Acids Bases and Alkalis.

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Acids, Bases and Salts.pdf
Atomic Structure.pdf
Bonding and Structure of Matter.pdf
Chemistry 10 Test F.pdf
Chemistry 11 Test F.pdf
Moles and stoichiometry practice problems.pdf
Oxidation and Reduction.pdf
Separation Techniques.pdf
The Language of Chemistry.pdf
Acids Bases and Alkalis

1. Acids act alike because they all contain:

a) Nitrate b) Hydrogen Ions c) Sulphate Ions d) Chloride Ions

2. The following equation is incomplete. What is X?

2KOH + H2SO4 → X

a) KSO4 + H2O b) K2SO4 + H2O c) KSO4 + 2H2O d) K2SO4 + 2H2O

3. A grade twelve pupil carrying out an experiment in the laboratory accidentally spilled out
hydrochloric acid on a preparation table made of zinc. Which of the following substance
will be produced?

a) Zinc chloride + carbon dioxide c) Zinc chloride + hydrogen

b) Zinc chloride + water d) Zinc chloride + chlorine gas

4. Which oxide reacts with both dilute hydrochloric acid and with aqueous sodium
hydroxide?

a) Aluminium oxide b) Calcium oxide c) Copper (II) oxide d) Iron (II) oxide

5. In which of the following are the oxides classified correctly as acidic, basic, or
amphoteric?

Calcium Oxide Zinc Oxide Carbon Dioxide

a) Basic Amphoteric Acidic

b) Acidic Basic Amphoteric

c) Amphoteric Basic Acidic

d) Amphoteric Acidic Basic

6. Which set of elements is correctly arranged to show the nature of their oxides?

Acidic Oxide Amphoteric Oxide Basic Oxide

a) Chlorine Aluminium Magnesium

b) Chlorine Sulphur Iron

c) Magnesium Aluminium Nitrogen

d) Phosphorus Sulphur Sodium

1
7. Which of the following is not an example of a mineral acid?

a) Ethanoic acid b) Sulphuric acid c) Hydrochloric acid d) Nitric acid

8. The net equation for the reaction between sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide solution
is represented as...

a) 2Na+ + SO42- → Na2SO4

b) H+ + OH- → H2O

c) Na+ + OH- → NaOH

d) 2H+ + SO42- → H2SO4

9. Which compound can form an aqueous solution of Ph 14?

a) Carbon dioxide b) Hydrogen chloride c) Sodium chloride

d) Sodium hydroxide

10. Which property does hydrochloric acid have?

a) It gives a pale blue precipitate with aqueous copper(II) sulphate.
b) It gives a white precipitate with aqueous barium nitrate.
c) It releases ammonia from aqueous ammonium sulphate.
d) It releases hydrogen with zinc powder.
11. Hydrochloric acid is used to clean a metal surface by removing the oxide layer on the
metal. This is because hydrochloric acid has a …..X….. pH and the metal oxide is
…..Y….. What are X and Y?
X Y
a) high acidic
b) high basic
c) low acidic
d) low basic
12. A sample of acid rainwater (pH = 4) is passed down a glass column packed with marble
chippings (calcium carbonate). The water coming from the bottom of the column is
collected in a beaker. The pH is now 6. What causes the change in pH?
a) The acid has been filtered.
b) The acid has been neutralised.
c) The acid is made more concentrated.
d) The acid is precipitated.
2
13. Magnesium burns in air to form magnesium oxide, a white solid. Which of the following
represents the correct equation for the reaction?

a) Mg(S) + O2(g) → MgO2(S) c) 2Mg(S) + O2 (g) → 2MgO(S)

b) Mg(S) + O2 (g) → MgO(S) d) Mg2(S) + O2 (g) → 2MgO2(S)

14. What is the colour of an indicator called Phenolphthalein in dilute acids?

a) Red b) Blue c) Yellow d) Colourless

15. Which of the following combination of substances have naturally – occurring acids in
them?

a) Lemon and Fresh milk c) Common salt and Sour milk

b) Sour milk and Lemon d) Common salt and Lemon

16. Zinc metal reacts with Hydrochloric acid according to the equation below:

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

Which one of the following is the correct ionic equation of the reaction?

a) Zn + 2H+ → Zn+ + H2 c) Zn + H2+ → Zn2+ + H2

b) Zn + 2H → 2Zn+ + H2 d) Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2

17. The chart shows the colour ranges of four different indicators. Which indicator is blue in
an acidic solution?

3
1.

a) Define the following terms and give one example of each:

i. Acid

ii. Indicator

b) What is the difference between a weak and a strong acid?

c) State two characteristics of all acids.

d) What is the basisity of Ethanoic acid; CH3COOH

e) Given that Ethanoic acid is a weak acid, show its ionization in aqueous solution.

