Current Electricity

_Grade 11_
 Learning of Objectives :
1. recall and use appropriate circuit symbols as set out in the ASE publication Signs,
Symbols and Systematics.
2. draw and interpret circuit diagrams containing sources, switches, resistors,
ammeters, voltmeters, and/or any other type of component referred to in the syllabus.
3. understand that electric current is a flow of charge carriers.
4. recall and use Q = It
5. derive and use, for a current-carrying conductor, the expression I = Anvq, where n is
the number density of charge carriers
6. define resistance and the ohm
7. recall and use R=ρL/A
8. define potential difference and the volt
9. state Ohm’s law and use of V = IR
10. recall and use P = VI and P = I2R
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 1.
Circuit Symbols & Diagram
Electronic Diagram :
1. Block Diagram

2. Circuit diagram

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Drawing Electronic Circuit Diagram

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Drawing Electronic
Circuit Diagram
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Electrical Component
Symbol
Electrical Component Function

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Electrical Component Function

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Electrical Component Function

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Electrical Component Function

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Electrical Component
Function
 2.
Electric Current
Electric Current :
Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge past a point.

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Electric Current :

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Electric Current :

1 Coulomb is the charge which flows

past a point in a circuit in a time of 1 s
when the current is 1 A. 16
Drift Velocity
● The drift velocity is an average velocity like an electron which obtains charge in it
because of electric field. It is also called an axial drift velocity
● When an electron will propagate randomly in a conductor, an applied electric field will
give this random motion a small net flow velocity in one direction

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Drift Velocity

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 Drift Velocity
● If the current increases,
the drift velocity must
increase
● If the wire is thinner, the
electrons move more
quickly for a given current
● In a material with lower
density of electrons, the
mean drift velocity must
be greater for a given
current 19
Example 1 :

How fast would the drift velocity be for electrons in a

copper wire which has a diameter of 0.22 mm and
carries a current of 0.50 A ?
Note : the number density of electrons for copper is
8.5 x 1028 / m3

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Example 2 :

There is a current of 10 A through a lamp for 1.0 hour.

Calculate how much charge flows through the lamp in
this time.

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Exercise 1 :

For an aluminium wire at room temperature with a

diameter of 0.4 mm, Calculate the drift velocity when a
current of 2.2 A passes through the wire.
Note : the number density of electrons for aluminium is
18.2 x 1028 / m3

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Exercise 2 :

Calculate the current in a circuit when a charge of 180 C

passes a point in a circuit in 2.0 minutes.

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 3.
Resistance
Electrical Resistance
Resistance (also known as ohmic resistance or electrical resistance) is a
measure of the opposition to current flow in an electrical circuit.
Resistance is measured in ohms, symbolized by the Greek letter omega (Ω).

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Factors Affecting Resistance

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Temperature Coefficient

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Resistivity https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/resistance-in-a-wire

➢ Resistivity is similar to resistance with the exception that it is

an inherent characteristic of the material itself.
➢ A quantification of a material’s ability to resist the flow of
electric current.

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Example :
What is the resistance of a copper fuse wire
(relativity of 1.7 x 10-8 Ωm) with a diameter of
0.4 mm and 2 cm in length ?

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Exercise :
A 3.50 meter length of wire with a cross-sectional area of
3.14 x 10-6 m at 200C has a resistance of 0.0625 Ω.
Determine the resistivity of the wire and the material
it is made out of.

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 4.
Potential Difference
The concept of potential difference

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The concept of potential difference

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Voltage vs emf

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Voltage vs emf

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Voltage vs emf

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 5.
Ohm’s Law
https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/ohms-law

https://scratch.mit.edu/projects/23659514/
Ohm’s Law
Ohm's law says that the current passing through any
conductor among 2 points is directly proportionate to the
voltage across 2 points of the conductor if physical
parameters like temperature, pressure, etc of conductor
remain same.

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Why is Ohm’s law important ?

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Ohmic & Non-Ohmic
❏ Those elements which follow ohm’s rule are recognized as
the ohmic.
❏ These modules have a similar value of resistance (R) when
we alter the value of current and voltage.
❏ Most of metals are Ohmic.
❏ Such conductor which follows Ohm law its graph remains
straight line and which do not follow Ohm’s law its graph is
not a straight line.
❏ The example of such units is metals like aluminum (Al),
copper (CU), etc. 42
Ohmic & Non-Ohmic

❏ Those modules which do not follow the ohm’s rule is

recognized as non-ohmic.
❏ In these constituents, the value of resistance does not
remain the same when we alter the applied voltage.
❏ The examples of these modules are semiconductor diodes,
transistor, and filament of the bulb.

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Ohmic & Non-Ohmic

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Ohm’s Law

❏ Ohm’s law is only a simplification

❏ Ohm’s law is not applicable for
❏ At high voltages or currents
❏ At high frequencies
❏ Over long distances
❏ For some materials

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Ohmic Graph :
represent Resistance of conductor

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Ohmic Graph :
represent Resistance of conductor

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Example 1 :

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Example 2 :
Look at V-I graph.

Determine the
resistance.

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Exercise 1 :

Look at the circuit diagram.

Determine the current flow

in circuit ?

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Exercise 2 :
Look at V-I graph.

Determine the
resistance.

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Exercise 3 :
Look at V-I graph.

Determine the greatest

resistance.

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 6.
Electrical Power
Electrical Power
➔ Assume a circuit as shown.
➔

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Electrical Power

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Electrical Power

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Electrical Power

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Electrical Power

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Electrical Power

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Electrical Power

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 Electrical Power

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Example 1 : 62
Example 2 : 63
Exercise : 64
Thanks!
Any questions?

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