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APPENDIX E

SIZING OF WATER PIPING SYSTEM

The provisions contained in this appendix are adopted as part of this code.

SECTION E101 E103.2 Pipe sizing.

GENERAL E103.2.1 Pipe sizes can be selected according to the follow-
E101.1 Scope. ing procedure or by other design methods conforming to ac-
ceptable engineering practice and approved by the
E101.1.1 This appendix outlines two procedures for sizing a
administrative authority. The sizes selected must not be less
water piping system (see Sections E103.3 and E201.1). The
than the minimum required by this code.
design procedures are based on the minimum static pressure
available from the supply source, the head charges in the E103.2.2 Water pipe sizing procedures are based on a sys-
system caused by friction and elevation, and the rates of tem of pressure requirements and losses, the sum of which
flow necessary for operation of various fixtures. must not exceed the minimum pressure available at the sup-
E101.1.2 Because of the variable conditions encountered in ply source. These pressures are as follows:
hydraulic design, it is impractical to specify definite and de- 1. Pressure required at fixture to produce required flow.
tailed rules for sizing of the water piping system. Accord- See Section 604.3 and Section 604.5.
ingly, other sizing or design methods conforming to good 2. Static pressure loss or gain (due to head) is computed
engineering practice standards are acceptable alternatives to at 0.433 psi per foot (9.8 kPa/m) of elevation change.
those presented herein.
Example: Assume that the highest fixture supply
outlet is 20 feet (6096 mm) above or below the sup-
SECTION E102 ply source. This produces a static pressure differ-
INFORMATION REQUIRED ential of 20 feet by 0.433 psi/foot (6096 mm by 9.8
kPa/m) and an 8.66 psi (59.8 kPa) loss.
E102.1 Preliminary. Obtain the necessary information regard-
ing the minimum daily static service pressure in the area where 3. Loss through water meter. The friction or pressure
the building is to be located. If the building supply is to be me- loss can be obtained from meter manufacturers.
tered, obtain information regarding friction loss relative to the 4. Loss through taps in water main.
rate of flow for meters in the range of sizes likely to be used. 5. Losses through special devices such as filters, softeners,
Friction loss data can be obtained from most manufacturers of backflow prevention devices and pressure regulators.
water meters. These values must be obtained from the manufacturers.
E102.2 Demand load. 6. Loss through valves and fittings. Losses for these
E102.2.1 Estimate the supply demand of the building main items are calculated by converting to equivalent
and the principal branches and risers of the system by total- length of piping and adding to the total pipe length.
ing the corresponding demand from the applicable part of 7. Loss due to pipe friction can be calculated when the
Table E103.3(3). pipe size, the pipe length and the flow through the
E102.2.2 Estimate continuous supply demands in gallons pipe are known. With these three items, the friction
per minute (L/m) for lawn sprinklers, air conditioners, etc., loss can be determined. For piping flow charts not in-
and add the sum to the total demand for fixtures. The result cluded, use manufacturers’tables and velocity recom-
is the estimated supply demand for the building supply. mendations.
Note: For the purposes of all examples, the following
metric conversions are applicable:
SECTION E103
SELECTION OF PIPE SIZE 1 cubic foot per minute = 0.4719 L/s
E103.1 General. Decide from Table 604.3 what is the desir- 1 square foot = 0.0929 m2
able minimum residual pressure that should be maintained at 1 degree = 0.0175 rad
the highest fixture in the supply system. If the highest group of
fixtures contains flush valves, the pressure for the group should 1 pound per square inch = 6.895 kPa
not be less than 15 pounds per square inch (psi) (103.4 kPa) 1 inch = 25.4 mm
flowing. For flush tank supplies, the available pressure should
not be less than 8 psi (55.2 kPa) flowing, except blowout action 1 foot = 304.8 mm
fixtures must not be less than 25 psi (172.4 kPa) flowing. 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/m