4
Salts and Their Preparations

1. What is used to test for the presence of water?

a) anhydrous copper(II) sulphate c) aqueous barium chloride
b) aqueous sodium hydroxide d) Universal indicator paper
2. Which salt could be obtained as an insoluble product of a reaction between a dilute acid
and an aqueous salt?

a) Barium sulphate c) Copper (II) sulphate

b) Magnesium sulphate d) Silver nitrate

3. In the experiment shown, the dilute sulphuric acid is run into the flask of aqueous barium
hydroxide until the reaction is complete.

4. Which of the following salts can be crystallised?

a) Lead (II)sulphate

b) Barium sulphate

c) Silver chloride

d) Sodium sulphate
5. The apparatus shown can be used to prepare aqueous copper (II) sulphate.

6. The presence of nitrates in soil can be shown by warming the soil with aqueous sodium
hydroxide and aluminium foil. Which gas is given off?
a) Ammonia b) carbon dioxide c) nitrogen d)nitrogen dioxide
7. Which one of the following happens when a solution of iron (III) chloride is mixed with a
solution of sodium hydroxide?

a) A gas is evolved b) The solution turns green

c) A brown precipitate is formed d) A green precipitate is formed

8. Ammonia may be made by heating ammonium chloride with

a) Water b) aqueous chlorine c) aqueous sodium hydroxide

d) aqueous sodium nitrate

1. The equation below shows a reaction which can be used to make the salt, silver chloride.

AgNO3 (aq) + NaCl (aq) → AgCl (s) + NaNO3 (aq)

a) Write the ionic equation for the above reaction.

b) What name is given to the process in which an insoluble salt is made?

c) Describe how a pre sample of silver chloride can be obtained from the mixture of
products formed in the reaction.

2. Sodium sulphate can be produces by reacting ammonium sulphate and sodium hydroxide
according to the following equation.

(NH4)2SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH (aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) + 2NH3 (g) + 2H2O (l)

a) Calculate the mass of sodium sulphate produced from 16.4g of ammonium

sulphate.

b) How would you test for the presence of the ammonia produced in the reaction?

3.
Atomic Structure

1. Which of the following atomic particles have almost the same mass as a neutron?

a) Proton b) Electron c) Sodium ion d) Alpha particle

2. Atoms of the Isotopes of an element contain the same number of:

a) Electrons as Neutrons b) Protons as Neutrons c) Neutrons d) Protons

3. A neutral atom has 17 electrons, 17 protons and 18 neutrons. What is its nucleon (mass
number)?

a) 17 b) 34 c) 35 d) 52

4. An element X forms a positive ion with the electronic structure 2, 8, 8. What is the proton
number (atomic number) of X?

a) 16 b) 17 c) 18 d) 19

5. The electronic configuration of the element phosphorus (atomic number 15) is

a) 2, 8, 8 b) 2, 8, 5 c) 5, 8, 2 d) 8, 2, 5

6. Two of the isotopes of oxygen are 16O and 18O. The difference between these two is in the
number of ...

a) Electrons b) Neutrons c) Protons d) Shells

7. Which of the following is formed when a hydrogen atom loses its electrons?

a) An anion b) an alpha particle c) a neutron d) a proton

8. The table shows what some students wrote about the electrical charges on the particles in
an atom. Which student was correct?

Student Proton Electron Neutron

A +1 0 -1

B +1 -1 0

C 0 +1 -1

D -1 +1 0

9. Different atomic forms caused by varying the number of neutrons are called...
a) Isotopes b) elements c) Shells d) alloys

1
10. Two isotopes of an element have..........
a) The same number of neutrons in their nuclei.
b) The same number of protons as well as neutrons.
c) The same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
d) A different number of protons but the same number of neutrons.

1. Which term best describes atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but
different mass numbers.

(a) Isomers (b) Isotopes (c) Alloys (d) Allotropes

11. The chemical properties of an atom (what element it is) are determined by..........
a) Its atomic number. c) Its mass number.
b) Its neutron number. d) All of these are correct.
12. The arrangement of electrons in the shells is called an atom’s
a) electron configuration c) valency
b) atomic number d) mass number
13. Which row gives the outer electronic shell of fluorine and of neon?
9F 10 Ne

a) 7 8
b) 7 10
c) 9 8
d) 9 10
14. Atoms are electrically neutral. This means that they have no overall charge. The reason
why the overall charge of an atom is zero is because…

a) the number of protons in an atom is equal to the number of neutrons

b) the number of protons in an atom is equal to the number of electrons

c) the number of protons in an atom is equal to the mass number

d) the number of protons in an atom is equal to the atomic number

15. Given that Z = Atomic number and A= Mass number. If the number of neutrons is
represented as N, the mass number of an atom can be calculated as:

a) A = Z + N b) A = Z – N c) A = N – Z d) A = Z × N

16. Glucose is one of the end products of Photosynthesis in plants. What is the Relative
Molecular Mass of a glucose molecule C6H12O6?

