8

Mathematics
Quarter 2 – Module 4
Domain and Range of a Function
and Illustrating Linear Function

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About the Module

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand Domain and Range of a Function and Illustrating Linear Function. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.

The module is about:

• Lesson 1 – Domain and Range of a function
• Lesson 2 – Graphing a linear function and its domain, range, table of
values, intercepts and slope.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• recall relation and function;

• comprehend the steps in finding the domain and range of a function;
• find the domain and range of a function; and
• graph a linear function and its domain, range, table of values, intercepts and
slope.

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 What I Know (Pre-Test)

Instructions. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter
on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Which graphs are straight line?

A. Parabola C. Linear Function
B. Cubic Function D. Quadratic Function

2. What is the difference between a relation and a function?

A. A relation is an ordered pair which has a degree of one and function has
a degree of two.
B. A relation is the relationship between two numbers while function is the
purpose of a thing.
C. A relation is a set of ordered pairs where there is only one value of y for
every value of x and a function is any set of ordered pairs.
D. A relation is any set of ordered pairs while a function is a set of ordered
pairs where there is only one value of y for every value of x.

3. It is the collection of the second values of the ordered pairs.

A. Domain C. X-axis
B. Range D. Y-axis

4. The domain and range of a function is expressed in the following symbols,

except ______.
A. brackets C. fraction symbol
B. parentheses D. set builder

5. Refer to the graph at the right, what does the solid and open dots indicate?
A. The open dot means the values between 0 to 3 of
the x-axis belongs to the graph and the solid dot
means the values -4 to 1 of the y-axis does not
belong to the graph.
B. The solid dot means the values between 0 to 3 of
the x-axis belongs to the graph and the open dot
means the values -4 to 1 of the y-axis does not
belong to the graph.
C. The open dot indicates that (3,-4) belongs to the
graph and the solid dot indicate that (0, 1)
does not belong to the graph.
D. The solid dot indicates that (3,-4) belongs to the
graph and the open dot indicate that (0, 1)
does not belong to the graph.

6. What is the domain and range of the given x -2 -1 0 1

table of values? y 2 -3 -6 8

A. Domain: {-2,-1, 0, 1 } C. Domain: { 2, -3, -6, 8}

Range: { 2, -3, -6, 8} Range: {-2,-1, 0, 1 }
B. Domain: {0, 1 } D. Domain: {-2, -1, -3, 4}

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 Range: { 2, 8} Range: { -6, -3, 2, 5}
7. What are the intercepts of f(x) = 2x + 1?
A. a = -1/2 , b = 1 C. a = -1 , b = 1/2
B. a = -1 , b = 1 D. a = 1/2 , b = 1

8. Which of the following shows the graph of y = 2x – 1?

A. C.

B. D.

9. If the slope of the equation y = 1/3(x + 1) is 1/3, how many units is the rise
and run?
A. Rise is 3 units and the run is 3 units
B. Rise is 1/3 units and the run is 1 unit
C. Rise is 1 unit and the run is 3 units
D. Rise is 1 unit and run is 1/3 unit

10. Find the slope of a graph for the following function f(3) = -1 and f(-8) = -6.
A. 5/11 C. 11/5
B. -5/11 D. -11/5

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 Domain and Range of a
Lesson

1 Function
What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

o recall relation and function;
o comprehend the steps in finding the domain and range of a
function; and
o find the domain and range of a function using set builder and
internal notation.

What’s In

ACTIVITY 1.1 – Cause and Effect!

Instructions: Match the following causes of calamities to its effect and answer the
following questions. Write your answer on another sheet of paper.

CAUSES (X) EFFECTS (Y)

____1. Illegal logging a. water pollution

____2. Factory smoke b. air pollution
____3. Improper waste disposal c. landslide

QUESTIONS:
1. What can you say about the matching of the causes and effect?
2. Does the cause have one equivalent effect in the column?
3. In relation to Mathematics, how do we call the causes? How about the
effects?
4. Write all ordered pairs based on your answer.
5. Is the cause and effect activity an example of a function? Yes or No? Why?
6. How do you define a function?