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APPENDIX E

E103.3 Segmented loss method. The size of water service 2.1. Estimate continuous supply demand in gallons
mains, branch mains and risers by the segmented loss method, per minute (L/m) for lawn sprinklers, air condi-
must be determined according to water supply demand [gpm tioners, etc., and add the sum to the total demand
(L/m)], available water pressure [psi (kPa)] and friction loss for fixtures. The result is the estimated supply de-
caused by the water meter and developed length of pipe [feet mand for the building supply. Fixture units can-
(m)], including equivalent length of fittings. This design proce- not be applied to constant use fixtures such as
dure is based on the following parameters: hose bibbs, lawn sprinklers and air conditioners.
Ÿ Calculates the friction loss through each length of the pipe. These types of fixtures must be assigned the gal-
lon per minute (L/m) value.
Ÿ Based on a system of pressure losses, the sum of which
must not exceed the minimum pressure available at the 3. Selection of pipe size. This water pipe sizing procedure
street main or other source of supply. is based on a system of pressure requirements and losses,
Ÿ Pipe sizing based on estimated peak demand, total pressure the sum of which must not exceed the minimum pressure
available at the supply source. These pressures are as fol-
losses caused by difference in elevation, equipment, devel-
lows:
oped length and pressure required at most remote fixture,
loss through taps in water main, losses through fittings, fil- 3.1. Pressure required at the fixture to produce re-
ters, backflow prevention devices, valves and pipe friction. quired flow. See Section 604.3 and Section
604.5.
Because of the variable conditions encountered in hydraulic
design, it is impractical to specify definite and detailed rules for 3.2. Static pressure loss or gain (because of head) is
sizing of the water piping system. Current sizing methods do computed at 0.433 psi per foot (9.8 kPa/m) of ele-
not address the differences in the probability of use and flow vation change.
characteristics of fixtures between types of occupancies. Cre- 3.3. Loss through a water meter. The friction or pres-
ating an exact model of predicting the demand for a building is sure loss can be obtained from the manufacturer.
impossible and final studies assessing the impact of water con- 3.4. Loss through taps in water main [see Table
servation on demand are not yet complete. The following steps E103.3(4)].
are necessary for the segmented loss method.
3.5. Losses through special devices such as filters,
1. Preliminary.Obtain the necessary information regard- softeners, backflow prevention devices and pres-
ing the minimum daily static service pressure in the area sure regulators. These values must be obtained
where the building is to be located. If the building supply from the manufacturers.
is to be metered, obtain information regarding friction
loss relative to the rate of flow for meters in the range of 3.6. Loss through valves and fittings [see Tables
sizes to be used. Friction loss data can be obtained from E103.3(5) and E103.3(6)]. Losses for these items
manufacturers of water meters. It is essential that enough are calculated by converting to equivalent length
pressure be available to overcome all system losses of piping and adding to the total pipe length.
caused by friction and elevation so that plumbing fix- 3.7. Loss caused by pipe friction can be calculated
tures operate properly. Section 604.6 requires the water when the pipe size, the pipe length and the flow
distribution system to be designed for the minimum pres- through the pipe are known. With these three
sure available taking into consideration pressure fluctua- items, the friction loss can be determined using
tions. The lowest pressure must be selected to guarantee Figures E103.3(2) through E103.3(7). When us-
a continuous, adequate supply of water. The lowest pres- ing charts, use pipe inside diameters. For piping
sure in the public main usually occurs in the summer be- flow charts not included, use manufacturers’ ta-
cause of lawn sprinkling and supplying water for bles and velocity recommendations. Before at-
air-conditioning cooling towers. Future demands placed tempting to size any water supply system, it is
on the public main as a result of large growth or expan- necessary to gather preliminary information
sion should also be considered. The available pressure which includes available pressure, piping mate-
will decrease as additional loads are placed on the public rial, select design velocity, elevation differences
system. and developed length to most remote fixture. The
2. Demand load. Estimate the supply demand of the build- water supply system is divided into sections at
ing main and the principal branches and risers of the sys- major changes in elevation or where branches
tem by totaling the corresponding demand from the lead to fixture groups. The peak demand must be
applicable part of Table E103.3(3). When estimating determined in each part of the hot and cold water
peak demand sizing methods typically use water supply supply system which includes the corresponding
fixture units (w.s.f.u.)[see Table E103.3(2)]. This nu- water supply fixture unit and conversion to gal-
merical factor measures the load-producing effect of a lons per minute (L/m) flow rate to be expected
single plumbing fixture of a given kind. The use of such through each section. Sizing methods require the
fixture units can be applied to a single basic probability determination of the “most hydraulically re-
curve (or table), found in the various sizing methods [Ta- mote” fixture to compute the pressure loss
ble E103.3(3)]. The fixture units are then converted into caused by pipe and fittings. The hydraulically re-
gallons per minute (L/m) flow rate for estimating de- mote fixture represents the most downstream fix-
mand. ture along the circuit of piping requiring the most

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APPENDIX E

available pressure to operate properly. Consider- the water supply fixture units are added and then converted
ation must be given to all pressure demands and to the gallon-per-minute rating. For continuous flow fix-
losses, such as friction caused by pipe, fittings tures such as hose bibbs and lawn sprinkler systems, add the
and equipment, elevation and the residual pres- gallon-per-minute demand to the intermittent demand of
sure required by Table 604.3. The two most com- fixtures. For example, a total of 120 water supply fixture
mon and frequent complaints about the water units is converted to a demand of 48 gallons per minute. Two
supply system operation are lack of adequate hose bibbs × 5 gpm demand = 10 gpm. Total gpm rating =
pressure and noise. 48.0 gpm + 10 gpm = 58.0 gpm demand.
Problem: What size Type L copper water pipe, service and dis- Step 2
tribution will be required to serve a two-story factory building
Line A: Enter the minimum pressure available at the main
having on each floor, back-to-back, two toilet rooms each
source of supply in Column 2. This is 55 psi (379.2 kPa).
equipped with hot and cold water? The highest fixture is 21 feet
The local water authorities generally keep records of pres-
(6401 mm) above the street main, which is tapped with a 2-inch
sures at different times of day and year. The available pres-
(51 mm) corporation cock at which point the minimum pres-
sure can also be checked from nearby buildin gs or from fire
sure is 55 psi (379.2 kPa). In the building basement, a 2-inch
department hydrant checks.
(51 mm) meter with a maximum pressure drop of 11 psi (75.8
kPa) and 3-inch (76 mm) reduced pressure principle backflow Line B: Determine from Section 604.3 the highest pressure
preventer with a maximum pressure drop of 9 psi (62.1 kPa) are required for the fixtures on the system, which is 15 psi
to be installed. The system is shown by Figure E103.3(1). To be (103.4 kPa), to operate a flushometer valve. The most re-
determined are the pipe sizes for the service main and the cold mote fixture outlet is necessary to compute the pressure loss
and hot water distribution pipes. caused by pipe and fittings, and represents the most down-
stream fixture along the circuit of piping requiring the avail-
Solution: A tabular arrangement such as shown in Table
able pressure to operate properly as indicated by Table
E103.3(1) should first be constructed. The steps to be fol-
604.3.
lowed are indicated by the tabular arrangement itself as they
are in sequence, columns 1 through 10 and lines A through Line C: Determine the pressure loss for the meter size given
L. or assumed. The total water flow from the main through the
Step 1 service as determined in Step 1 will serve to aid in the meter
selected. There are three common types of water meters; the
Columns 1 and 2: Divide the system into sections breaking pressure losses are determined by the American Water
at major changes in elevation or where branches lead to fix- Works Association Standards for displacement type, com-
ture groups. After point B [see Figure E103.3(1)], separate pound type and turbine type. The maximum pressure loss of
consideration will be given to the hot and cold water piping. such devices takes into consideration the meter size, safe
Enter the sections to be considered in the service and cold operating capacity (gpm) and maximum rates for continu-
water piping in Column 1 of the tabular arrangement. Col- ous operations (gpm). Typically, equipment imparts greater
umn 1 of Table E103.3(1) provides a line-by-line recom- pressure losses than piping.
mended tabular arrangement for use in solving pipe sizing.
The objective in designing the water supply system is to Line D: Select from Table E103.3(4) and enter the pressure
ensure an adequate water supply and pressure to all fixtures loss for the tap size given or assumed. The loss of pressure
and equipment. Column 2 provides the pounds per square through taps and tees in pounds per square inch (psi) are
inch (psi) to be considered separately from the minimum based on the total gallon-per-minute flow rate and size of the
pressure available at the main. Losses to take into consider- tap.
ation are the following: the differences in elevations be- Line E: Determine the difference in elevation between the
tween the water supply source and the highest water supply main and source of supply and the highest fixture on the sys-
outlet, meter pressure losses, the tap in main loss, special tem. Multiply this figure, expressed in feet, by 0.43 psi (2.9
fixture devices such as water softeners and prevention de- kPa). Enter the resulting psi loss on Line E. The difference
vices and the pressure required at the most remote fixture in elevation between the water supply source and the highest
outlet. The difference in elevation can result in an increase water supply outlet has a significant impact on the sizing of
or decrease in available pressure at the main. Where the wa- the water supply system. The difference in elevation usually
ter supply outlet is located above the source, this results in a results in a loss in the available pressure because the water
loss in the available pressure and is subtracted from the pres- supply outlet is generally located above the water supply
sure at the water source. Where the highest water supply source. The loss is caused by the pressure required to lift the
outlet is located below the water supply source, there will be water to the outlet. The pressure loss is subtracted from the
an increase in pressure that is added to the available pressure pressure at the water source. Where the highest water sup-
of the water source. ply outlet is located below the water source, there will be an
Column 3: According to Table E103.3(3), determine the increase in pressure which is added to the available pressure
gpm (L/m) of flow to be expected in each section of the sys- of the water source.
tem. These flows range from 28.6 to 108 gpm. Load values Lines F, G and H: The pressure losses through filters,
for fixtures must be determined as water supply fixture units backflow prevention devices or other special fixtures must
and then converted to a gallon-per-minute (gpm) rating to be obtained from the manufacturer or estimated and entered
determine peak demand. When calculating peak demands, on these lines. Equipment such as backflow prevention de-