2
 a) 180 b) 90 c) 24 d) 108

17. Two isotopes of helium are He and He. Which two diagrams show the arrangement of
particles in these two isotopes?

1. Why are the mass numbers of elements in the periodic table not whole numbers, but
contains decimals?

2. The diagrams below show three types of hydrogen atoms.

3
a) State the name of the positively charged particle in the nucleus.
b) What is the name given to atoms with the same number of positive charges in the
nucleus but different numbers of neutrons?
c) State the number of neutrons in a single atom of tritium.
d) Tritium is a radioactive form of hydrogen. State one medical use of radioactivity

4
Bonding and Structure of Matter

1. A neutral atom of potassium has mass number 39 and atomic number 19. How many
protons and electrons are there in potassium ion (K+)?

Protons Electrons

a) 18 18

b) 18 20

c) 19 18

d) 19 20

1. An element X forms an ion X3+. Given the mass number of this element is 60 and its
atomic number is 27. How many electrons, neutrons and protons are there in this ion?

Electrons Neutrons Protons

a) 27 33 27

b) 27 33 30

c) 24 33 27

d) 27 60 24

2. An element X has the atomic number 5 and element Y has atomic number 17. The
formula of the covalent compound that would be formed when they combine is:

a) XY b) XY4 c) XY3 d) XY 4

3. Which molecule contains a double bond?

a) Carbon dioxide b) Chlorine c)Hydrogen chloride d)Methane

4. Which of the following is not a covalent compound?

a) Methanol b) Zinc chloride c) Ammonia d) Carbon tetrachloride

5. Which of the following is most likely to be the melting point of an ionic solid?

a) -182°C b) 0°C c) 144°C d) 943°C

6. An ionic compound is likely to

a) be a gas b) conduct electricity when molten

b) be coloured d) react vigorously with water

1
7. Which one of the following contains ionic (electrovalent) bonds?

a) Chlorine b) Nitrogen gas c) Hydrogen gas d) Lead (II) nitrate

8. Which statement about gaseous hydrogen chloride and solid potassium chloride is
correct?
a) Hydrogen chloride is covalent but potassium chloride is ionic.
b) Hydrogen chloride is ionic but potassium chloride is covalent.
c) They are both covalent compounds.
d) They are both ionic compounds.
9. A positively charged ion is called a............

a) Anion b) Cation c) Radical d) Valency

10. Which compound has ionic bonds?

a) hydrogen chloride b) methane c) sodium chloride d) water
11. A Chlorine atom has 7 electrons in the outermost shell (valence electrons). What is the
valency of Chlorine?

a) 7 b) 35.5 c) 1 d) 17

12. The electronic configuration of an ion is 2.8.8. What could this ion be?

1. An element X has seven (7) electrons in the outer most shell.

a) What is the valency of this element?

b) Write formula for its ion when X undergoes ionic bonding.

c) Write the ionic equation to show how this ion is formed.

d) Write down the formula of the compound formed when X reacts with Hydrogen
which has one electron in its outermost shell.

e) List 3 characteristics of ionic or electrovalent compounds.

2
2. An element has an ion with a charge of +3 and its atomic (proton) number is 27. How
many electrons are in this ion?

3. An element has 7 valency electrons. What is the valency of this element?

4. Bonding is defined as the combination of atoms with each other to form bonds.

a) What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonding?

b) What is meant by the term covalency?

c) An oxygen atom share electrons with two hydrogen atoms to form a water
molecule. Give the name of this type of bonding.

d) List two (2) characteristics of covalent compounds.

3
CHEMISTRY 5124

TIME ALLOWED: 1HOUR 30MINUTES

INSTRUCTIONS: Circle the correct option in Section A and write answers for Section B on
separate paper. Write your names and date in the spaces below.

Name: _______________________________________________ Date: ___________________

SECTION A (Marks). Answer all questions.

1. Atoms are electrically neutral. This means that they have no overall charge. The reason why
the overall charge of an atom is zero is because…

(a) the number of protons in an atom is equal to the number of neutrons

(b) the number of protons in an atom is equal to the number of electrons

(c) the number of protons in an atom is equal to the mass number

(d) the number of protons in an atom is equal to the atomic number

2. A positively charged ion is called a

(a) Anion b) Cation c) Radical d) Valency

3. A Chlorine atom has 7 electrons in the outermost shell (valence electrons). What is the
valency of Chlorine?

(a) 7 b) 35.5 c) 1 d) 17

4. Glucose is one of the end products of Photosynthesis in plants. What is the Relative
Molecular Mass of a glucose molecule C6H12O6? (Atomic Numbers: C = 6, H = 1, O = 8)

(a) 180 (b) 90 (c) 24 (d) 108

5. Given that Z = Atomic number and A= Mass number. If the number of neutrons is
represented as N, the mass number of an atom can be calculated as:

(a) A = Z + N (b) A = Z – N (c) A = N – Z (d) A = Z × N

6. What is the colour of an indicator called Phenolphthalein in dilute acids?

(a) Red (b) Blue (c) Yellow (d) Colourless

Page 1 of 3
7. Which of the following combination of substances have naturally – occurring acids in them?