In relation to Mathematics, the cause can be called as the x-coordinates or the

domain and the effects are the y-coordinates or the range. Upon answering the
activity, this will lead you to the concept that you are about to learn in this module.
Now, let’s proceed.

What’s New

From the given activity in the previous section. Let us plot the coordinates
in the cartesian coordinate plane. Represent the x-coordinates with

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(𝑥1 (𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔) , 𝑥2(𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑘𝑒) , 𝑥3(𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑙 ) and the y-coordinates with
(𝑦1(𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) , 𝑦2(𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) , 𝑦3(𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑒) ).

𝑥1 , 𝑦3 1. Is the graph a function? Why do you say

so?
2. What can you say about the denoted
ordered pairs?
𝑥2 , 𝑦2 3. What generalization can you draw from
𝑥3 , 𝑦1
the plotted points?

Based on the activity, you were able to learn that the ordered pairs are composed
of x and y and all x-values are the domains and all the y-values are the range. You
were also able to recall that a function relates an input to an output. In this module,
you will be able to learn more on finding the domain and range of a function.

What Is It

DEFINITION OF TERMS:
DOMAIN – a collection of the first values in the ordered pair (Set of all
input (x) values).

RANGE – a collection of the second values in the ordered pair (Set of all
output (y) values)
The domain and range of a function is expressed in set builder notation
symbol { } or interval notation symbols parentheses ( ) or brackets [ ].

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES:

Find the domain and range of the given set of ordered pairs.

EXAMPLE EXPLANATION
1.
All elements in x are the domain and all
x -2 -1 0 1 elements in y are the range.
y 2 -3 -6 8

DOMAIN: {−𝟐, −𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏}

RANGE: {𝟐, −𝟑, −𝟔, 𝟖}

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2.
3 All the inputs at the left diagram are the
5 7 domain and the output at the right is the
8 range. The diagram shows a function.

DOMAIN: {𝟑, 𝟓, 𝟖}
RANGE: {𝟕}

3. Relation The first values in the ordered pairs are

the domain and the second values are the
{(-1, 3), {3, 4), (6, -7), (-1, 3)} range.

DOMAIN: {−𝟏, 𝟑, 𝟔} NOTE: Duplicates should not be

RANGE: {−𝟕, 𝟑, 𝟒} considered in writing the domain and
range and write the values in increasing
order.
4.
(DOMAIN)
The graph continues to go up toward the
left and up toward the right therefore, the
domain contains all real numbers, from
negative infinity to positive infinity.

(x such that x is the set of real numbers)

(RANGE)
The minimum value of the y-value is zero
DOMAIN: {𝒙|𝒙𝝐ℝ} (0) and the graph continues to extend
(−∞, +∞) upward, the range contains all real
numbers greater than or equal to 0.
RANGE: {𝒚|𝒚 ≥ 𝟎}
[𝟎, +∞) NOTE: You can write the domain or range
in interval notation [ ) or set builder
notation {}.
5.
y
(DOMAIN)
The graph contains the lowest x-value
which is -4 because of the shaded
point/solid dot and continues to extend
toward the right with no ending or positive
infinity so the domain is from the -4 to the
positive infinity or x is greater than or
x equal to -4.

(RANGE)
The minimum value of the y-value is zero
DOMAIN: [−𝟒, +∞) (0) to positive infinity as the graph
{𝒙|𝒙 ≥ −𝟒} continues to go up therefore, the range
contains all non-negative real numbers
RANGE: [𝟎, +∞) from zero to positive infinity or in other
{𝒚|𝒚 ≥ 𝟎} words, y is greater than or equal to zero.

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 Note: The domain and range are always
written from smaller to larger values or
left to right for domain and from bottom to
top for the range.

6. y
(DOMAIN)
The x-value at the left side ends from -3
going to the right and ends to positive 3 so
the domain x is greater than -3 but less
than positive 3.

