 150 MW turbo-generator requires 700,000 kg of steam erhour at rated load and 22,000 kg 7. Availabie enthalpy of turbine is Ah = 1200 Kika, turbine efficiency is 75%, full load capactty is pet hour at zero load. Calculate the steam rte in kg/KW-hour at 75% ofits rated load, 4300 kw, Find the ful foad steam consumption in hgh. A 583 8. 472 Coast D, 6.32 A234 B. Ast 6) 4.0 D. 7.45 21. A 10 NW steam turbine-generator pow8r plant has a ful load steam rate of 5.5 kg/KW-hr. No 8. A steam condenser receives 12 kg/s of steam with an enthalpy of 2670 Kutkg. Steam Tod steam consumption is around 10% of the full load steam consumption. Calculate the ‘condenses into a quid and leaves with an enthalpy of 260 Kuk, Cooling water passes housy-stearn consumption at haf load in kor. through the condenser with temperature Increasas trom 13 degrees C to 28°C. Calculate the (Aj30250— iB. 29630. 32510. 31820 water flow rate inkgis. A. 533 818 hohe bon, 1th 22. ASMU steam turbine generator power plant has a fulHoad steam rate of 60 kg/KWéhr. A. Steam expands adiabaticaly ina turbine from 2500 kp, 400°C to 350 kpa, 240°C. What is the ‘Assuring no-load consumption at 10% ofthe fultload. Compute the hourly steam cffectiveness ofthe process in percent essumning an atmospheric pressure of 18°C. Neglect consumption at 80% load in kg/hr, A. 14500 CB) 19200 C. 26500 D. 35600 ‘changes in kinetic and potential energy. Steam Propertis are: At 2500 Kpa and 400°C: 28, Aboiler uses 2400 kg of eoal por hour and air required for combustion is 15 kg per kg coal. i n= 32303 8 = 7.0148. At 350Kpaand 240°C: b= 2058 8 = T4174 fash loss is 10%, determine the mass of gas entering the chimney. A. 6t B72 ©. 80 D. 86 A42,.250 kg/hr CB. )88,160 kglhr 40,250 ky, 97,200 kale 40. Aheal exchanger was installed purposely to coo! 0.80 kg of gas per second, Molecular weight 24, The gas density of chimney s 0.75 kg/m and air density of 1.167 kgim® ithe driving is 28 and k= 1.52. The gas is cooled from 150 °C to 70°C. Water is available al the rate of pressure is 0.26 kpa, determine the height of the chimney. 10.50 kgls and at @ temperature of 14°C. Calculate the exit temperature ofthe water in °C. A.65Tim (B)6356m —C.6463m —_.87.2m AaB B42 ©. 46 5144 25. The actual velocty of Gas entering in a chimney is 5 mis . The gas temperature is 25°C and ‘11. A steam turbine with 00% stage efficiency receives steam ai’5 Mpa and 860°C and exhausts pressure of 97 kpa vith a gas constant of 0.287 kilkg-k. Determine the chimney diameter if 8 50 Kpa, Dotermine the turbine work. AtS Mpa and S60°C: hy = 9550.3, 5) = 7.1218 mas oa in .000kaIw.(AYIE2m | Baym |G Asm 0. 82m ‘ACO Kpa: hy = 340.49) 2305.4 sy = 1.001 sq = 6.5029 26, ‘Keoal fred steam boiler us0s 3,000 kg of coal per hour. Air required for combustion i, 15.6 A117 Kika 8. 132 Kika (C) 984.60 Kika D, 143 Kk Kgikg of coal at barometric pressure of 98.2 kpa. The flue gas has temperature of 285°C and An inn co tae ine me symrage moar wt of 30 Aang na esl 14 an ene