5 ANGLES AND POLYGONS

A curling bridge looks like a conventional bridge when it is extended. However, it curls up
to form an octagon to allow boats through. This Rolling Bridge is in Paddington Basin in
London, and curls up every Friday at midday.

Objectives Before you start

In this chapter you will: You should know:

recognise and use corresponding angles and how to measure and draw angles to the
alternate angles nearest degree
use and prove angle properties of triangles and how to find the sizes of missing angles on a
quadrilaterals straight line and at the intersection of straight
recognise angles of elevation and depression lines
give reasons for angle calculations how to recognise perpendicular and parallel
recognise and know the names of special lines, and vertically opposite angles
polygons that the angle sum of a triangle is 180°
know and use the interior and exterior angle how to recognise scalene, isosceles,
properties of polygons equilateral and right-angled triangles, and
find the bearing of one point from another. use their angle properties
how to recognise acute, obtuse, reflex and
right angles
that a quadrilateral is a shape with four
straight sides and four angles.

60
 5.1 Angle properties of parallel lines

5.1 Angle properties of parallel lines

Objectives

You can mark parallel lines on a diagram.

You can recognise corresponding and alternate angles.
You can find the sizes of missing angles using corresponding and alternate angles.
You can give reasons for angle calculations.

Get Ready

1. Find the sizes of the marked angles. a b c

a 45°
f 84°
b c 130° a a

Key Points
When two parallel lines are crossed by a straight line, as in the diagram, angles are formed.
The green angles are in corresponding positions so they are called corresponding angles. Corresponding
angles are equal.
The blue angles are also corresponding angles.
The orange angles are on opposite or alternate sides of the line so they are called alternate angles.
The yellow angles are also alternate angles.

The orange angles are on opposite or alternate sides of the line so they are called alternate angles. Alternate
angles are equal.
The yellow angles are also alternate angles.

Example 1 Find the size of angle a and angle b.

67° a

a  67° Corresponding angles are equal. Parallel lines

b are marked
ba with arrows in
so Alternate angles are equal. diagrams.
b  67°

parallel corresponding angles alternate angles 61

 Chapter 5 Angles and polygons

A02 Example 2 Explain why a  b  180º.

A03

a b c
In the diagram Corresponding angles are equal.
ac
b  c  180°
so Angles on a straight line add up to 180°.
b  a  a  b  180°

Exercise 5A Questions in this chapter are targeted at the grades indicated.

In questions 16 find the size of each lettered angle. Give reasons for your answers.

D 1
c
2 3 m
r
q
63° b 81°
67°
p l

a 49°
54° n

4 58° z 5 g 6 32°

k a

y 122° 18°
h 57°

7 Here are two parallel lines crossed by a straight line.

a List pairs of equal corresponding angles. a b
b List pairs of equal alternate angles. c d
c List pairs of angles which add up to 180°.
p q
Explain why the angles add up to 180°.
s r

8 ACE is a straight line. B D

AO3
Explain why the lines AB and CD must be parallel.

56° 124°
E
A C

62
 5.2 Proving the angle properties of triangles and quadrilaterals

5.2 Proving the angle properties of triangles

and quadrilaterals
Objectives Why do this?

You can understand a proof that the angle sum of a In mathematics it is important to be able
triangle is 180°. to prove that results are always true. A
You can understand a proof that an exterior angle of demonstration only shows that the result is
a triangle is equal to the sum of the interior angles at true for the chosen values.
the other two vertices.
You can explain why the angle sum of a quadrilateral
is 360°.

Get Ready

In questions 1 – 3, calculate the size of each lettered angle. Give reasons for your answers.
1. b 2. 122°
3.

c d

50° a e

Key Points
The angle marked e is called an exterior angle.
The angle of the triangle at this vertex, i,
is sometimes called an interior angle.
i  e  180° i e

Example 3 Prove that the angle sum of any triangle is 180°.

A03
For any triangle, a straight line can be drawn through a vertex parallel to the opposite
side, as shown in the diagram. p q
b

ap Alternate angles are equal.

cq Alternate angles are equal. a c

p  b  q  180° Angles on a straight line add up to 180°.

So
a  b  c  180° The angle sum of a triangle is 180°.

exterior angle interior angle 63

 Chapter 5 Angles and polygons

Exercise 5B

C 1 Here is a triangle with one side extended.