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APPENDIX E

vices, check valves, water softeners, instantaneous or for fittings for initial trial pipe size) = psi (average pressure
tankless water heaters, filters and strainers can impart a drops per 100 feet of pipe).
much greater pressure loss than the piping. The pressure For trial pipe size see Figure E 103.3(3) (Type L copper)
losses can range from 8 psi to 30 psi. based on 2.77 psi and a 108 gpm = 21/2 inches. To determine
Step 3 the equivalent length of run to the most remote outlet, the de-
veloped length is determined and added to the friction losses
Line I: The sum of the pressure requirements and losses that
for fittings and valves. The developed lengths of the desig-
affect the overall system (Lines B through H) is entered on
nated pipe sections are as follows:
this line. Summarizing the steps, all of the system losses are
subtracted from the minimum water pressure. The remain- A-B 54 ft
der is the pressure available for friction, defined as the en- B-C 8 ft
ergy available to push the water through the pipes to each
fixture. This force can be used as an average pressure loss, C-D 13 ft
as long as the pressure available for friction is not exceeded. D-E 150 ft
Saving a certain amount for available water supply pres-
sures as an area incurs growth, or because of aging of the Total developed length = 225 ft
pipe or equipment added to the system is recommended. The equivalent length of the friction loss in fittings and
Step 4 valves must be added to the developed length (most remote
outlet). Where the size of fittings and valves is not known,
Line J: Subtract Line I from Line A. This gives the pressure the added friction loss should be approximated. A general
that remains available from overcoming friction losses in rule that has been used is to add 50 percent of the developed
the system. This figure is a guide to the pipe size that is cho- length to allow for fittings and valves. For example, the
sen for each section, incorporating the total friction losses to equivalent length of run equals the developed length of run
the most remote outlet (measured length is called developed (225 ft ×1.5 = 338 ft). The total equivalent length of run for
length). determining a trial pipe size is 338 feet.
Exception: When the main is above the highest fixture, Example: 9.36 (pressure available to overcome pipe
the resulting psi must be considered a pressure gain friction) ×100/ 338 (equivalent length of run = 225 × 1.5)
(static head gain) and omitted from the sums of Lines B = 2.77 psi (average pressure drop per 100 feet of pipe).
through H and added to Line J.
Step 7
The maximum friction head loss that can be tolerated in
the system during peak demand is the difference between Column 6: Select from Table E103.3(6) the equivalent
the static pressure at the highest and most remote outlet at lengths for the trial pipe size of fittings and valves on each
no-flow conditions and the minimum flow pressure re- pipe section. Enter the sum for each section in Column 6.
quired at that outlet. If the losses are within the required lim- (The number of fittings to be used in this example must be an
its, then every run of pipe will also be within the required estimate.) The equivalent length of piping is the developed
friction head loss. Static pressure loss is the most remote length plus the equivalent lengths of pipe corresponding to
outlet in feet x 0.433 = loss in psi caused by elevation differ- friction head losses for fittings and valves. Where the size of
ences. fittings and valves is not known, the added friction head
losses must be approximated. An estimate for this example
Step 5 is as follows:
Column 4: Enter the length of each section from the main to Step 8
the most remote outlet (at Point E). Divide the water supply
Column 7: Add the figures from Column 4 and Column 6,
system into sections breaking at major changes in elevation and enter in Column 7. Express the sum in hundreds of feet.
or where branches lead to fixture groups.
Step 6 Step 9
Column 5: When selecting a trial pipe size, the length from Column 8: Select from Figure E103.3(3) the friction loss
the water service or meter to the most remote fixture outlet per 100 feet (30 480 mm) of pipe for the gallon-per-minute
must be measured to determine the developed length. How- flow in a section (Column 3) and trial pipe size (Column 5).
ever, in systems having a flush valve or temperature con- Maximum friction head loss per 100 feet is determined on
trolled shower at the top-most floors the developed length the basis of total pressure available for friction head loss and
would be from the water meter to the most remote flush the longest equivalent length of run. The selection is based
valve on the system. A rule of thumb is that size will become on the gallon-per-minute demand, the uniform friction head
progressively smaller as the system extends farther from the loss, and the maximum design velocity. Where the size indi-
main source of supply. Trial pipe size may be arrived at by cated by hydraulic table indicates a velocity in excess of the
the following formula: selected velocity, a size must be selected which produces the
required velocity.
Line J (Pressure available to overcome pipe friction) ×
100/equivalent length of run total developed length to most Step 10
remote fixture × percentage factor of 1.5 (note: a percentage Column 9: Multiply the figures in Columns 7 and 8 for each
factor is used only as an estimate for friction losses imposed section and enter in Column 9.