(RANGE)
x The y-value of the graph starts from
positive 1 and ends up to positive 5.
Therefore, the range in set builder
notation is y is greater than 1 but less
than 5.
DOMAIN: [-3,3]
{𝒙|−𝟑 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑}
NOTE: The solid dot indicate that a
RANGE: [1,5] certain point belongs to the graph and the
{𝒚| 𝟏 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝟓} open dot indicates that the point does not
belong to the graph.
7.
(DOMAIN)
One point of the graph is not shaded and
the other end is shaded which means the
x-value starts with zero and ends at
positive 3 or x is greater than zero but less
than or equal to positive 3.

(RANGE)
For the vertical extent, the y-value is from
negative 4 to 1 or y is greater or equal to
negative 4 but less than one because 1 is
DOMAIN: (0,3] not included.
{𝒙|𝟎 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑}
NOTE: The solid dot indicate that a
RANGE: [−4,1) certain point belongs to the graph and the
{𝒚|−𝟒 ≤ 𝒚 < 𝟏} open dot indicates that the point does not
belong to the graph.

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 READ THIS!

A function can be written in the form of f: x y or f(x) = y, where f is the

function name, x as the input and y is the output and is read as f of x equals
y. Take note that f can be represented by any variables which denotes as
functions. f(x) denoted the y-value (element of the range) that the function f
associates with x-value. Thus, f(1) denotes the value of y at x = 1. f(x) does
not mean f times 1.

Example:
Consider the rule or the function f defined by f(x) = 3x – 1.
If x = 2, then the value of the function would be 5.

Solution:
f(x) = 3x – 1 Rule/Function
f(2) = 3(2) – 1 Substituting x by 2
f(2) = 6 – 1 Simplification
f(2) = 5 Simplification

The input is 2 (the value of x) and the output is 5 (the value of y or f(x)).

Now, find the domain and range of

the following: (DOMAIN)
Substitute any values of t in the equation
1 1
8. Given the function (𝑡) = 𝑡+2 , 𝑡+2 to check if all values can result to any
find its domain and range. real numbers or if there is an exception.

DOMAIN: {𝒕|𝒕𝝐ℝ; 𝒕 ≠ −𝟐} The domain (t) is the set of all positive and
1
negative real numbers except for -2 as 𝑡+2
when t is substituted by -2, the answer will
be undefined.
To get the range, solve for t in terms
of y.
1 (RANGE)
𝑓(𝑡) = 𝑡+2

1
y = 𝑡+2
f(t) will be equal to y
(t+2)(y) = 1 Cross multiply
ty + 2y = 1 Simplify
ty + 2y-2y = 1-2y Additive inverse
ty = 1- 2y
ty = 1- 2y
y y Divide both sides by y to get t
1−2𝑦
t=
𝑦
Given the equation, the range is the set of
RANGE: {𝒚|𝒚𝝐ℝ; 𝒚 ≠ 𝟎} all real numbers except y should not be
equal to zero as it will result to undefined.

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 9. Consider the function y = √𝑥 + 2 .
Find the domain and range.
(DOMAIN)
To get the domain, solve for y in Substitute any values of x in the equation
terms of x. y = √𝑥 + 2 to solve y in terms of x. In solving,
x must not be equal to -3 to infinity as it
DOMAIN: [−𝟐, +∞) will result to an imaginary number. The
{𝒙|𝒙 ≥ −𝟐} domain is the set of x such that x is greater
than or equal to -2. Domain can also be the
value of x from -2 to positive infinity.

To get the range, solve for x in (RANGE)

terms of y.
y = √𝑥 + 2
(y)² = (√𝑥 + 2 )² Extract the radicand by multiplying both
y² = x + 2 sides by the exponent 2.
y²-2 = x + 2 – 2 Add both sides by the additive inverse of 2
y²-2 = x which is -2 to get x
x = y²-2 Rewrite.

RANGE: {𝒚|𝒚 ≥ 𝟎} The y-value is greater than or equal to zero.

TAKE NOTE!
In finding the domain and range of a function involving:
1. Radicals with an even index: Radicands must be nonnegative; the
radicand must be greater than or equal to zero.
2. Fractions: Denominators must not be equal to zero.