AO3

a c e

Complete the following proof that e  a  b by giving a reason for each line of the proof.

a  b  c  180°
e  c  180°
so
eab
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of the interior
angles at the other two vertices.

AO3
2 Here is a quadrilateral. A diagonal has been drawn to divide the quadrilateral into two triangles.

a b a p q

c r c
d s

Copy and complete this proof that the angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360°.
bpq
drs
a  p  r  180°
c  q  s  180°

Adding
a  c  p  q  r  s  360°
a  c  b  d  360°
so
a  b  c  d  360°
The sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.

B 3
b
AO3

a d c

a Use properties of parallel lines to prove that

abcd
b Which angle property of triangles has this proved?

64
 5.3 Using the angle properties of triangles and quadrilaterals

5.3 Using the angle properties of triangles

and quadrilaterals
Objectives Why do this?

You can use the property that an exterior angle of a The angles in triangles are used in sports,
triangle is equal to the sum of the interior angles at for example in water-skiing. To ensure the
the other two vertices. longest jumps are made, the angle of the jump
You can use the property that the angle sum of a should be 14º to the water.
quadrilateral is 360º.
You can use the angle properties of a parallelogram.
You can give reasons for angle calculations.

Get Ready

1. Calculate the size of the angle marked j. 106°

Key Points

An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum

b
of the interior angles at the other two vertices.

a�b
a

The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360°. a b

a  b  c  d  360º

c
d

Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal. ac

bd
The two angles at the end of each side of a parallelogram add up to 180º.
b c
a  b  b  c  c  d  d  a  180°
Example 5 shows important angle properties of parallelograms.

a d

65
 Chapter 5 Angles and polygons

Example 4 D
BCD is a straight line.
angle ACD  123°
C
angle CBA  58° 123°
Work out the size of angle BAC.

a  58°  123° Angle DCA is an exterior angle of the triangle.

58° a
a  123°  58° Exterior angle is equal to the B A
sum of the interior angles at
a  angle BAC  65° the other two vertices.

Example 5 ABCD is a parallelogram. B C

Find the size of each angle of the parallelogram. 60° b c

a  60° Alternate angles on parallel

lines BC and AD are equal. a d
b  60°  180° A D
b  180°  60°
Angles on a straight line add up to 180°.

b  120°

c  60° Corresponding angles on parallel lines BA and CD are equal.

a  b  c  d  360° Angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360°.

60°  120°  60°  d  360°
240°  d  360°
d  120°

Exercise 5C D

E
D 1 BCDE is a quadrilateral. 76°
ABE is an equilateral triangle.
Work out the size of angle ABC. 113°
C

A B

AO2 2 Work out the size of the angle e. 76°

AO3
Give reasons for your working.

e 130°

66
 5.4 Angles of elevation and depression

3 a Here is a kite. The diagonal shown dotted is an axis of symmetry. D

AO3
Find the size of angle a and the size of angle b. 132°
Give reasons for your working.
59° b

b Here is an isosceles trapezium.

The line shown dotted is an axis of symmetry.
The trapezium has an angle of 66° as shown.
Find the sizes of the three other angles of the trapezium.
Give reasons for your working.
66°

4 Here is a quadrilateral. AO3

299°
Work out the size of angle a. 50°
Give reasons for your working.

56° a

5.4 Angles of elevation and depression

Objectives Why do this?

You can recognise an angle of elevation. If you wanted to abseil down a building, you could
You can recognise an angle of depression. work out the height of the building using the angle
You know that the angle of elevation of point A of elevation from a point on the ground to the top.
from point B is equal to the angle of depression
of point B from point A.

Get Ready

1. b a Explain why a  b.
c
b What is b  c?
a

Key Points
The angle of elevation of point A from point B is the angle of A
turn above the horizontal to look directly from B to A.

angle of
elevation
B
horizontal

angle of elevation 67
 Chapter 5 Angles and polygons

The angle of depression of point B from point A is the angle of horizontal

A
turn below the horizontal to look directly from A to B.
angle of depression

B
horizontal

Angles of elevation and depression are always measured from the horizontal.

Exercise 5D

D 1 Here is a diagram of a lighthouse. horizontal

AO3
Explain why angle e  angle d. d

horizontal e

2 The angle of depression of a point A on horizontal ground from the top of a tree is 30°.
a Show this information in a sketch.
b On your sketch show and label the angle of elevation of the top of the tree from A.