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APPENDIX E

Total friction loss is determined by multiplying the fric- The total friction losses are determined and subtracted
tion loss per 100 feet (30 480 mm) for each pipe section in from the pressure available to overcome pipe friction for
the total developed length by the pressure loss in fittings ex- trial pipe size. This number is critical as it provides a guide
pressed as equivalent length in feet. Note: Section C-F to whether the pipe size selected is too large and the process
should be considered in the total pipe friction losses only if should be repeated to obtain an economically designed sys-
greater loss occurs in Section C-F than in pipe section D-E. tem.
Section C-F is not considered in the total developed length. Answer: The final figures entered in Column 5 become the
Total friction loss in equivalent length is determined as fol- design pipe size for the respective sections. Repeating this
lows: operation a second time using the same sketch but consider-
Step 11 ing the demand for hot water, it is possible to size the hot wa-
Line K: Enter the sum of the values in Column 9. The value ter distribution piping. This has been worked up as a part of
is the total friction loss in equivalent length for each desig- the overall problem in the tabular arrangement used for sizing
nated pipe section. the service and water distribution piping. Note that consider-
ation must be given to the pressure losses from the street main
Step 12 to the water heater (Section A-B) in determining the hot water
Line L: Subtract Line J from Line K and enter in Column pipe sizes.
10.
The result should always be a positive or plus figure. If it
is not, repeat the operation using Columns 5, 6, 8 and 9 until
a balance or near balance is obtained. If the difference be-
tween Lines J and K is a high positive number, it is an indica-
tion that the pipe sizes are too large and should be reduced,
thus saving materials. In such a case, the operations using
Columns 5, 6, 8 and 9 should again be repeated.

PRESSURE LOSS PRESSURE LOSS

EXPRESSED AS EXPRESSED AS
COLD WATER EQUIVALENT LENGTH HOT WATER PIPE EQUIVALENT OF TUBE
PIPE SECTION FITTINGS/VALVES OF TUBE (FEET) SECTION FITTINGS/VALVES (FEET)

3-21/2″ Gate valves 3 A-B 3-21/2″ Gate valves 3

A-B
1-21/ 2″ Side branch tee 12 1-21/ 2″ Side branch tee 12

1-21/ 2″ Straight run tee 0.5 B-C 1-2″ Straight run tee 7
B-C
1-2″ 90-degree ell 0.5

C-F 1-21/2″ Side branch tee 12 C-F 1-11/2″ Side branch tee 7

C-D 1-21/ 2″ 90-degree ell 7 C-D 1-1/ 2″ 90-degree ell 4

D-E 1-21/ 2″ Side branch tee 12 D-E 1-11/ 2″ Side branch tee 7

FRICTION LOSS EQUIVALENT LENGTH (feet)

PIPE SECTIONS Cold Water Hot Water

A-B 0.69 x 3.2 = 2.21 0.69 x 3.2 = 2.21

B-C 0.085 x 3.1 = 0.26 0.16 x 1.4 = 0.22

C-D 0.20 x 1.9 = 0.38 0.17 x 3.2 = 0.54

D-E 1.62 x 1.9 = 3.08 1.57 x 3.2 = 5.02

Total pipe friction losses

5.93 7.99
(Line K)

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APPENDIX E

For SI: 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gpm = 3.785 L/m.

FIGURE E103.3(1)
EXAMPLE-SIZING

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APPENDIX E

TABLE E103.3(1)
RECOMMENDED TABULAR ARRANGEMENT FOR USE IN SOLVING PIPE SIZING PROBLEMS
COLUMN 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Equivalent Total Friction Friction Excess

Lb length of equivalent loss per loss in pressure
per Gal. per Length Trial fittings length col. 100 feet equivalent over
square min of pipe and 4 and col. of trial length col. friction
inch through section size valves 6 (100 size pipe 8 x col. 7 losses
Line Description (psi) section (feet) (inches) (feet) feet) (psi) (psi) (psi)