(a) Lemon and Fresh milk

(b) Common salt and Sour milk

(c) Sour milk and Lemon

(d) Common salt and Lemon

8. Zinc metal reacts with Hydrochloric acid according to the equation below:

Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2

Which one of the following is the correct ionic equation of the reaction?

(a) Zn + 2H+ → Zn+ + H2

(b) Zn + H2+ → Zn2+ + H2

(c) Zn + 2H → 2Zn+ + H2

(d) Zn + 2H+ → Zn2+ + H2

9. Which term best describes atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but
different mass numbers.

(a) Isomers (b) Isotopes (c) Alloys (d) Allotropes

10. An element X forms an ion X3+. Given the mass number of this element is 60 and its atomic
number is 27. How many electrons, neutrons and protons are there in this ion?

Electrons Neutrons Protons

(a) 27 33 27

(b) 27 33 30

(c) 24 33 27

(d) 27 60 24

SECTION B (60 Marks) Answer Only 2 Questions of Your Choice in this Section

1. An element X has seven (7) electrons in the outer most shell.

Page 2 of 3
 (a) What is the valency of this element? (2marks)

(b) Write formula for its ion when X undergoes ionic bonding. (4marks)

(c) Write the ionic equation to show how this ion is formed. (4marks)

(d) Write down the formula of the compound formed when X reacts with Hydrogen
which has one electron in its outermost shell. (4marks)

(e) List 3 characteristics of ionic or electrovalent compounds. (6marks)

2.

(a) Define the following terms and give one example of each: (6marks)

i. Acid

ii. Indicator

(b) What is the difference between a weak and a strong acid? (4marks)

(c) State two characteristics of all acids. (4marks)

(d) What is the basisity of Ethanoic acid; CH3COOH (2marks)

(e) Given that Ethanoic acid is a weak acid, show its ionization in aqueous solution.
(4marks)

3. Bonding is defined as the combination of atoms with each other to form bonds.

(a) What is the difference between ionic and covalent bonding? (4marks)

(b) What is meant by the term covalency? (2marks)

(c) An oxygen atom share electrons with two hydrogen atoms to form a water molecule.
Draw a diagram to show how the bond is formed and give the name of this type of
bonding. (Atomic Numbers: Oxygen = 8 & Hydrogen = 1). (10marks)

(d) List two (2) characteristics of covalent compounds. (4marks)

End of Test; Best Wishes!!!

Page 3 of 3
 GRADE 11 CHEMISTRY
TIME ALLOWED: 1HOUR 30MINUTES
INSTRUCTIONS: Circle the correct option in Section A and write answers for Section B on
separate paper. Write your names and date in the spaces below.
Name: _______________________________________________ Date: ___________________

SECTION A (40 Marks). Answer all questions.

1. How many atoms of Oxygen are there in 18g of water? (Mass Numbers: O = 16g, H = 1g)
(a) 6 x 1023 atoms (b) 2 atoms (c) 18atoms (d) None
2. If the mass of 1 mole of Oxygen molecules is 32g. What is the mass of 1 molecule of Oxygen
(O2)? (Mr of O = 16g & L = 6 x 1023)
(a) 5.32 x 10-23g (b) 6 x 1023g (c) 32g (d) 16g
3. The reaction between Magnesium and dilute Hydrochloric acid may be represented by the
ionic equation below.

Mg +2H+ →Mg2+ + H2
Which one of the following statements describes the conversion of Magnesium to
Magnesium ions? The change is...
(a) a reduction, because there has been a gain of electrons
(b) a reduction, because there has been a loss of electrons

(c) an oxidation, because there has been a gain of electrons

(d) an oxidation, because there has been a loss of electrons
4. One of the characteristics of the Halogens is that they act as Oxidising Agents by reacting
with each other’s ions. Which of the following reactions can take place?

(a) F2 + 2CL- → 2F- + CL2 (c) CL2 + 2F- → 2CL- + F2

(b) Br2 + 2CL- → 2Br- + CL2 (d) I2 + 2Br- → 2I- + Br2
5. How many moles are represented by 237g of copper atoms? (Mr of Cu = 64g/mol)
(a) 7.3moles (b) 0.27moles (c) 3.7moles (d) 15168moles

6. The reaction between Copper Oxide and Hydrogen is CuO + H2 →Cu +H2O. Which
substance is an Oxidising Agent?

Page 1 of 3
 (a) CuO (b) H2 (c) Cu (d) H2O
7. The concentration of a substance expressed in mol/dm3 is referred to as
(a) Molality (b) Molarity (c) Titration (d) Avogadro's number
8. Which of the following order is correct if Halogens are arranged in order of their chemical
reactivity, placing the most reactive first?
(a) Fluorine, Chlorine, Iodine, Bromine.
(b) Fluorine, Iodine, Chlorine, Bromine.
(c) Fluorine, Chlorine, Bromine, Iodine.