5.5 Bearings
Objectives Why do this?

You can use bearings for directions. When giving directions, it is important to know
You can find the bearing of one point from another the exact direction of A from B. This is useful
point. for orienteering.
You can work out the bearing of point B from point A
when you know the bearing of point A from point B.

Get Ready
Yuen lives in a town. The diagram shows the position of three places in the town in relation to Yuen’s home.
Give the compass directions from Yuen’s home of: school
a the cinema N
b the park NW NE
c the school. home cinema
W E

SW SE
S park

68 angle of depression
 5.5 Bearings

Key Points
Bearings are angles measured clockwise from North.
Bearings always have three figures.

Example 6 For each diagram, give the bearing of B from A.

a N b N
B

B Watch Out!

Remember that a bearing

47° has to have three figures and
A that is why some start with
A 351° one or two zeros.

a At A, turn 47° clockwise from North to look towards B.

The bearing of B from A is 047°.

b The angle 351° is measured anticlockwise from North.

Clockwise angle  360°  351°  9°
(as there are 360° in a complete turn).
The bearing of B from A is 009°.

Example 7 The bearing of B from A is 107°.

A03
Work out the bearing of A from B. Examiner’s Tip
N

Bearing of A from B  106°  180° Remember that bearings are

 286º always measured clockwise
from the North.

106°
A

Draw a North line at B.

106°
A
106° The angle marked in red is the angle
B that is the bearing of A from B.

The angle marked in blue is 106°

(alternate angles).

bearings 69
 Chapter 5 Angles and polygons

Exercise 5E

1 In each of the following, give the bearing of B from A.

a N b N c N

A 63°
B
B 45°
73°
A
B

2 The diagram shows three towns A, B and C.

N

C
116°
N B

38°

The bearing of C from A is 038°.

Angle ACB  116°
CA  CB
Work out the bearing of
a B from A
b A from C
c B from C

D 3 The bearing of Norwich from Gloucester is 069°.

Work out the bearing of Gloucester from Norwich.

AO2
4 A plane flies from Skegness to Carlisle on a bearing of 132°.
Work out the bearing the plane needs to fly on for the return journey to Skegness.

C AO2 5 The diagram shows the position of three towns P, Q and R.

AO3
Find the bearing of: N
a R from Q
b P from Q.

121° 111°
Q

R
P

70
 5.6 Using angle properties to solve problems

5.6 Using angle properties to solve problems

Objectives Why do this?

You can use the angle properties in this chapter In the fashion industry, you can use angle
to solve more involved problems. properties to fit pieces of material together for
You can give reasons for angle calculations. clothes without wasting cloth.

Get Ready

1. Find the size of each lettered angle.

Give reasons for your answers.

a
72°
54° g
b
f
43° e d 116°
c

Example 8 Work out the size of:

120°
i angle a
ii angle b. 75° 103° Watch Out!
b
Questions will rarely just ask
i a  75°  120°  103°  360° you to work out the size of the
a  298°  360° unknown angle of a triangle
a  62° a or of a quadrilateral. In most
cases you will need to use
ii b  a other angle properties.
Sum of the angles of a quadrilateral is 360°.
b  62°
Alternate angles are equal.

Exercise 5F

AO2 D
1 AFB and CIGD are parallel lines. B D

EFGH is a straight line. AO3

GH  GI E
F G
H
Angle GIH  28°
28°
Work out the size of:
I
a angle DGF
b angle EFA.
A C

71
 Chapter 5 Angles and polygons

C 2 L, M and N are points, as shown, on the sides of triangle ABC. A

ML and AB are parallel.
70°
NL and AC are parallel.
NM and BC are parallel. N M
Angle BAC  70°
Angle ABC 55°
55° 55°
Work out the size of each angle of triangle LMN.
B L C

AO2 3 Work out the size of: p

AO3
a angle p 59° 39°
b angle q.
Give reasons for your working. 58° 147° q

AO2 4 Here is a parallelogram. d

AO3 c
a Explain why a  c.
b Hence prove that a  b  c  d.
Give reasons for your working. a b
c What property of parallelograms have you proved?

AO2 5 Here is a quadrilateral. b c

AO3
In this quadrilateral a  c  180°. d
Prove that b  d  180°.
Give reasons for your working. a

5.7 Polygons
Objectives Why do this?

You know what a polygon is and what a regular Tiles are made in the shape of regular
polygon is. polygons. Knowing the properties of various
You know the names of special polygons. polygons might help you make patterns with
You know and can use the sum of the interior angles of different shapes.
a polygon.
You know and can use the sum of the exterior angles of
a polygon.
You can answer problems on polygons involving angles.