A Service and Minimum pressure available at main . . 55.00

B cold water Highest pressure required at a fixture
distribution (Section 604.3). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.00
C pipinga Meter loss 2″ meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.00
D Tap in main loss 2″ tap (Table E103.3(4) 1.61
E Static head loss 21 x 43 psi . . . . . . . . . . . 9.03
F Special fixture loss backflow
preventer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.00
G Special fixture loss—Filter . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00
H Special fixture loss—Other . . . . . . . . . . . 0.00
I Total overall losses and requirements
(Sum of Lines B through H) . . . . . . . 45.64
J Pressure available to overcome
pipe friction
(Line A minus Lines B to H). . . . . . . . 9.36
DESIGNATION FU
Pipe section (from diagram) AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 108.0 54 21/2 15.00 0.69 3.2 2.21 —
Cold water BC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 104.5 8 21 / 2 0.5 0.85 3.1 0.26 —
Distribution CD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 77.0 13 21 / 2 7.00 0.20 1.9 0.38 —
piping 21 / 2
CFb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 77.0 150 12.00 1.62 1.9 3.08 —
DEb. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 77.0 150 21 / 2 12.00 1.62 1.9 3.08 —

K Total pipe friction losses (cold) — — — — — — 5.93 —

L Difference (Line J minus Line K) — — — — — — — 3.43
Pipe section (from diagram) A ′B′. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 108.0 54 21/2 12.00 0.69 3.3 2.21 —
Diagram B′C′ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 38.0 8 2 7.5 0.16 1.4 0.22 —
Hot water C′D′ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 28.6 13 1 1/ 2 4.0 0.17 3.2 0.54 —
Distribution C′F′ b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 28.6 150 11 / 2 7.00 1.57 3.2 5.02 —
Piping D′E′b. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 28.6 150 11 / 2 7.00 1.57 3.2 5.02 —

K Total pipe friction losses (hot) — — — — — — 7.99 —

L Difference (line) minus Line K — — — — — — — 1.37
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 psi = 6.895 kPa, 1 gpm = 3.785 L/m.
a. To be considered as pressure gain for fixtures below main (to consider separately, omit from “I” and add to “J”).
b. To consider separately, in K use C-F only if greater loss than above.

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APPENDIX E

TABLE E103.3(2)
LOAD VALUES ASSIGNED TO FIXTURESa
LOAD VALUES, IN WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNITS (wsfu)
TYPE OF SUPPLY
FIXTURE OCCUPANCY CONTROL Cold Hot Total

Bathroom group Private Flush tank 2.7 1.5 3.6

Bathroom group Private Flush valve 6.0 3.0 8.0
Bathtub Private Faucet 1.0 1.0 1.4
Bathtub Public Faucet 3.0 3.0 4.0
Bidet Private Faucet 1.5 1.5 2.0
Combination fixture Private Faucet 2.25 2.25 3.0
Dishwashing machine Private Automatic — 1.4 1.4
8″
3/
Drinking fountain Offices, etc. valve 0.25 — 0.25
Kitchen sink Private Faucet 1.0 1.0 1.4
Kitchen sink Hotel, restaurant Faucet 3.0 3.0 4.0
Laundry trays (1 to 3) Private Faucet 1.0 1.0 1.4
Lavatory Private Faucet 0.5 0.5 0.7
Lavatory Public Faucet 1.5 1.5 2.0
Service sink Offices, etc. Faucet 2.25 2.25 3.0
Shower head Public Mixing valve 3.0 3.0 4.0
Shower head Private Mixing valve 1.0 1.0 1.4
Urinal Public 1″ flush valve 10.0 — 10.0
4″
3/
Urinal Public flush valve 5.0 — 5.0
Urinal Public Flush tank 3.0 — 3.0
Washing machine (8 lb) Private Automatic 1.0 1.0 1.4
Washing machine (8 lb) Public Automatic 2.25 2.25 3.0
Washing machine (15 lb) Public Automatic 3.0 3.0 4.0
Water closet Private Flush valve 6.0 — 6.0
Water closet Private Flush tank 2.2 — 2.2
Water closet Public Flush valve 10.0 — 10.0
Water closet Public Flush tank 5.0 — 5.0
Water closet Public or private Flushometer tank 2.0 — 2.0
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound = 0.454 kg.
a. For fixtures not listed , loads should be assumed by comparing the fixture to one listed using water in similar quantities and at similar rates. The assigned loads for fixtures
with both hot and cold water supplies are given for separate hot and cold water loads and for total load. The separate hot and cold water loads being three-fourths of the to-
tal load for the fixture in each case.

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APPENDIX E

TABLE E103.3(3)
TABLE FOR ESTIMATING DEMAND
SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH TANKS SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH VALVES
Load Demand Load Demand
(Water supply fixture units) (Gallons per minute) (Cubic feet per minute) (Water supply fixture units) (Gallons per minute) (Cubic feet per minute)

1 3.0 0.04104 — — —
2 5.0 0.0684 — — —
3 6.5 0.86892 — — —
4 8.0 1.06944 — — —
5 9.4 1.256592 5 15.0 2.0052
6 10.7 1.430376 6 17.4 2.326032
7 11.8 1.577424 7 19.8 2.646364
8 12.8 1.711104 8 22.2 2.967696
9 13.7 1.831416 9 24.6 3.288528
10 14.6 1.951728 10 27.0 3.60936
11 15.4 2.058672 11 27.8 3.716304
12 16.0 2.13888 12 28.6 3.823248
13 16.5 2.20572 13 29.4 3.930192
14 17.0 2.27256 14 30.2 4.037136
15 17.5 2.3394 15 31.0 4.14408
16 18.0 2.90624 16 31.8 4.241024
17 18.4 2.459712 17 32.6 4.357968
18 18.8 2.513184 18 33.4 4.464912
19 19.2 2.566656 19 34.2 4.571856
20 19.6 2.620128 20 35.0 4.6788
25 21.5 2.87412 25 38.0 5.07984
30 23.3 3.114744 30 42.0 5.61356
35 24.9 3.328632 35 44.0 5.88192
40 26.3 3.515784 40 46.0 6.14928
45 27.7 3.702936 45 48.0 6.41664
50 29.1 3.890088 50 50.0 6.684
60 32.0 4.27776 60 54.0 7.21872
70 35.0 4.6788 70 58.0 7.75344
80 38.0 5.07984 80 61.2 8.181216
90 41.0 5.48088 90 64.3 8.595624
100 43.5 5.81508 100 67.5 9.0234
120 48.0 6.41664 120 73.0 9.75864
140 52.5 7.0182 140 77.0 10.29336
160 57.0 7.61976 160 81.0 10.82808
180 61.0 8.15448 180 85.5 11.42964
200 65.0 8.6892 200 90.0 12.0312
225 70.0 9.3576 225 95.5 12.76644
250 75.0 10.026 250 101.0 13.50168

