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Design of Concrete Structure II

Dr. Kamaran S. Ismail

Columns

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Introduction
Columns are members used primarily to support axial compressive loads and
have a ratio of height to the least lateral dimension of 3 or greater. In
reinforced concrete buildings, concrete beams, floors, and columns are cast
monolithically, causing some moments in the columns due to end restraint.
Moreover, perfect vertical alignment of columns in a multistory building is not
possible, causing loads to be eccentric relative to the center of columns. The
eccentric loads will cause moments in columns. Therefore, a column subjected
to pure axial loads does not exist in concrete buildings.

Types of Columns
Columns may be classified based on the following different categories:
1. Based on loading
• Axially loaded columns, where loads are assumed acting at the center of the
column section.
• Eccentrically loaded columns, where loads are acting at a distance e from the
center of the column section. The distance e could be along the x or y axis,
causing moments either about the x or y axis.
• Biaxially loaded columns, where the load is applied at any point on the
column section, causing moments about both the x and y axes simultaneously.

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2. Based on length
• Short columns, where the column’s failure is due to the crushing of concrete
or the yielding of the steel bars under the full load capacity of the column.
• Long columns, where buckling effect and slenderness ratio must be taken into
consideration in the design, thus reducing the load capacity of the column
relative to that of a short column.
3. Based on the shape of the cross section
• Square
• Rectangular
• Round
• L-shaped
• Octagonal
• Any desired shape with an adequate side width or dimensions.

4. Based on column ties

• Tied columns containing steel ties to confine the main longitudinal bars in the
columns. Ties are normally spaced uniformly along the height of the column.
• Spiral columns containing spirals (spring-type reinforcement) to hold the main
longitudinal reinforcement and to help increase the column ductility before
failure. In general, ties and spirals prevent the slender, highly stressed
longitudinal bars from buckling and bursting the concrete cover.
5. Based on frame bracing
Columns may be part of a frame that is
• Braced against sidesway
• Unbraced against sidesway.
In braced frames, columns resist mainly gravity loads, and shear walls resist
lateral loads and wind loads. In unbraced frames, columns resist both gravity and
lateral loads, which reduces the load capacity of the columns.

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6. Based on materials
• Reinforced concrete columns
• Prestressed concrete columns
• composite column (containing rolled steel sections such as I-sections), or a
combination of rolled steel sections and reinforcing bars.
Concrete columns reinforced with longitudinal reinforcing bars are the most
common type used in concrete buildings.

Behavior of Axially Loaded Columns

When an axial load is applied to a reinforced concrete short column, the
concrete can be considered to behave elastically up to a low stress of about
(1/3)f′c . If the load on the column is increased to reach its design strength, the
concrete will reach the maximum strength and the steel will reach its yield
strength, fy. The nominal load capacity of the column can be written as follows:

where An and Ast are the net concrete and total steel compressive areas,
respectively.

where Ag is the gross concrete area.

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For a tied column, the concrete fails by crushing and shearing outward, the
longitudinal steel bars fail by buckling outward between ties, and the column
failure occurs suddenly, much like the failure of a concrete cylinder.

A spiral column undergoes a marked yielding, followed by considerable

deformation before complete failure. The concrete in the outer shell fails and
spalls off. The concrete inside the spiral is confined and provides little strength
before the initiation of column failure. A hoop tension develops in the spiral, and
for a closely spaced spiral the steel may yield. A sudden failure is not expected.

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ACI Code Provisions

1. For axially as well as eccentrically loaded columns, the ACI Code sets the
strength reduction factors:
𝜙=0.65 for tied columns.
𝜙=0.75 for spirally reinforced columns.
2. The minimum longitudinal steel percentage is 1%, and the maximum
percentage is 8% of the gross area of the section.
3. At least four bars are required for tied circular and rectangular members and
six bars are needed for circular members enclosed by spirals.
4. Ties for columns must have a minimum diameter of f10mm to enclose
longitudinal bars of f32mm bar or smaller and a minimum diameter of 13mm
for larger bar diameters.

5. Center to center spacing of ties shall not exceed the smallest of 48 times the
tie bar diameter, 16 times the longitudinal bar diameter, or the least dimension
of the member.
6. Clear spacing of ties should be at least 4/3 the nominal maximum size of the
aggregate.