What’s More

ACTIVITY 1.2 – Check your understanding!

A. Instructions. Find the domain and range of a function.

1. 2.

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 2𝑥
3. g(x) = x² + 4 4. h(x) = 5. 𝑓(𝑥) = √𝑥 2 + 1
1+𝑥

What I Need To Remember

• Domain is a collection of the first values in the ordered pair and Range
is a collection of the second values in the ordered pair.
• The domain and range of a function is expressed in set builder notation
symbol { } or interval notation symbols parentheses ( ) or brackets [ ].
• f(x) denoted the y-value (element of the range) that the function f associates
with x-value. f(x) does not mean f times x. f(x) = y is read as f of x equals
y.
• The solid dot of a graph indicates that a certain point belongs to the
graph and the open dot indicates that the point does not belong to the
graph.
•

Illustrating a Linear
Lesson

2 Function
What I Need To Know

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

o recall domain and range of a function; and
o graph a linear function and its domain, range, table of values,
intercepts and slope.

What’s In

Activity 2.1 – Domain and Range!

Instructions: Fill in the blanks. Complete each statement with the correct
word/phrase.

1. _________ is the collection of the x-values in the ordered pair.

2. The ________ dot indicate that a certain point belongs to the graph and the
_______ dot indicates that the point does not belong to the graph.
3. The domain and range of a function is expressed in __________ symbol { } or
___________ symbols, parentheses ( ) or brackets [ ].
4. In finding the domain and range of function, _________ and _______ must be
considered thus one must not be negative and the denominator must not be
equal to zero.
5. In finding the domain and range of a function, radicands must be ___________
to zero.

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 What’s New

Astrid is asking about her assignment regarding the plotting of points in the
coordinate plane. Help her plot the following points and label.
A(0,5) B (3,3) C (6,1)

1. What line can you form from

plotting the points in the
coordinate plane?
2. Is the graph a function?
3. What do you call the graph
which formed a straight line when
plotted?

In this lesson, you will be learning more about linear function.

What Is It

Linear Functions are graphs which is a straight line and has the form of
f(x) = mx + b where m and b are real numbers. Its graph is a line with slope (m) and
y-intercept (b).

CONDITIONS:
- If m ≠ 0 then the degree of the function is one.
- If m = 0 and b ≠ 0 then the degree of the function is one.
- If m = 0 and b = 0 then the degree of the function is not defined.

A linear function can be written in any of the following forms:

LINEAR FUNCTION FORM
Slope-intercept form f(x) = mx + b ; where m is the slope and b is the y-
intercept
Point-Slope form y – y1 = m(x – x1) or f(x) = y1 + m(x – x1)
“Taylor” Form
General Form Ax + By = C ; if A= 0, then the graph is horizontal line at
y=b

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES:

IS IT A y-
FUNCTION LINEAR REASON Slope intercept
FUNCTION (m) (b)
OR NOT?

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10
 1. The highest exponent
f(x) = 5x + 2 YES (degree) of x is one and 5 2
written in the form of
f(x) = mx + b

2. It has a degree of one and can

g(x) = -x YES be written as g(x) = -1x + 0 -1 0

3. The highest degree or

f(x) = 2x² + 8x + 3 NO exponent of x is 2 and it
shows a quadratic

GRAPHING A LINEAR FUNCTION

A linear function can be described using its graph.

To graph a linear function:

Step 1: Find the 2 points which satisfy the equation;
Step 2: Plot them; and
Step 3: Connect the points with a straight line.
A linear function can also be graphed using the y-intercept and slope. Here are the
steps.
1. Evaluate the function at an input value of zero to find the y-intercept;
2. Identify the slope as the rate of change of the input value;
3. Plot the point represented by the y-intercept;
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
4. Use to determine at least two more points on the line; and
𝑟𝑢𝑛
5. Sketch the line that passes through the points.