(continued)

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APPENDIX E

TABLE E103.3(3)—continued
TABLE FOR ESTIMATING DEMAND
SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH TANKS SUPPLY SYSTEMS PREDOMINANTLY FOR FLUSH VALVES
Load Demand Load Demand
(Water supply fixture units) (Gallons per minute) (Cubic feet per minute) (Water supply fixture units) (Gallons per minute) (Cubic feet per minute)

275 80.0 10.6944 275 104.5 13.96956

300 85.0 11.3628 300 108.0 14.43744
400 105.0 14.0364 400 127.0 16.97736
500 124.0 16.57632 500 143.0 19.11624
750 170.0 22.7256 750 177.0 23.66136
1,000 208.0 27.80544 1,000 208.0 27.80544
1,250 239.0 31.94952 1,250 239.0 31.94952
1,500 269.0 35.95992 1,500 269.0 35.95992
1,750 297.0 39.70296 1,750 297.0 39.70296
2,000 325.0 43.446 2,000 325.0 43.446
2,500 380.0 50.7984 2,500 380.0 50.7984
3,000 433.0 57.88344 3,000 433.0 57.88344
4,000 535.0 70.182 4,000 525.0 70.182
5,000 593.0 79.27224 5,000 593.0 79.27224

TABLE E103.3(4)
LOSS OF PRESSURE THROUGH TAPS AND TEES IN POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH (psi)
SIZE OF TAP OR TEE (inches)
GALLONS PER MINUTE 5/ 3/ 1 1 1 /4 1 1 /2 2 3
8 4

10 1.35 0.64 0.18 0.08 — — —

20 5.38 2.54 0.77 0.31 0.14 — —
30 12.10 5.72 1.62 0.69 0.33 0.10 —
40 — 10.20 3.07 1.23 0.58 0.18 —
50 — 15.90 4.49 1.92 0.91 0.28 —
60 — — 6.46 2.76 1.31 0.40 —
70 — — 8.79 3.76 1.78 0.55 0.10
80 — — 11.50 4.90 2.32 0.72 0.13
90 — — 14.50 6.21 2.94 0.91 0.16
100 — — 17.94 7.67 3.63 1.12 0.21
120 — — 25.80 11.00 5.23 1.61 0.30
140 — — 35.20 15.00 7.12 2.20 0.41
150 — — — 17.20 8.16 2.52 0.47
160 — — — 19.60 9.30 2.92 0.54
180 — — — 24.80 11.80 3.62 0.68
200 — — — 30.70 14.50 4.48 0.84
225 — — — 38.80 18.40 5.60 1.06
250 — — — 47.90 22.70 7.00 1.31
275 — — — — 27.40 7.70 1.59
300 — — — — 32.60 10.10 1.88
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 pound per square inch = 6.895 kPa, 1 gallon per minute = 3.785 L/m.

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APPENDIX E

TABLE E103.3(5)
ALLOWANCE IN EQUIVALENT LENGTHS OF PIPE FOR FRICTION LOSS IN VALVES AND THREADED FITTINGS (feet)
PIPE SIZE (inches)
FITTING OR VALVE 1/ 3/ 1 1 1 /4 1 1 /2 2 2 1 /2 3
2 4

45-degree elbow 1.2 1.5 1.8 2.4 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
90-degree elbow 2.0 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 7.0 8.0 10.0
Tee, run 0.6 0.8 0.9 1.2 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

Tee, branch 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 10.0 12.0 15.0
Gate valve 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.6 2.0
Balancing valve 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.2 3.0 3.7 4.5
Plug-type cock 0.8 1.1 1.5 1.9 2.2 3.0 3.7 4.5
Check valve, swing 5.6 8.4 11.2 14.0 16.8 22.4 28.0 33.6
Globe valve 15.0 20.0 25.0 35.0 45.0 55.0 65.0 80.0
Angle valve 8.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 22.0 28.0 34.0 40.0
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 degree = 0.0175 rad.

TABLE E103.3(6)
PRESSURE LOSS IN FITTINGS AND VALVES EXPRESSED AS EQUIVALENT LENGTH OF TUBEa (feet)
FITTINGS VALVES
NOMINAL OR Standard EII 90-Degree Tee
STANDARD SIZE
(inches) 90 Degree 45 Degree Side Branch Straight Run Coupling Ball Gate Butterfly Check
3/ 0.5 — 1.5 — — — — — 1.5
8
1/ 1 0.5 2 — — — — — 2
2
5/ 1.5 0.5 2 — — — — — 2.5
8
3/ 2 0.5 3 — — — — — 3
4

1 2.5 1 4.5 — — 0.5 — — 4.5

11/ 4 3 1 5.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — 5.5
11/ 2 4 1.5 7 0.5 0.5 0.5 — — 6.5
2 5.5 2 9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 7.5 9

21/ 2 7 2.5 12 0.5 0.5 — 1 10 11.5

3 9 3.5 15 1 1 — 1.5 15.5 14.5
31/ 2 9 3.5 14 1 1 — 2 — 12.5

4 12.5 5 21 1 1 — 2 16 18.5
5 16 6 27 1.5 1.5 — 3 11.5 23.5

6 19 7 34 2 2 — 3.5 13.5 26.5

8 29 11 50 3 3 — 5 12.5 39
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 degree = 0.01745 rad.
a. Allowances are for streamlined soldered fittings and recessed threaded fittings. For threaded fittings, double the allowances shown in the table. The equivalent lengths
presented above are based on a C factor of 150 in the Hazen-Williams friction loss formula. The lengths shown are rounded to the nearest half-foot.