Get Ready
1. Write down the name of the shape that has three equal sides and three equal angles.
2. Use two words to complete the following sentence: A square is a quadrilateral with… sides
and… angles.

72
 5.7 Polygons

Key Points
A polygon is a closed two-dimensional shape with straight sides.
A regular polygon is a polygon with all its sides the same length and all its angles equal in size.
Here are the names of some special polygons.

Triangle 3-sided polygon

Examiner’s Tip

Quadrilateral 4-sided polygon These are the names of the polygons that
are needed for GCSE. Other polygons also
have special names.
Pentagon 5-sided polygon

Hexagon 6-sided polygon Octagon 8-sided polygon

Heptagon 7-sided polygon Decagon 10-sided polygon

Angles of a polygon

Example 9 Here is a 7-sided polygon.

Work out the sum of the angles of this polygon.

A 7-sided polygon is a heptagon.

All the diagonals from one vertex (corner) of the heptagon have been drawn.

There are 4 diagonals and the heptagon has been divided into 5 triangles.

The angle sum of each triangle is 180°.

Sum of the angles of a heptagon  5  180°  900°

As these angles are inside the polygon, they are also called the interior angles of the polygon.

polygon regular 73
 Chapter 5 Angles and polygons

Exercise 5G

D 1 a Copy and complete the following table.

Polygon Number of sides Number of Number of Sum of interior
(n) diagonals from triangles angles
one vertex formed
Triangle 3 0 1 180º
Quadrilateral 4 1 2 360º
Pentagon 5
Hexagon 6
Heptagon 7 4 5 900º
Octagon 8
Nonagon 9
Decagon 10
b For a polygon with n sides, write down:
i the number of diagonals that can be drawn from one vertex
ii the number of triangles that are formed
iii the sum of the interior angles of the polygon.

AO3
2 A rhombus has sides that are the same length. Explain why a rhombus is, in general, not a regular
polygon.

Sum of the interior angles of a polygon

Key Points
A polygon can be divided into triangles when all diagonals are drawn from one vertex. For an n-sided polygon,
the number of triangles will be (n-2).
A regular polygon will tesselate if the interior angle is an exact divisor of 360°. Regular triangles, squares and
hexagons will therefore tessellate.
Sum of the interior angles of a polygon with n sides  (n  2)  180°
 (2n  4) right angles

Example 10 A polygon has 15 sides.

a Work out the sum of the interior angles of the polygon.
b Find the size of each interior angle of a regular polygon with 15 sides.

a 15  2  13 With n  15, work out the number of triangles  (n  2)

13  180  2340 Work out (n  2)  180

Sum of interior angles  2340°
The regular polygon has 15 interior
b Each interior angle  2340°  15 angles that are all the same size.

 156° Divide the sum of the angles by 15.

74
 5.7 Polygons

Example 11 Here is a regular octagon with centre O.

a Work out the size of:
i angle x ii angle y. O

b Hence work out the size of each interior angle of a regular octagon. x
y
Joining each vertex of the polygon to the centre
a i x  360°  8  45° O will form in total 8 equal angles like angle x.
These 8 angles make a complete turn of 360°.
180°  45°  67.5°
ii y  ___________
2 The triangle shown is an isosceles triangle, with
angle y as one of the two equal base angles.

b Each interior angle  2  67.5°  135° By symmetry, angle y is half an

interior angle of the regular polygon.

Exercise 5H

AO2 D
1 John divides a regular polygon into 16 triangles by drawing all the diagonals from one vertex.
a How many diagonals does John draw? AO3

b How many sides has the polygon?

c What is the size of each of the interior angles of the polygon?
2 Work out the size of each interior angle of:
AO2
a a regular hexagon AO3
b a regular decagon
c a regular polygon with 30 sides.
3 Work out the size of each of the marked angles in these polygons. You must show your working. C
AO3
a b
131° 143°
65° 101°
162°
112°

y 146°
135°

x
124° 166°

4 Explain why the size of the angle at the centre of a regular polygon cannot be 25º. AO2
AO3
5 Here is an octagon. b
a 150° 138° c
a Work out the size of each of the angles marked with a letter.
b Work out the value of a  b  c  d  e  f  g  h 148°
117°
h
d
117°

136°

121° 153° e
g
f

75
 Chapter 5 Angles and polygons

B AO2 6 ABCD is a square. EFGHIJKL is an octagon.