(d) Fluorine, Iodine, Bromine, Chlorine.

9. The Activation Energy needed for a particular reaction can be reduced by a catalyst. How
would a reduction of Activation Energy affect ∆H of the reaction?
(a) ∆H of the reaction is reduced.

(b) ∆H of the reaction is increased.

(c) ∆H of the reaction is not affected.
(d) ∆H of the reaction becomes zero.
10. When the output heat is less than the input heat in a reaction, this means that:
(a) The reaction is endothermic and the overall heat content of the reaction goes up.
(b) The reaction is exothermic and the overall heat content of the reaction goes up.

(c) The reaction is endothermic and the overall heat content of the reaction falls.
(d) The reaction is exothermic and the overall heat content of the reaction falls.

SECTION B (60 Marks) Answer Only 2 Questions of Your Choice in this Section

1.

(a) Distinguish between Exothermic and Endothermic reactions. Give an example of

each. (4marks)
(b) Draw and label an energy pathway for a typical Endothermic reaction. (10marks)
(c) Is the activation energy (Ea) greater than, equal to or less than the change in enthalpy
(∆H) of an endothermic reaction? (3marks)

Page 2 of 3
 (d) The equation for the formation of 1 mole of Carbon dioxide (CO2) is given below;
C + O → CO2 ∆H = -394KJ/mol.
Is this an Exothermic or Endothermic reaction? Explain your answer. (3marks)

2.
(a) Define the terms: (i) Mole (ii) Concentration (5marks)
(b) 2g of sodium nitrate are dissolved in 50dm3 of water.
i. Calculate the concentration of the solution in g/dm3 (5marks)
(c) A solution of Hydrochloric acid has a concentration of 2mol/dm3
i. What volume of the solution contains 5moles of acid? (5marks)

ii. What mass of HCl is contained in 3dm3 of solution? (HCl=36.5g/mol (5mks)

3. The reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid may be represented by the
ionic equation below.

Mg +2HCl →MgCl2 + H2
(a) Define the terms (i) oxidation and (ii) reduction (iii) oxidising agent (iv) reducing
agent (8marks)

(b) In the reaction above state which substance is: (8marks)

(i) oxidised (ii) reduced (iii) a reducing agent (iv) an oxidising agent
(c) Explain what you understand by the term redox reaction. (4marks)

End of Test; Best Wishes!!!

Page 3 of 3
Moles and stoichiometry practice problems (from Chapter 3 in Brady, Russell, and
Holum’s Chemistry, Matter and its Changes, 3rd Ed.)

Concept of mole/molar ratio

1) How many moles of sodium atoms correspond to 1.56x1021 atoms of sodium?

2) How many moles of Al atoms are needed to combine with 1.58 mol of O atoms to make
aluminum oxide, Al2O3?

3) How many moles of Al are in 2.16 mol of Al2O3?

4) Aluminum sulfate, Al2(SO4)3, is a compound used in sewage treatment plants.

a. Construct a pair of conversion factors that relate moles of aluminum to moles of
sulfur for this compound
b. Construct a pair of conversion factors that relate moles of sulfur to moles of
Al2(SO4)3
c. How many moles of Al are in a sample of this compound if the sample also
contains 0.900 mol S?
d. How many moles of S are in 1.16 mol Al2(SO4)3?

5) How many moles of H2 and N2 can be formed by the decomposition of 0.145 mol of
ammonia, NH3?

6) What is the total number of atoms in 0.260 mol of glucose, C6H12O6?

7) What is the mass of 1.00 mol of each of the following elements?

a. Sodium
b. Sulfur
c. Chlorine

8) Determine the mass in grams of each of the following:

a. 1.35 mol Fe
b. 24.5 mol O
c. 0.876 mol Ca
d. 1.25 mol Ca3(PO4)2
e. 0.625 mol Fe(NO3)3
f. 0.600 mol C4H10
g. 1.45 mol (NH4)2CO3

9) Calculate the number of moles of each compound:

a. 21.5 g CaCO3
b. 1.56 g NH3
c. 16.8 g Sr(NO3)2
d. 6.98 g Na2CrO4
Percent composition and empirical formulas

10) Calculate the percentage composition by mass of each element in the following
compounds:
a. NaH2PO4
b. NH4H2PO4
c. (CH3)2CO

11) Phencyclidine is C17H25N. A sample suspected of being this illicit drug was found to have
a percentage composition of 83.71% C, 10.42% H, and 5.61% N. Do these data
acceptably match the theoretical data for phencyclidine?

