TRAINING CFD

#DAY 1
By: Haidar Fakhri
 TRAINING AGENDA
DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3 DAY 4

CFD MESH FLUENT WORKSHOP

INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
- Pengenalan CFD - Pengenalan Mesh - Pengenalan Fluent - Pembuatan simulasi
- User Interface ANSYS - User Interface - User Interface
- PC Requirement - Meshing Method - Boundary Condition
- Pengenalan Space - Global Mesh Control - Solver setting
Claim - Local Mesh
- User Interface - Mesh Quality

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WORKBENCH INTERFACE FOR FLUENT

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FLUENT LAUNCHER

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FLUENT INTERFACE

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FLUENT INTERFACE

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Material Properties
• Fluent provides a standard • Select Materials in the Project Setup tree
database of materials and the • Or Define  Materials... in the Menu bar
ability to create a custom
user-defined database

• Your choice of physical models

may require multiple materials
and dictate which material
properties must be defined
– Multiphase (multiple materials)
– Combustion (multiple species)
– Heat transfer (thermal conductivity)
– Radiation (emissivity and absorptivity)

• Material properties can be customized as function of temperature, mass fraction or

pressure (density)
– Use of other solution variable(s) requires a User-Defined Function (UDF)

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Materials Databases
• Fluent materials database
– Provides access to a number
of pre-defined fluid, solid and
mixture materials
– Materials can be copied to
the case file and edited if
required

• User-Defined material database

– Custom databases can be created, accessed
and modified from the standard materials
panel in Fluent

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Available Boundary Condition Types
• External Boundaries • Internal Boundaries
– General – Fan
• Pressure Inlet – Interior
• Pressure Outlet – Porous Jump
– Radiator
– Incompressible – Wall
• Velocity Inlet
• Outflow (not recommended) outlet
orifice
– Compressible wall
• Mass Flow Inlet
• Pressure Far Field

– Other
• Wall
• Symmetry
• Axis
• Periodic
plate
– Special plate-shadow
• Inlet / Outlet Vent
• Intake / Exhaust Fan inlet

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 Changing Boundary Condition Types
• Zones and zone types are initially
defined in the preprocessing phase

• To change the boundary condition type

for a zone:
– Choose the zone name in the Zone list
– Select the type you wish to change it to in the
Type pull-down list

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Velocity Inlet
• Velocity Specification Method
– Magnitude, Normal to Boundary
– Components
– Magnitude and Direction
– Turbulence quantities (if applicable)
• Covered in Day 2
– Thermal conditions (if applicable)
• Covered in Day 2

• Applies a uniform velocity profile

at the boundary ,unless UDF or profile is used
• Velocity Magnitude input can be negative,
implying that you can prescribe the exit velocity

• Velocity inlets are intended for use in incompressible flows

and are not recommended for compressible flows

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Pressure Inlet
• Required inputs
– Gauge Total Pressure
– Supersonic / Initial Gauge Pressure
– Inlet flow direction
– Turbulence quantities (if applicable)
– Total temperature (if heat transfer and/or compressible)

• Pressure inlet boundary is treated as a loss-free

transition from stagnation to inlet conditions
• Fluent calculates the static pressure and velocity at
the inlet and the mass flux through the boundary
varies depending on the interior solution and
specified flow direction

• Pressure inlets are suitable for both Incompressible:

compressible and incompressible flows
Compressible:

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Mass Flow Inlet
• Required information
– Mass Flow Rate or Mass Flux
– Supersonic/Initial Gauge Pressure
• Static pressure where flow is
locally supersonic; ignored if subsonic
• Will be used if flow field is initialized from this
boundary
– Total Temperature (on Thermal tab)
• Used as static temperature for incompressible flow
– Direction Specification Method

• Total pressure adjusts to accommodate

mass flow inputs
• More difficult to converge than Pressure Inlet

• Mass flow inlets are intended for compressible

flows; however, they can be used for
incompressible flows

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Pressure Outlet
• Required information
– Gauge Pressure (static) – static pressure of the
environment into which the flow exits
• Specified pressure is ignored if flow is locally
supersonic at the outlet
– Backflow quantities – Used as inlet
conditions if/when backflow occurs
(outlet acts like an inlet)

• Can be used as a “free” boundary

in an external or unconfined flow
• Target Mass Flow Rate Option can be applied

• Suitable for compressible and incompressible

flows
– Non-reflecting outlet boundary conditions (NRBC) are available for ideal gas
(compressible) flow

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Outflow
• No pressure or velocity information is required
– Data at exit plane is extrapolated from interior
– Mass balance correction is applied at boundary
– Flow exiting outflow boundary exhibits zero normal
diffusive flux for all flow variables
• Appropriate where the exit flow is fully developed

• Limitations :
– Cannot be used with a pressure inlet boundary
• must use velocity-inlet
• Combination does not uniquely set pressure gradient over whole domain
– Cannot be used for unsteady flows with variable density
• The outflow boundary is intended for use with incompressible flows
• Poor rate of convergence when backflow occurs during iterations
– Cannot be used if backflow is expected in the final solution

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Wall Boundaries
• In viscous flows, no-slip conditions are applied at walls
– Shear stress can be applied
– Wall roughness can be defined for turbulent flows
• Modification of the Logarithmic Standard Wall Function