AO3
AE  EF  FB  BG  GH  HC  CI  IJ  JD  DK  KL  LA
D K L A
a Find the size of each interior angle of the octagon.
Give reasons for your answers.
b Tracy says that the octagon is a regular octagon. J E

i Why might Tracy think that the octagon is regular?

I F
ii Explain why Tracy is wrong.

C H G B

Exterior angles of a polygon

Key Points
When a side of a polygon is extended at a vertex, the angle between this extended line and the other side
at the vertex is an exterior angle at this vertex.

interior angle
exterior angle

The sum of angles on a straight line  180°

So at a vertex, interior angle  exterior angle  180°
The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is 360°.

ABCDEF is a hexagon.
Imagine a spider is at vertex A facing in the direction of the arrow. B
a b
The spider turns through angle a so that it is now facing in the A
C
direction AB. The spider now walks to vertex B.
c
At B, the spider turns through angle b to face in the direction BC.
He continues to walk around the hexagon until he gets back to A.
f
The spider has turned through one complete circle, so it has
turned through an angle of 360°. F
D
The total angle turned through by the spider is also d
a  b  c  d  e  f, the sum of the exterior angles of the hexagon. e E
So a  b  c  d  e  f  360°.
The same argument holds for any polygon.

Example 12 A regular polygon has 20 sides.

a Work out the size of each exterior angle.
b Work out the size of each interior angle.
The polygon is regular so the 20 exterior
a Each exterior angle  360°  20  18° angles are equal in size.
The sum of these 20 equal angles is 360°.

b Interior angle  180°  18°  162° Exterior angle  interior angle  180°

76
 5.7 Polygons

Example 13 The interior angle of a regular polygon is 160º.

Work out how many sides the polygon has.

Work out the size of an exterior angle.

Exterior angle  180°  160°  20° Exterior angle  interior angle  180°.

The polygon is regular so that all

Number of sides  ____
360°
20°
 18 exterior angles are 20° with sum 360°.

Exercise 5I

1 One vertex of a polygon is the point P. D

a Work out the size of the interior angle at P when the exterior angle at P is: i 70° ii 37°.
b Work out the size of the exterior angle at P when the interior angle at P is: i 130° ii 144°.

2 Work out the size of each exterior angle of:

a a regular pentagon b a regular octagon
c a regular polygon with 12 sides d a regular 25-sided polygon.

3 The size of each exterior angle of a regular polygon is 15°. AO2

AO3
a Work out the number of sides the polygon has.
b What is the sum of the interior angles of the polygon?

4 The sizes of five of the exterior angles of a hexagon are 36°, 82°, 51°, 52° and 73°. C
AO3
Work out the size of each of the interior angles of the hexagon.

5 A, B and C are three vertices of a regular polygon with 30 sides. AO2

AO3
C
B Work out the size of angle BCA.
Give reasons for your working.
A

* 6 The diagram shows three sides, AB, BC and CD, of a regular polygon with centre O. AO2
AO3
The angle at the centre of the polygon is c. O
The exterior angle of the polygon at the vertex C is e.
c
Explain why c  e. D
A

e
B C

77
 Chapter 5 Angles and polygons

Chapter review
When two parallel lines are crossed by a straight line, as in the diagram, angles are formed.
Corresponding angles are equal, and alternate angles are equal.
The angle sum of a triangle is 180°.
An exterior angle of a triangle is equal to the sum of
b
the interior angles at the other two vertices.

a�b
a

The angle sum of a quadrilateral is 360°. a b

a  b  c  d  360º
c
d

Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal. b c

ac
bd

a d

The angle of elevation of point A from point B is the angle A

of turn above the horizontal to look directly from B to A.

angle of
elevation
B
horizontal

The angle of depression of point B from point A is the angle of horizontal

A
turn below the horizontal to look directly from A to B.
angle of depression

B
horizontal
Angles of elevation and depression are always measured from the horizontal.
Bearings are angles measured clockwise from North.
Bearings always have three figures.
A polygon is a closed two-dimensional shape with straight sides.
A regular polygon is a polygon with all its sides the same length and all its angles equal in size.
Sum of the interior angles of a polygon with n sides  (n  2)  180°
 (2n  4) right angles
At a vertex of a polygon, interior angle  exterior angle  180°
The sum of the exterior angles of any polygon is 360°.