12) How many grams of O are combined with 7.14x1021 atoms of N in the compound N2O5?

13) Quantitative analysis of a sample of sodium pertechnetate with a mass of 0.896g found
0.111g Na and 0.477g technetium (Tc). The remainder was oxygen. Calculate the
empirical formula of sodium pertechnetate, NaxTcyOz.

14) A substance was found to be composed of 22.9% Na, 21.5% B, and 55.7% O. What is
the empirical formula of this compound?

15) When 0.684 g of an organic compound containing only C, H, and O was burned in
oxygen 1.312g CO2 and 0.805g H2O were obtained. What is the empirical formula of
the compound?

Balancing equations

16) Write the equation that expresses in acceptable chemical shorthand the following
statement: “Iron can be made to react with molecular oxygen (O2) to give iron oxide with
the formula Fe2O3”

17) Balance the following reactions:

a. Ca(OH)2 + HCl  CaCl2 + H2O
b. AgNO3 + CaCl2  Ca(NO3)2 +AgCl
c. Fe2O3 + C  Fe + CO3
d. NaHCO3 + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2
e. C4H10 + O2  CO2 +H2O
f. Mg(OH)2 + HBr  MgBr2 + H2O
g. Al2O3 + H2SO4  Al2(SO4)3 + H2O
h. KHCO3 + H3PO4  K2HPO4 + H2O + CO2
i. C9H10O + O2  CO2 + H2O

Stoichiometry/limiting reactants

18) Chlorine is used by textile manufacturers to bleach cloth. Excess chlorine is destroyed by
its reaction with sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3:
Na2S2O3(aq) + 4Cl2(g) + 5H2O(aq)  2NaHSO4(aq) + 8HCl(aq)
a. How many moles of Na2S2O3 are needed to react with 0.12mol of Cl2?
 b. How many moles of HCl can form from 0.12mol of Cl2?
c. How many moles of H2O are required for the reaction of 0.12mol of Cl2?
d. How many moles of H2O react if 0.24mol HCl is formed?

19) The incandescent white of a fireworks display is caused by the reaction of phosphorous
with O2 to give P4O10.
a. Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
b. How many grams of O2 are needed to combine with 6.85g of P?
c. How many grams of P4O10 can be made from 8.00g of O2?
d. How many grams of P are needed to make 7.46g P4O10?

20) In dilute nitric acid, HNO3, copper metal dissolves according to the following equation:
3Cu(s) + 8HNO3(aq)  3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NO(g) + 4H2O(aq)
How many grams of HNO3 are needed to dissolve 11.45g of Cu?

21) The reaction of powdered aluminum and iron(II)oxide,

2Al(s) + Fe2O3(s)  Al2O3(s) + 2Fe(l)
produces so much heat the iron that forms is molten. Because of this, railroads use the
reaction to provide molten steel to weld steel rails together when laying track. Suppose
that in one batch of reactants 4.20mol Al was mixed with 1.75mol Fe2O3.
a. Which reactant, if either, was the limiting reactant?
b. Calculate the mass of iron (in grams) that can be formed from this mixture of
reactants.

22) Silver nitrate, AgNO3, reacts with iron(III) chloride, FeCl3, to give silver chloride, AgCl,
and iron(III) nitrate, Fe(NO3)3. A solution containing 18.0g AgNO3 was mixed with a
solution containing 32.4g FeCl3. How many grams of which reactant remains after the
reaction is over?

Theoretical and percent yield

23) Barium sulfate, BaSO4, is made by the following reaction:

Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)  BaSO4(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
An experiment was begun with 75.00g of Ba(NO3)2 and an excess of Na2SO4. After
collecting and drying the product, 63.45g BaSO4 was obtained. Calculate the theoretical
yield and percent yield of BaSO4.

24) Aluminum sulfate can be made by the following reaction:

2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq)  Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 6HCl(aq)
It is quite soluble in water, so to isolate it the solution has to be evaporated to
dryness. This drives off the volatile HCl, but the residual solid has to be treated to a little
over 200C to drive off all the water. In one experiment, 25.0g of AlCl3 was mixed with
30.0g H2SO4. Eventually, 28.46g of pure Al2(SO4)3 was isolated. Calculate the percent
yield.

