These Are The Top 10 Skills

Of Tomorrow’s Workplace
How Many Do You Have?
Books needed for physics:

Textbook: Cambridge IGCSE TM Physics Student’s Book

Workbook: Cambridge IGCSE Physics Theory Workbook

One long book (for exercises/worksheet/quizzes)

Teacher: Low Fee Ngoo

Staffroom: Staffroom 2 (Block A first floor)
 学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆
xúe ér bù sī zé wǎng, sī ér bù xúe zé daì

Learning without reasoning leads to confusion,

thinking without learning is wasted effort.
 敏而好学，不耻下问
mǐn ér hào xué, bù chǐ xià wèn

A smart and studious person never feels ashamed

learning from those intellectually inferior to him.
 • Originally from Greek word “physikos”
What is
• The branch of science that study natural
physics? phenomena and the properties of matter.

• Example: we can hear our friend’s voice

(natural phenomena) due to the vibration of
the particles in the air.
Field of study in IGCSE physics

1 Motion, forces and energy

2 Thermal physics
3 Waves
4 Electricity and magnetism
5 Nuclear physics
6 Space physics
 ❑ Quantities that can be measured.
Physical ❑ Consists of numerical value(magnitude)
and unit.
Quantities
Example?
Physical quantities: speed, length, mass …
Non-physical quantities: pretty, loyalty…
Base quantities Base Symbol Base unit Symbol of
quantity (SI unit) unit
• Physical quantities Length l metre m
that cannot be
Mass m kilogram kg
defined in terms of
other physical Time t second s
quantities.
Temperature T Kelvin K
• The measuring unit of
base quantities is Current I ampere A
called base unit.
 • Physical quantities produced from the
combination of base quantities by
multiplication, division or both.
Derived
• Example:
quantities
area, volume, speed…
 What is the derived unit for the following derived
quantity?

Acceleration?

Try it! force? (force=mass x acceleration)

Work? (work=force x distance)

Pressure? (pressure = force/area)

 Also known as standard form.

Scientific A x 10n
Notation

where 1 ≤ A < 10 and n is a

positive or negative number.
Example 1:

The height of Mount Everest = 8848m.

Write the height of Mount Everest in standard form.

8848m = 8.848 x 103 m.

Example 2:

Write the speed of light = 299 792 458 m/s in scientific notation.

the speed of light = 299 792 458 m/s

= 2.99792458 x 108 m/s
Prefixes
Use to represent physical quantities which are very big or very small in SI units.
How to remember
the prefixes?
https://youtu.be/xTgRCJQ6w48
Example 1:

The frequency of the radio wave is 350 MHz. What is the

frequency of the radio wave in Hz?

Mega (M) = 1 000 000 or 106

Prefixes to
Therefore, normal number :
350MHz = 350 x 1000000 MULTIPLY the
= 350 000 000 Hz number with the
value of the
prefixes
Example 2:

The thickness of a film is 25nm. What is the

thickness in unit meter?

nano (n) = 0.000 000 001 or 10–9

Therefore
25nm = 25 × 0.000 000 001 m
= 0.000 000 025 m
= 2.5 × 10–8 m
Example 3:

0.0255 s is equal to how many ms ?

normal number
to prefixes:
mili (m) = 0.001 DIVIDE the
number with the
0.0255 s = 0.0255 ÷ 0.001 value of the
= 25.5 ms prefixes
Example 4:

Convert 265,500,000 W into GW

Giga (G) = 1,000,000,000 or 109

Therefore
265,500,000 W = 265,500,000 ÷ 109
= 0.2655 GW
Example 5:
(a) Convert 1 cm2 into m2.
1 cm2 = (1 cm)2
= (1x10-2 m)2
= 1x10-4 m2

(b) 1 cm3 = m3 ?

(c) 5 cm3 = m3 ?
Example 6:
The speed of a car is 90 km/h.
Express this speed in the unit m/s.
1 km = 1 x 103 m
1 hour = 60 x 60 = 3600 s

1 km
90 km/h = 90 x
1 hour
1×103 m
= 90 x
3600 𝑠
= 25 m/s
Example 7:
The density of sea water is 1.05 g/cm3.
Express this density in the unit kg/m3.
1 g = 1 x 10-3 kg
1 cm = 1 x 10-2 m

1g
1.05 g/cm3 = 1.05 x
1 cm3
1×10−3 kg
= 1.05 x
1 ×10−2 m 3
1×10−3 kg
= 1.05 x
1 ×10−6 m3
= 1.05 x 103 kg/m3
Quiz (prefix)
(please do in your exercise book)
Convert 3 N/m2 into N/cm2.