78
 Chapter review

Review exercise
A D
1
Diagram NOT
accurately drawn Exam Question Report

88° 96°
93% of students answered this question poorly
B C
because they did not justify their answers.
James says, “The lines AB and DC are parallel.”
Ben says, “The lines AB and DC are not parallel.”
Who is right, James or Ben?
Give a reason for your answer. May 2009

2 AB is a straight line.
Diagram NOT
This diagram is wrong. Explain why. accurately drawn
120° 50°
A B Nov 2008

3 a Write down the value of x.

x 30° Diagram NOT
b Give a reason for your answer. accurately drawn

This diagram is wrong.

c Explain why. 135°
Diagram NOT
125° 125°
accurately drawn

June 2008

4 ABC is an isosceles triangle. A

Diagram NOT A03
BCD is a straight line.
accurately drawn
AB  AC. 54°
Angle A  54°.
a i Work out the size of the angle
marked x. y
x
ii Give a reason for your answer. B C D
b Work out the size of the angle marked y. June 2007

5 The diagram shows the position of two boats, P and Q. N D

The bearing of a boat R from boat P is 060°.
The bearing of boat R from boat Q is 310°.
Draw an accurate diagram to show the position of boat R. N

Mark the position of boat R with a cross (  ). Label it R.

P June 2009

79
 Chapter 5 Angles and polygons

D 6 AB is parallel to CD.
a Write down the value of y. A
65° 58°
B
b Give a reason for your answer.

y
C D
June 2008

* 7 A

x
P Q
50° B
Exam Question Report
y
R S
C
92% of students answered this question well
D
because they knew the difference between
ABCD is a straight line.
alternate and corresponding angles.
PQ is parallel to RS.
Write down the size of angle x and y,
giving reasons for your answer. March 2008

8 Work out the value of x. 105°

119°

50°
x
Nov 2007

9 In the diagram A

AB  AC x

Angle ABC  52°

a Work out the size of the angle marked x.
52°
b Give a reason for your answer. B C June 2009

10 ABCDEF is a regular hexagon and ABQP is a square. E D

Angle CBQ  x°.

Work out the value of x.
F C

B
A x°

P Q June 2007

80
 Chapter review

AO2 D
11 In triangle ABC, angle BAC  90°. A
Work out the size of a angle DAC b angle DCA. AO3

127°
B D C

12 Work out the size of the angle p. AO2

AO3
Give reasons for your working.

57°

13 S

w y
Diagram NOT
accurately drawn

25° x
P Q R
Exam Question Report
PQR is a straight line.
PQ  QS  QR. Angle SPQ  25°.
a i Write down the size of angle w. 84% of students answered this question poorly
ii Work out the size of angle x. because they did not use all of the information
b Work out the size of angle y. given in the question.

Nov 2008

14 a Find the bearing of B from A. N

b On a copy of the diagram, draw a line B

on a bearing of 135° from A.

A Nov 2006

15 The diagram shows part of a regular 10-sided polygon. C

AO2
Work out the size of the angle marked x. x

Nov 2008

81
 Chapter 5 Angles and polygons

C 16 In the diagram, ABC is a straight line and BD  CD. E

a Work out the size of angle x. 108°

D
b Work out the size of angle y. 54°
120°
y x
A B C Nov 2006

17 In triangle ABC, AB  AC. Angle ABC  (x  20°). B

Show that angle BAC  (140°  2x).

Give reasons for each stage of your working. Diagram NOT
accurately drawn

A C

18 Prove that angle FED  205°  3x A B

Give reasons for each stage of your working.

65° x C
2x
F
Diagram NOT
E y accurately drawn

19 In a regular polygon each exterior angle is two thirds the size of each interior angle.
a Calculate the size of each interior angle.
b Calculate the number of sides of the polygon.

* 20 In the diagram, AC  BC . D
Prove that angle BCD  4(95°  x) Diagram NOT
C
Give reasons for each stage of your working. accurately drawn

x
A
B
x
80°

* 21 PQR is a triangle with PQ  PR. Q

Prove that PY  QY. X

60°
Diagram NOT
Z accurately drawn
20°

20°
P R
Y

A AO2 22 Just after 1 o’clock the hour and minute hands of a clock are pointing in the same direction, meaning
AO3
that the angle between them is 0°. What time is this? (Answer to the nearest second).

82