Answers

1) 2.59x103mol Na atoms
2) 1.05mol Al
3) 4.32mol Al
4) a. 2mol Al/3mol S b. 3mol S/1mol Al2(SO4)3 c. 0.600mol Al d. 3.48mol
S
5) 0.0725mol N2 and 0.218mol H2
6) 3.76x1024 atoms
7) a. 23.0g Na b. 32.1g S c. 35.3g Cl
8) a. 75.4g Fe b. 392g O c. 35.1g Ca d. 388g Ca3(PO4)2
e. 151g Fe(NO3)2 f. 34.9g C4H10 g. 139g (NH4)2CO3
9) a. 0.215mol b. 0.0916mol c. 0.0794mol d. 4.31x108mol
10) a. 19.2% Na, 1.68% H, 25.8% P, 53.3% O
b. 12.2% N, 5.26% H, 26.9% P, 55.6%O
c. 62.0% C, 10.4% H, 27.6% O
11) Theoretical data (83.89% C, 10.35% H, 5.76% N) are consistent with experimental
results.
12) 0.474g O
13) NaTcO4
14) Na2B4O7
15) C2H6O
16) 4Fe + 3O2  2Fe2O3
17)
a. Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl  CaCl2 + 2H2O
b. 2AgNO3 + CaCl2  Ca(NO3)2 + 2AgCl
c. 2Fe2O3 + 3C  4Fe + 3CO3
d. 2NaHCO3 + H2SO4  Na2SO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2
e. 2C4H10 + 13O2  8CO2 + 10H2O
f. Mg(OH)2 + 2HBr  MgBr2 + 2H2O
g. Al2O3 + 3H2SO4  Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2O
h. 2KHCO3 + H3PO4  K2HPO4 + 2H2O + 2CO2
i. C9H10O + 14O2  9CO2 + 10H2O
18) a. 0.030mol Na2S2O3 b. 0.24mol HCl c. 0.15mol H2O
d. 0.15mol H2O
19) a. 4P + 5O2  P4O10 b. 8.85g O2 c. 14.2g P4O10 d. 3.26g P
20) 30.31g HNO3
21) a. limiting reactant is Fe2O3 b. 195g Fe is formed
22) 26.7g of FeCl3 are left over
23) theoretical yield = 66.98g BaSO4, % yield = 94.73%
24) % yield = 88.74%
Oxidation and Reduction

1. Which of the following is not a definition of oxidation?

a) Losing of electrons c) gaining of hydrogen

b) Gaining of electrons d) increase in oxidation number

2. Which substance could NOT be used to prevent rusting of iron?

a) Grease b) Paint c) Salt d) Zinc

3. Which of the following methods does not prevent rusting?

a) Oiling b) c) cementing d) painting d) galvanizing

4. Which methods prevent rusting of iron?

5. The reaction between Magnesium and dilute Hydrochloric acid may be represented by the
ionic equation below.

Mg +2H+ →Mg2+ + H2
Which one of the following statements describes the conversion of Magnesium to
Magnesium ions? The change is...

a) a reduction, because there has been a gain of electrons

b) a reduction, because there has been a loss of electrons
c) an oxidation, because there has been a gain of electrons
d) an oxidation, because there has been a loss of electrons
6. In which reaction does reduction of the underlined substance take place?
a) Cu2O + C → 2Cu + CO c) 2Cu2O + O2 → 4CuO
b) 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO d) CuO + CO → Cu + CO2
7. The reaction between Copper Oxide and Hydrogen is CuO + H2 →Cu +H2O. Which
substance is an Oxidising Agent?
a) CuO (b) H2 (c) Cu (d) H2O

1
8. Which of the following is the correct formula for copper (II) oxide?

a) CuO b) 2Cu 2O c) CuO2 d) Cu2O

9. Which of the following conversion is an example of reduction?

a) Copper (II) oxide to Copper (II) sulphate b) Copper (II) oxide to Copper

c) Hydrochloric acid to chlorine d) Magnesium to magnesium oxide

10. When hydrogen is passed over black powder (copper (II) oxide)’ the black powder turns
pink. The reaction is:

Copper (II) Oxide + Hydrogen → Copper + Water. In this reaction Hydrogen is:

a) The oxidising agent b) The reducing agent c) One of the products

d) Being reduced

11. Which of the following conversion is described correctly as oxidation?

a) I2 → 2I b) Zn2+ → Zn c) Fe2+ → Fe3+ d) CuO → Cu

12. A certain metal does not liberate hydrogen from dilute sulphuric acid but it displaces
copper from aqueous copper (II) sulphate. The most likely place for the metal in the
electro-chemical (activity) series is

a) Below sodium but above iron b) Below copper

c) Below iron but above hydrogen d) Below hydrogen but above copper

13. Which metal has the least tendency to form positive ions?

a) Aluminium b) calcium c) iron d) sodium

14. Which chart could represent the composition of a galvanised roof?

2
1. There are several methods that can be used to prevent rusting. The commonest one
involves coating the iron or steel object with a suitable substance.

a) Name three conditions necessary for rusting to occur.

b) Electroplating and galvanising are two methods used to ‘coat’ the iron or steel.
What is meant by...?

i. Electroplating.

ii. Galvanizing.

2. Copper, Zinc, Potassium, Iron, Magnesium

a) Arrange the above metals in order of their chemical reactivity, placing the most
reactive metal first.

b) Between which two metals should hydrogen be placed?

c) Explain why hydrogen is placed in this position.

d) Zinc is used in galvanizing. Explain what this means and why it is done.