GENERAL NOTE OF A LINEAR FUNCTION

In the equation f(x)=mx+b
• b is the y-intercept of the graph and indicates the point (0, b) at
which the graph crosses the y-axis.
• m is the slope of the line and indicates the vertical displacement
(rise) and horizontal displacement (run) between each successive
pair of points. Recall the formula for the slope:

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES:

Example 1: Graph the equation y = 5x - 10

Solution:
Equation: y = 5x + 10
Let x = 1 GRAPH – Example 1

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6
 y = 5x - 10
y = 5(1) - 10 Substitute
y = 5 - 10 Simplify
y = -5

Let x = 3
y= 5x - 10
y= 5(3) - 10 Substitute
y= 15 - 10 Simplify
y= 5

Therefore, the ordered pairs are (1, -5) and (3,5)

Example 2: Determine the values of the function f if f(x) = 2x – 1 at x = -3, 0, and 2.

Solution:
If x = -3,
f(x) = 2x – 1
f(-3) = 2(-3) – 1
f(-3) = -6 – 1
f(-3) = -7, which means the value of f at x = -3 is -7.
Take note, f(x) = y so y = -7. So, the ordered pair is (-3, -7).

If x = 0
Let f(x) = y
f(x) = 2x – 1 GRAPH – Example 2
y = 2x – 1
y = 2(0) – 1
y=0–1
y = -1
so, the ordered pair is (0, -1)

If x = 2,
Let f(x) = y
f(x) = 2x – 1
y = 2x – 1
y = 2(2) – 1
y = 4 -1
y=3
so, the ordered pair is (2,3)

This implies that the graph of the function f will pass through (-3, -7), (0, -1) and
(2,3). The values in the ordered pair can also be written in the table of values below.

x -3 0 2
f(x) -7 -1 3

Example 3: Graphing using y-intercept and slope.

1
Consider the equation y = x +1 and graph.
2

6
12
Solution: Since the equation is in the form
of y = mx + b, we can identify the slope and
y-intercept.

The y-intercept is the point on the graph

when x = 0. The y-intercept is at (0,1). Since
1 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
the slope is and we know that 𝑚= .
2 𝑟𝑢𝑛
1
From the equation, the slope means that
2
the rise is 1 and the run is 2. Since the
slope is positive, our expected graph slants
upward from left to right.

To graph, plot the y-intercept (0, 1), from

there, rise 1 upward then run 2 units to
right then connect the points to form a line.
See graph at the right.

Example 4: Graphing using intercepts.

Given the equation 5x – 4y = 2

Solution: To find the x- intercept, set y = 0 and solve for x.

To find the y-intercept, set x = 0 and solve for y.

Let x = 0
5x – 4y = 2
5(0) – 4y = 2
-4y = 2 To graph, plot the ordered pairs of the
x and y- intercepts.
-4y = 2
-4 -4
2
y = −4
1
y = −2
1
−2 is the y-intercept
1
so, the ordered pair is (0, − 2)

Let y = 0
5x – 4y = 2
5x – 4(0) = 2
5x = 2
5x = 2
5 5
2
x=
5

2
is the x-intercept
5
2
so, the ordered pair is ( , 0)
5

13
6
 What’s More

ACTIVITY 2.2 – LINEAR OR NOT?

A. Instructions. Determine whether each is a linear function or not. Write YES if it

is a linear function and NO if it is not. Write the degree of the function. If the item
is a linear function, identify the slope and the y-intercept. Number one is done as
an example.

IS IT A y-
FUNCTION LINEAR REASON Slope intercept
FUNCTION (m) (b)
OR NOT?
1. The highest exponent
f(x) = 5x + 2 YES (degree) of x is one and 5 2
written in the form of
f(x) = mx + b
2. g(x) = -7x²
3. h(x) = -9x - 2
4. f(x) = -5
5. f(x) = 3(x-2)
6. g(x) = -2x³ + 2x
7. h(x) = -(x + 4)
8. f(x) = 2x²-4+1
9. f(x) = 2x
1
10. h(x) = (x + )
2

B. Instructions. Do what is ask.

1. Consider the function h defined by h(x) = 3x - 1. Find the values of the
function, complete the following table and illustrate the graph:

x 0 1 2 3 4
h(x)

1
2. Given the equation, f(x) = x + , graph the equation using slope and y-
2
intercept.