1N = 1 × 10—6 N
1 m2 = 1 × 104 cm2

1N
3 N/m2 =3×
1 m2
1 × 10—6 N
=3×
1 × 104 cm2
= 3 × 10—10 N/cm2
Measuring 1. Meter rule
• Measure length from a few cm up to 100 cm.
apparatus • Accuracy = 0.1 cm.
Example: Find the length of wooden block.

Length of the block,

l = 3.2 cm – 1.0 cm
= 2.2 cm
Vernier calipers simulator: click here

2. Vernier Calipers • Measure an object with dimensions up to 12 cm.

• Accuracy: 0.01 cm.
Example: What is the reading in the caliper shown?

3 4

0 5 10

overlap

Main scale = 3.6 cm

Vernier scale = 0.07 cm
Reading = 3.6 + 0.07 = 3.67 cm
Micrometer simulator: click here.

3. Micrometer • Measure small lengths ranging between 0.10 mm

screw gauge and 25.00 mm
• Accuracy: 0.01 mm
Micrometer screw gauge

1. difference between one division on the upper scale and one division on the
lower scale = 0.5mm
2. thimble scale is subdivided into 50 equal divisions.
3. One complete turn of thimble = 0.5 mm.
4. one division on the thimble scale = 0.01mm.
Example:

Main scale = 2.00 mm

Thimble scale = 22 x 0.01 mm = 0.22 mm
Actual reading = main scale + thimble scale
= 2.00 mm + 0.22 mm
= 2.22 mm
Measuring time

Analog stopwatch Digital stopwatch

Accuracy: 0.1 s Accuracy: 0.01 s

 Period, T
Time taken for one
complete oscillation.
Unit: second, s

Frequency, f
Number of complete
oscillation in a second.
Periodic motion Unit: hertz, Hz
- motion repeated in equal interval of time
 EXPERIMENT
(SIMPLE PENDULUM)

𝒍
𝑻 = 𝟐𝝅
𝒈
Collecting data
Independent variable dependent variable

• Follow accuracy of
measuring instrument. Symbol / unit
l / cm t/s T/s
✓ Metre rule measure up
to 0.1 cm, therefore 20.0 17.98 0.899
length in 1 decimal
place. 40.0 25.35 1.268
✓ Digital stopwatch 60.0 31.09 1.555
measures up to 0.01 s,
therefore time in 2 80.0 35.83 1.792
decimal place.
• Secondary data (calculation 100.0 40.12 2.006
from the data collected)
✓ Follow the least
significant of the Same decimal place
measured data. (readings from instrument)
 Drawing a graph (use pencil ONLY!) Symbol / unit
Points plotted
• Correct axis 2.2 should not larger
“Draw graph T against l” than ½ square
❖ T at y-axis(vertical axis),
❖ l at x-axis (horizontal axis).
• Label both axis with symbol and
THIN & SMOOTH
unit best-fit line.
ONE LINE only.
• Even scales for both axis.
• Plot the points with a cross that Plot area should
has less than ½ square. > 50% of the
graph paper.
• Draw smooth best-fit line. Even scale
e.g.: 1 cm : 10 cm,
❖ Connect all the points (if possible).
0.2 1 cm : 0.10 s
❖ The points that are not connected
should be evenly distributed above
and below the best-fit line.
Graph of T2 against l
 how to draw conclusion from the graph

As X increases, Y remains Y is directly proportional to X. As X increases, Y decreases.

the same. • the graph is straight line • When X is doubled, Y is
There is no relationship • the line start from origin. halved.
between X and Y. Y is inversely proportional to X.
Y is constant.
As X increases, Y increases in an As X increases, Y increases in an
increasing rate. decreasing rate.
Y is proportional to the square of X. The square of Y is proportional to X.
 how to draw conclusion from the graph

As X increases, Y remains the same. Y is directly proportional to X. As X increases, Y decreases.

There is no relationship between X • the graph is straight line • When X is doubled, Y is halved.
and Y. Y is constant. • the line start from origin. Y is inversely proportional to X.

As X increases, Y increases in an increasing rate. As X increases, Y increases in an decreasing rate.

Y is proportional to the square of X. The square of Y is proportional to X.