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Design Equations

Ag = gross concrete area

Ast = total steel compressive area
𝜙 = 0.65 for tied columns and 0.75 for spirally reinforced columns
K = 0.8 for tied columns 0.85 for spiral columns. (Because a perfect axially
loaded column does not exist, some eccentricity occurs on the column section).

It is a common practice to use grade 60 (fy = 420MPa) reinforcing steel bars in

columns with a concrete compressive strength of 28MPa or greater to produce
relatively small concrete column sections.

Example -1:
Determine the allowable design axial load on a 300mm square, short tied column
reinforced with four f29mm bars. Ties are f10mm spaced at 300mm. Use f′c =
28MPa and fy = 420MPa.
Solution:

𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝐾 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑔 + 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓𝑐′

𝑃𝑢
= 0.65 × 0.8 0.85 × 28 × 300 × 300 + 4 × 645(420 − 0.85 × 28) × 10−3
= 1645.4 𝑘𝑁

4 × 645
𝜌𝑔 = = 0.0287, 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 8% 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1%.
300 × 300
𝑆 = 48 × 10 = 480𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 = 16 × 29 = 464𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
= 300𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑆 = 300𝑚𝑚 𝑇𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒

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Example -2:
Design a square tied column to support an axial dead load of 1780 kN and a live
load of 1030 kN using f′c = 35 MPa, fy = 420 MPa, and a steel ratio of about 5%.
Design the necessary ties.
Solution:
𝑃𝑢 = 1.2𝐷𝐿 + 1.6𝐿𝐿 = 1.2 × 1780 + 1.6 × 1030 = 3784 𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.05 × 𝐴𝑔

𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝐾 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑔 + 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓𝑐′

3784 × 103 = 0.65 × 0.8 0.85 × 35 × 𝐴𝑔 + 0.05𝐴𝑔 (420 − 0.85 × 35)

𝐴𝑔 = 147717 𝑚𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 384𝑚𝑚

use 400 × 400𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
3784 × 103 = 0.65 × 0.8 0.85 × 35 × 400 × 400 + 𝐴𝑠𝑡 (420 − 0.85 × 35)

6450
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 6450𝑚𝑚2 𝜌𝑔 = = 0.04
400 × 400

Use 8f32mm (Ast =6552 mm2)

Design of ties
Use f10mm
𝑆 = 48 × 10 = 480𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 = 16 × 32 = 512𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
= 400𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑆 = 400𝑚𝑚

Use f10@400mm as column ties

Clear distance between bars is 134mm, which is less than 150mm. Therefore, no
additional ties are required.

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Example -3:
Design a rectangular tied short column to carry a factored axial load of 1765 kN.
Use f′c = 30MPa, fy =400MPa, column width is 300 mm, and a steel ratio of
about 2%.
Solution:
𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 0.02 × 𝐴𝑔

𝑃𝑢 = ∅𝑃𝑛 = ∅𝐾 0.85𝑓𝑐′ 𝐴𝑔 + 𝐴𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑦 − 0.85𝑓𝑐′

1765 × 103 = 0.65 × 0.8 0.85 × 30 × 𝐴𝑔 + 0.02𝐴𝑔 (400 − 0.85 × 30)

102887
𝐴𝑔 = 102887 𝑚𝑚2 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = = 342𝑚𝑚
300
use 300 × 350𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛
Use 6f22mm (Ast = 2280 mm2)

Design of ties
Use f10mm
𝑆 = 48 × 10 = 480𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 = 16 × 22 = 352𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒
= 300𝑚𝑚
∴ 𝑆 = 300𝑚𝑚
Use f10@300mm as column ties

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Problem -1:
Determine the load-bearing capacity of the concentrically loaded short column
shown if fy = 420Mpa and f’c = 21MPa, then design the necessary ties.

Problem -2:
Compute the load-bearing capacity, fPn , of the concentrically loaded short
columns shown below. fy = 420MPa and f’c = 28MPa, then design the necessary
ties.

Column - 1 Column - 2

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Problem -3:
Design an axially loaded short square tied column for Pu = 2600 kN if f’c =
28MPa and fy = 350 MPa. Initially assume ρ = 0.02.

Problem -4:
Design a rectangular tied column with the long side equal to two times the length
of the short side. PD = 2890 kN, PL = 1780 kN, f’c = 21MPa, and fy = 420MPa.
Initially assume that rg = 2%..

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