• More information in moving zone and heat transfer presentation

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Solution Procedure Overview
• The sketch to the right shows the
basic workflow for any simulation
Set the solution parameters
• This lecture will look at all the items
in the chart Initialize the solution
– Solution parameters
• Choosing the solver Enable the solution monitors of interest
• Discretization schemes

– Initialization Calculate a solution

Modify solution
parameters or grid
– Convergence
• Monitoring convergence
Check for convergence
• Stability
– Setting Under-relaxation Yes No
– Setting Courant number
– Setting Pseudo-timestep
• Accelerating convergence Check for accuracy No
– Accuracy
• Grid Independence Yes
• Adaption Stop

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Available Solvers
• There are two kinds of solvers available in Fluent
• Pressure based
• Density based Pressure-Based Density-Based
Segregated Coupled Coupled Implicit Coupled-Explicit

Solve U-Momentum

Solve V-Momentum Solve Mass, Solve Mass,

Solve Mass Momentum, Momentum,
Solve W-Momentum & Momentum Energy, Energy,
Species Species
Solve Mass
Continuity;
Update Velocity

Solve Energy

Solve Species

Solve Turbulence Equation(s)

Solve Other Transport Equations as required

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Pressure-based Solver (PBS)
• The pressure-based solvers Pressure-Based
Segregated Coupled
– Velocity field is obtained from the momentum
equation Solve U-Momentum
– Mass conservation (continuity) is achieved by Solve V-Momentum
solving a pressure correction equation Solve Mass
• Pressure-velocity coupling algorithms are derived by Solve W-Momentum & Momentum
reformatting the continuity equation
Solve Mass
• The pressure equation is derived in such a way that Continuity;
the velocity field, corrected by the pressure, satisfies Update Velocity
continuity

– Energy equation (where appropriate) is solved Solve Energy

sequentially
Solve Species
– Additional scalar equations are also solved in a
segregated (sequential) fashion Solve Turbulence Equation(s)

Solve Other Transport Equations as required

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Density-based Solver (DBS)
• Density-based Solver (DBS) Density-Based
Coupled Implicit Coupled Explicit
– The governing equations of continuity,
momentum, and (where appropriate) energy
and species transport are solved Solve Mass, Solve Mass,
simultaneously (i.e., coupled together) Momentum, Momentum,
Energy, Energy,
– Additional scalar equations are solved in a Species Species
segregated fashion
– The density-based solver can be run implicit or
explicit

Solve Turbulence Equation(s)

Solve Other Transport Equations as required

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Choosing a Solver

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PBS - Pressure-Velocity Coupling
• Pressure-velocity coupling refers to the numerical algorithm which uses a
combination of continuity and momentum equations to derive an equation for
pressure correction when using the PBS

• Five algorithms are available in Fluent

– Semi-Implicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations
(SIMPLE)
• The default scheme, robust (memory efficient)
– Coupled
• Enable the Pressure-based coupled Solver. (faster convergence than segregated)
– SIMPLE-Consistent (SIMPLEC)
• Allows faster convergence than SIMPLE for simple problems (allow high under-relaxation factors)
(e.g., laminar flows with no physical models employed)
– Pressure-Implicit with Splitting of Operators (PISO)
• Useful for unsteady flow problems or for meshes containing cells with higher than average
skewness
– Fractional Step Method (FSM) for unsteady flows only
• Used with the NITA scheme; similar characteristics as PISO (used in LES for example)

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Pressure-Based Coupled Solver: Convergence
• Pressure based coupled solver with default settings
Rotating propeller 1500 rpm SIMPLE: ~2250 iterations Coupled: ~120 iterations

– Approximately 2250 iterations of SIMPLE (default) in 3.5 hours

– Approximately 120 iterations of coupled 13 minutes

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Initialization
• Fluent requires that all solution variables be initialized before starting
iterations
– A realistic initial guess improves solution stability and accelerates convergence
– In some cases a poor initial guess may cause the solver to fail during the first few
iterations

• 5 ways to initialize the flow field

– Standard initialization
– Patch values
– Hybrid initialization (solves potential equation)
– FMG initialization
– Starting from a previous solution

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Convergence Monitors – Residuals
• Residual plots show when the residual values have reached the
specified tolerance
– It is possible to modify or disable the default
checking criterion for convergence
(to prevent the calculation from being stopped
prematurely)

All equations
converged

10-3

10-6

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Convergence vs Accuracy
• A converged solution is not necessarily an accurate solution
– Accuracy depends on :
• Order of the discretization schemes (2nd order schemes are
recommended)
• Mesh resolution
• Boundary Conditions
• Model limitations
• Geometry simplifications
• Precision of the solver (2d/3d or 2ddp/3ddp)
• …

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Convergence vs Accuracy
• A converged solution is not necessarily an accurate solution
– Accuracy depends on :
• Order of the discretization schemes (2nd order schemes are
recommended)
• Mesh resolution
• Boundary Conditions
• Model limitations
• Geometry simplifications
• Precision of the solver (2d/3d or 2ddp/3ddp)
• …

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TERIMA KASIH
HAIDAR F
FOLLOW
@CFDHACK