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APPENDIX E

FIGURE E103.3(2)
FRICTION LOSS IN SMOOTH PIPEa (TYPE K, ASTM B 88 COPPER TUBING)

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gpm = 3.785 L/m, 1 psi = 6.895 kPa,
1 foot per second = 0.305 m/s.
a. This chart applies to smooth new copper tubing with recessed (streamline) soldered joints and to the actual sizes of types indicated on the diagram.

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APPENDIX E

FIGURE E103.3(3)
FRICTION LOSS IN SMOOTH PIPEa (TYPE L, ASTM B 88 COPPER TUBING)

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gpm = 3.785 L/m, 1 psi = 6.895 kPa,
1 foot per second = 0.305 m/s.
a. This chart applies to smooth new copper tubing with recessed (streamline) soldered joints and to the actual sizes of types indicated on the diagram.

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APPENDIX E

FIGURE E103.3(4)
FRICTION LOSS IN SMOOTH PIPEa (TYPE M, ASTM B 88 COPPER TUBING)

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gpm = 3.785 L/m, 1 psi = 6.895 kPa,
1 foot per second = 0.305 m/s.
a. This chart applies to smooth new copper tubing with recessed (streamline) soldered joints and to the actual sizes of types indicated on the diagram.

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APPENDIX E

FIGURE E103.3(5)
FRICTION LOSS IN FAIRLY SMOOTH PIPEa

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gpm = 3.785 L/m, 1 psi = 6.895 kPa,
1 foot per second = 0.305 m/s.
a. This chart applies to smooth new steel (fairly smooth) pipe and to actual diameters of standard-weight pipe.

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APPENDIX E

FIGURE E103.3(6)
FRICTION LOSS IN FAIRLY ROUGH PIPEa

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gpm = 3.785 L/m, 1 psi = 6.895 kPa,
1 foot per second = 0.305 m/s.
a. This chart applies to fairly rough pipe and to actual diameters which in general will be less than the actual diameters of the new pipe of the same kind.

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APPENDIX E

FIGURE E103.3(7)
FRICTION LOSS IN FAIRLY ROUGH PIPEa

For SI: 1 inch = 25.4 mm, 1 foot = 304.8 mm, 1 gpm = 3.785 L/m, 1 psi = 6.895 kPa,
1 foot per second = 0.305 m/s.
a. This chart applies to very rough pipe and existing pipe and to their actual diameters.

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APPENDIX E

SECTION E201 Select the appropriate column in Table E201.1 equal

SELECTION OF PIPE SIZE to or greater than the calculated maximum developed
length.
E 201.1 Size of water-service mains, branch mains and ris-
ers. The minimum size water service pipe shall be 3/4 inch (19.1 4. To determine the size of water service pipe, meter and
mm). The size of water service mains, branch mains and risers main distribution pipe to the building using the appropri-
shall be determined according to water supply demand [gpm ate table, follow down the selected “maximum devel-
(L/m)], available water pressure [psi (kPa)] and friction loss oped length” column to a fixture unit equal to, or greater
due to the water meter and developed length of pipe [feet (m)], than the total installation demand calculated by using the
including equivalent length of fittings. The size of each water “combined” water supply fixture unit column of Table
distribution system shall be determined according to the proce- E201.1. Read the water service pipe and meter sizes in
dure outlined in this section or by other design methods con- the first left-hand column and the main distribution pipe
forming to acceptable engineering practice and approved by to the building in the second left-hand column on the
the code official: same row.
5. To determine the size of each water distribution pipe,
1. Supply load in the building water-distribution system
start at the most remote outlet on each branch (either hot
shall be determined by total load on the pipe being sized,
or cold branch) and, working back toward the main dis-
in terms of water-supply fixture units (w.s.f.u.), as shown
tribution pipe to the building, add up the water supply
in Table E103.3(2). For fixtures not listed, choose a
fixture unit demand passing through each segment of the
w.s.f.u. value of a fixture with similar flow characteris-
distribution system using the related hot or cold column
tics.
of Table E201.1. Knowing demand, the size of each seg-
2. Obtain the minimum daily static service pressure [psi ment shall be read from the second left-hand column of
(kPa)] available (as determined by the local water au- the same table and maximum developed length column
thority) at the water meter or other source of supply at the selected in Steps 1 and 2, under the same or next smaller
installation location. Adjust this minimum daily static size meter row. In no case does the size of any branch or
pressure [psi (kPa)] for the following conditions: main need to be larger that the size of the main distribu-
2.1. Determine the difference in elevation between tion pipe to the building established in Step 4.
the source of supply and the highest water supply
outlet. Where the highest water supply outlet is
located above the source of supply, deduct 0.5 psi
(3.4 kPa) for each foot (0.3 m) of difference in el-
evation. Where the highest water supply outlet is
located below the source of supply, add 0.5 psi
(3.4 kPa) for each foot (0.3 m) of difference in el-
evation.
2.2. Where a water pressure reducing valve is in-
stalled in the water distribution system, the mini-
mum daily static water pressure available is 80
percent of the minimum daily static water pres-
sure at the source of supply or the set pressure
downstream of the pressure reducing valve,
whichever is smaller.
2.3. Deduct all pressure losses due to special equip-
ment such as a backflow preventer, water filter
and water softener. Pressure loss data for each
piece of equipment shall be obtained through the
manufacturer of such devices.
2.4. Deduct the pressure in excess of 8 psi (55 kPa)
due to installation of the special plumbing fix-
ture, such as temperature controlled shower and
flushometer tank water closet.
Using the resulting minimum available pres-
sure, find the corresponding pressure range in
Table E201.1.
3. The maximum developed length for water piping is the
actual length of pipe between the source of supply and
the most remote fixture, including either hot (through the
water heater) or cold water branches multiplied by a fac-
tor of 1.2 to compensate for pressure loss through fit-
tings.