3. Give the x and y-intercept of the function f(x) = 4x + 7 and graph.

What I Need To Remember

14
• Linear Functions are graphs which is a straight line and has the form of
f(x) = mx + b where m and b are real numbers. Its graph is a line with slope
(m) and y-intercept (b).
• A linear function can be described using its graph.

6
14
 What I Can Do

I. Instructions. Find the range of the following linear function given the domain
{−2, −1,0,1,2}

1. f(x) = -6x – 4
2. f(x) = -3x
3. f(x) = 2x + 5
4. f(x) = 4-x
2𝑥
5. f(x) =
𝑥−3

II. Instructions. Find the domain and range of the following function.

1. 2. f(x) = 3x + 3
3. f(x) = -6x - 3
4. f(x) = 10x
1
5. f(x) = − 2x - 3

III. Instructions. Plot the values below in the

coordinate plane and determine
whether the function below is linear given the table. Write L if it is linear and NL
if it is not.
1. 2.

x -2 -1 0 1 2 x -3 -2 -1 0 1
f(x) -3 -1 1 3 5 f(x) 9 4 0 4 9

3. 4.

x -2 -1 0 1 2 x 1 2 3 4 5
f(x) ½ 1 2 4 8 f(x) -2 -1 0 1 2

IV. Instructions. Graph the following based on the given.

1. f(x) = 3x

x -2 -1 0 1 2
f(x)

1
2. f(x) = 2(-x − 2)

x -4 -2 0 2 4
f(x)

3. x – intercept = 1, y- intercept = 5 4. a = -5 , b = 6
5. f(x) = 2x – 1 (show the x and y -intercepts) 6. m = 2, b = 9
7. f(x) = -5x + 1 (show the slope and y-intercept

15
6
 Assessment (Post Test)

Instructions. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a
separate sheet of paper.

1. Which of the following does not describe a Linear function?

A. These are graphs which are straight line.
B. These are graphs in the form of y = mx + b.
C. It is an equation with slope and y-intercept.
D. It is an equation which is raised to the power of two.

2. Which of the following is true in finding the domain and range of a function?
A. The denominator of the domain and range must not equal to zero.
B. The domain are the outputs of the function and the range is the input.
C. The domain and range of a function must be written in interval notation
only.
D. If there is a radical, the radicand must be negative and less than or
equal to zero.

3. It is the collection of the first values of the ordered pairs.

A. Domain C. X-axis
B. Range D. Y-axis

4. What is the domain of f(x) = 3x?

A. {𝒙|𝒙𝝐ℝ} C. {𝒙|𝒙 ≥ 𝟑}
B. {𝒙|𝒙 ≤ 𝟑} D. {𝒙|𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟑}

5. Which of the following is not a linear function?

A. f(x) = 3x – 6 C. y = 5x + 9
B. h(x) = 2x² + 5 D. h(x) = 6x

6. If f(x) = 5x – 2, what is f(2)?

A. 5 C. 12
B. 8 D. 14

7. What are the intercepts of f(x) = 9x + 3?

A. a = -3 , b = 1/3 C. a = 3 , b = 1/3
B. a = 1/3 , b = -3 D. a = -1/3 , b = 3

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8. Which of the following shows the graph of f(x) = − 3 𝑥 + 5?
A. C.

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 B. D.

9. Given the slope 3 and the y-intercept 4, what is the graph of the line?
A. C.

B. D.

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10. Jenny is having a hard time getting the range of the function 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥+2, you
want to help Jenny solve the problem so what is the answer?
A. {𝒚|𝒚 ≥ 𝟎} C. {𝒚|𝒚𝝐ℝ; 𝒚 ≠ −𝟐}
B. {𝒚|𝒚𝝐ℝ; 𝒚 ≠ 𝟎} D. {𝒚|𝒚𝝐ℝ; 𝒚 ≠ 𝟑}

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