3. Bromine , Chlorine, Iodine, Fluorine

a) Arrange the above halogens in order of their chemical reactivity, placing the most
reactive first

b) Give one reason why these elements are classified as non-metals.

c) Why would you expect potassium fluoride to be soluble in water?

4. Aluminium reacts with chromium (III) oxide according to the equation;

2Al + Cr2O3 → Al2O3 + 2Cr ∆H = -541KJ/mol

a) Is this reaction exothermic or endothermic? Give a reason.

b) Give the name or the formula of the oxidizing agent in the reaction.

c) Give the name or the formula of the substance that is reduced in this reaction.

3
 d) Why is this reaction important industrially?

1. The reaction between magnesium and dilute hydrochloric acid may be represented by the
ionic equation below.
Mg +2HCl →MgCl2 + H2
a) Define the terms (i) oxidation and (ii) reduction (iii) oxidising agent (iv) reducing
agent
b) In the reaction above state which substance is:
(i) oxidised (ii) reduced (iii) a reducing agent (iv) an oxidising agent

c) Explain what you understand by the term redox reaction.

5. The reaction between sodium and chlorine can be shown as:

2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl

a) What is the oxidation number of chlorine and of sodium in sodium chloride?

b) Using the idea of change in oxidation number, explain which element is oxidised
and which element is reduced.

6. When steam is passed over hot coke, a redox reaction occurs:

H2O (g) + C (s) → H2 (g) + CO (g)

a) Explain why the reaction is a redox reaction.

b) State with reason which substance is acting as the reducing agent and which one is
acting as the oxidizing agent?

7.

4
Separation Techniques

1. A student wishes to extract a coloured solution from some berries to make an indicator
solution. Which of the listed instructions should the student follow?
1. crush the berries
2. add acid
3. add a solvent
4. filter the mixture
5. distil the filtrate
a) 1, 2 and 4 b) 1, 3 and 4 c) 2, 3 and 5 d) 2, 4 and 5
2. The first step in the separation of sand from salt is putting the mixture in water and
stirring the mixture with a stirring rod. What is the next step?

a) Evaporate the water c) freeze the mixture

b) Filter the mixture d) make a chromatogram

3. Which of the following is the best technique to use in order to obtain crystals of
potassium nitrate from an aqueous solution of the compound?

a) Dehydration b) Distillation c) Evaporation d) Filtration

4. Liquid X and liquid Y can be separated by fractional distillation. Which of the following
can be deduced from this statement? The liquids.....

a) Are immiscible.

b) Have covalent bonds

c) Have different boiling points

d) Have different densities

1. A number of lumps of rock-salt (impure sodium chloride) are ground to a powder and
stirred in a beaker of water. The liquid is filtered and then evaporated to dryness.

a) Why is the rock ground to powder?

b) Why is the liquid filtered?

c) Name the container in which the liquid should be placed for evaporation.

d) What would you observe after evaporation was completed?

e) Name the material left after the evaporation.

The Language of Chemistry

1. Which of the following substances are elements?

1. Lead oxide, 2. Carbon, 3. Soil, 4. Petrol, 5. Water, 6. Tin

a) 2,6 b) 1, 2, 3 c) 2, 4, 6 d) 5, 6

2. Which of the substances in the above question are compounds?

a) 1, 4, 5 b) 1, 2, 3 c) 1, 5, 6 d) 1, 2, 6

3. Sodium phosphate has a formula Na3PO4. Then the total number of atoms in the formula
of iron (II) phosphate is..........

a) 6 b) 8 c) 13 17

4. Which formula represents a compound containing three atoms?

a) HNO3 b) H2O c) LiF d) ZnSO4
5. For which compound is the formula correct?
Compound Formula
a) ammonia NH4
b) carbon monoxide CO2
c) iron(III) oxide Fe3O2
d) zinc hydroxide Zn(OH)2
6.

1.

a) Give two examples of substances which when heated undergo;

i. A chemical change

ii. A physical change

b) Explain why the burning of wood is a chemical change.

c) When iodine crystals are heated in a test tube, they sublime to form iodine vapour
which then recrystallises in the upper part of the test tube. Is this a chemical
change or a physical change? Explain why.

2. Give the chemical names of the following compounds:

a) Lime CaO
 b) Alumina Al2O3

c) Calcite CaCO3

d) Chalcocite Cu2S

e) Magnesia MgO

3. The following steps were done in an experiment using a magnesium ribbon.

- Apiece of magnesium is weighed

- The magnesium is completely burnt in air and produces bright white light.

- A white solid is left.

- The solid is weighed.

a) Explain why magnesium is called an element.

b) Is the white solid a mixture, element or compound? Explain your answer.

c) What type of change has occurred?

d) Will the white solid weigh more, less or the same as the magnesium ribbon?

e) Explain your answer in d) above.