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APPENDIX E

TABLE E201.1
MINIMUM SIZE OF WATER METERS, MAINS AND DISTRIBUTION PIPING
BASED ON WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNIT VALUES (w.s.f.u.)
METER AND
SERVICE PIPE DISTRIBUTION PIPE
(inches) (inches) MAXIMUM DEVELOPMENT LENGTH (feet)
Pressure Range 30 to 39 psi 40 60 80 100 150 200 250 300 400 500
3/ 1 a
/2 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0 0
4
3/ 3/ 9.5 7.5 6 5.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5
4 4
3/ 1 32 25 20 16.5 11 9 7.8 6.5 5.5 4.5
4

1 1 32 32 27 21 13.5 10 8 7 5.5 5
3/ 1-1/ 32 32 32 32 30 24 20 17 13 10.5
4 4
1/
1 1- 4 80 80 70 61 45 34 27 22 16 12
1/
1- 2 1-1/ 4 80 80 80 75 54 40 31 25 17.5 13
1/
1 1- 2 87 87 87 87 84 73 64 56 45 36
1/ 1-1/
1- 2 2 151 151 151 151 117 92 79 69 54 43
1/
2 1- 2 151 151 151 151 128 99 83 72 56 45
1 2 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 86
1/
1- 2 2 275 275 275 275 258 223 196 174 144 122
2 2 365 365 365 365 318 266 229 201 160 134
1/
2 2- 2 533 533 533 533 533 495 448 409 353 311

METER AND
SERVICE PIPE DISTRIBUTION PIPE
(inches) (inches) MAXIMUM DEVELOPMENT LENGTH (feet)
Pressure Range 40 to 49 psi 40 60 80 100 150 200 250 300 400 500
3/ 1/ a 3 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5 0.5 0.5
4 2
3/ 3/ 9.5 9.5 8.5 7 5.5 4.5 3.5 3 2.5 2
4 4
3/ 1 32 32 32 26 18 13.5 10.5 9 7.5 6
4

1 1 32 32 32 32 21 15 11.5 9.5 7.5 6.5

3/
4 1-1/ 4 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 27 21 16.5
1/
1 1- 4 80 80 80 80 65 52 42 35 26 20
1/ 1-1/
1- 2 4 80 80 80 80 75 59 48 39 28 21
1/
1 1- 2 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 78 65 55
1/ 1-1/
1- 2 2 151 151 151 151 151 130 109 93 75 63
1/
2 1- 2 151 151 151 151 151 139 115 98 77 64
1 2 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87
1/
1- 2 2 275 275 275 275 275 275 264 238 198 169
2 2 365 365 365 365 365 349 304 270 220 185
1/
2 2- 2 533 533 533 533 533 533 533 528 456 403
(continued)

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APPENDIX E

TABLE E201.1—continued
MINIMUM SIZE OF WATER METERS, MAINS AND DISTRIBUTION PIPING
BASED ON WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNIT VALUES (w.s.f.u.)
METER AND
SERVICE PIPE DISTRIBUTION PIPE
(inches) (inches) MAXIMUM DEVELOPMENT LENGTH (feet)
Pressure Range 50 to 60 psi 40 60 80 100 150 200 250 300 400 500
3/ 1 a
/2 3 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 1 1 0.5 0.5
4
3/ 3/ 9.5 9.5 9.5 8.5 6.5 0.5 4.5 4 3 2.5
4 4
3/ 1 32 32 32 32 25 18.5 14.5 12 9.5 8
4

1 1 32 32 32 32 30 22 16.5 13 10 8
3/ 1-1/ 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 29 24
4 4
1/
1 1- 4 80 80 80 80 80 68 57 48 35 28
1/
1- 2 1-1/ 4 80 80 80 80 80 75 63 53 39 29
1/
1 1- 2 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 82 70
1/ 1-1/
1- 2 2 151 151 151 151 151 151 139 120 94 79
1/
2 1- 2 151 151 151 151 151 151 146 126 97 81
1 2 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87
1/
1- 2 2 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 247 213
2 2 365 365 365 365 365 365 365 329 272 232
1/
2 2- 2 533 533 533 533 533 533 533 533 353 486

METER AND
SERVICE PIPE DISTRIBUTION PIPE
(inches) (inches) MAXIMUM DEVELOPMENT LENGTH (feet)
Pressure Range Over 60 40 60 80 100 150 200 250 300 400 500
3/ 1/ a 3 3 3 2.5 2 1.5 1.5 1 1 0.5
4 2
3/ 3/
4 4 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 7.5 6 5 4.5 3.5 3
3/ 1 32 32 32 32 32 24 19.5 15.5 11.5 9.5
4

1 1 32 32 32 32 32 28 28 17 12 9.5
3/ 1-1/4 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 30
4

1 1-1/4 80 80 80 80 80 80 69 60 46 36
1-1/2 1-1/4 80 80 80 80 80 80 76 65 50 38
1 1-1/2 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 84
1-1/2 1-1/2 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 144 114 94
2 1-1/2 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 151 118 97
1 2 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87 87
1-1/2 2 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 275 252
2 2 365 368 368 368 368 368 368 368 318 273
2 2-1/2 533 533 533 533 533 533 533 533 533 533
For SI: 1 inch = 25.4, 1 foot = 304.8 mm.
a. Minimum size for building supply is 3/4-inch pipe.

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