M = | BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING . AN ae _ Er. Nischal Khanal Er. Jatil Sharma 3 es - ere } : | 3 Be ‘ : 4BUILDING DRAWING AR 556 Year : 1 Part : 11 Course Objective: Ublectree of building drawing and drafting course is to ritroduce students the bask terminorogy. component and element of build ng drawing. This course is desgned to familiarize the students with tie fundamentals of building drawing and drafting skill.- Emphasis is placed on drafty.% floor plan. elevation. section and details of building. 1. Introduction to building and Building drawing (1 hour) J.1 Structural system of building 1.2. Anatomy of building 1.3. Elements of building 1.4 Scale of building drawing 2, Symbols and conventional signs used for building drawing (hour) 3. Standard views used in building drawing (hours) 3.1 Location plan . 3.2 Site plan 3.3 Floor plans 3.4 Elevations/Facades 3.5 Cross section 3.6 Detail drawings 4, Types of building drawing (7 hours) 4.1 Concept drawing 4.2 Presentation drawing 4.3 Municipality drawing 44° Measured drawing 4.5 Working drawing 45.1. Architect's drawing 4.5.2 Structural drawing 4.5.3 Service drawing 46 As built drawingintroduction to Building Bye-Laws 5 . Drawing Sheet to be prepared by the students: TT Description i ‘Load bearing and frame structure building, scale” conversion, symbols and conventional signs Floor plans Elevations, cross sections Details of building wle Municipality drawing Measured drawing ~|> Working drawings (Architect's, structural, electrical, sanitary drawings etc.) * Tota References: Building Bye-laws. Suraj Singh. "Civil Engineering Building practice" “Metrix Architectural construction drafting and design fundamentals" John Molnar "Building construction drafting and design" Brian W. Boughbon. "Building and Civil engineering construction" Hornung "Architectural Drafting, 5 edition" . . John D. Bies. "Architectural drafting: Structure and Environment" ‘Thomas, Marvin L. "Architectural Working Drawing" Evaluation scheme: pueo » Willian J Homung eras The questions will cover the entire chapter of the syllabus. The evaluation scheme will bas indo the table below: ] Chapters Hours Mark distribution* 1&2 2 4 3 5 10 4 7 14 ‘5 1 2 Total 15 30 *There may be minor deviation in marks distribution.———— Additional Problems Contents ——— se Chapter Page Standard Guidelines for Buliding Drawing 1-4 4. Introduction to Bullding & Bullding Drawing 5-20 1.1 Building and Its Introduction 5 1.2. Types of Buildings 6 1.3. Structural System of Building 8 1.4 Anatomy of a building 9 1.5. Elements of Building . 15 1.5.1 Building materials 16, Past Questions 20 2. Symbol 21-45 2.1. Introduction : 2 2.2. Types of Symbols 25 23 Electrical and Sanitary Symbols \ 39 Past Questions 40 Additional Problems . 41 3. Planning and Drawing of Residential Building 45-80 3.1 Plan 46 3.1.1 Location Plan 46 3.1.2 Plot Plan/Site Plan 46 3.1.3 Floor Plans 49 3.2. Steps for Preparing a Plan of a Residential Building 50 3.3. Section 52 3.4 Elevation 53 3.5 Standard Dimensions for Various Building Units 54 3.6 Points to be Noted While Redrawing Floor Plan 56 Past Questions 58 6ON Detailed Drawing “ 81.43, 4.2 Foundation & 4.2.1 Development of Foundation Plan for Load Bearing Structure 8 4.2.2 Development of Foundation Plan for Frame Bearing Structure 4.2.3 Types of Foundation 4.3 Doors . . 4.3.1 Door and Pits Parts fs 4.3.2 Location of Door 4.3.3. Size of Door 4.3.4 Types of Doors 4.4 Windows 4.4.1. Location of Window 4.4.2. Size of Window 4.4.3 Types of Windows 45 Roofs 4.5.1 Classification of Roof 4.52 Technical Terms Used in Roof 4.6 Lintel and Archs 4.6.1 Lintel 4.6.2. Archs 47 Stairs 4.7.1 Elements of Stairs 4.7.2 Requirements of A Good Stairs 4.7.3 Classification of Stairs 48 Door and Window Sections SBSSKRKRFEEREEESSSEEBEE 49 Various Plans and Details 101 . 49.1 . Slab Plan and Detail 102 4.9.2. Staircase Plan and Detail 104 4.9.3 Beam Detail “106 49.4 Column Detail . 107 . 4.9.5 Lapping Detail 107 49.6 Wall lintel Detail 10 Past Questions 110 Additional Problems : 165. Types of Bullding Drawing 423-148 5.1 Concept Drawing - as $.2. Municipality Drawing or Submission Drawing 124 5.2.1 Types of Submission Drawing ~ 124 5.3 Architectural Drawing ; 124 5.3.1. Development of Plan 125 5.3.2. Development of Section 125 5.3.3 Development of Elevation ' 124 5.4 Structural Drawing 127 5.4.1 Trench Plan 127 5.4.2 Flooring : 130 132. 5.5 Sanitary Drawing 5.5.1 _ Detailed Drawings of Water Supply and Drainage Connections to Building 132 5.5.2 Overhead Tank 135 5.5.3. Manhole 136 5.6 Electrical Drawing/Electrical Plan 138 5.6.1 Electrical Design Considerations ‘ 139 5.6.2' Electrical Plan Requirements "139 Past Questions 143 6.- Building Bye-Laws 7 . 149-177 6.1 Background of Nepal National Bui 149 6.2. Provision of NBC 150 63 Objectives of Building Bye-Laws 152 6.4 Elements of Bye-Laws 153 6.4.1 Size of Sheet (Paper) 153 6.4.2" Set Backs 153 6.4.3. Right of Way: and Light Plane 153 6.4.4 Area Limitations : 154 6.4.5 Maximum Permissible FAR 155 6.5 Related Codal Provisions : 155 6.7 Other Planning Parameters : 155 Past Questions 156 * Practical (Practical 1 - Practical 18) 161 - 178 —__both within a country or between any two countries like language, symbols, description and convectional practices. However with a vi ‘on drav Standard Guidelines for Building Drawing Drawing is Engineer's language. It can be used as means of communication of technical ideas used. engineering drawing has its‘own iew of maintaining common view ing throughout the world, LS. standards, D.LN. of Germany and BS. of Britain are mostly Before starting building drawing, following guidelines should be kept in mind. i) ii) iii) iv) ) Drawing sheet Lines Dimensions Lettering Drawing Sheet Cream coloured and smooth surface on a 420 mm x 594 mm size A2 sheet should be selected for drawing. Border lines should be drawn (along with title block) using HB pencil after fixing the drawing sheet. The minimum width of border lines are as follows: Right hand side = 300 mm. Left hand side = 50 mm ‘Top and bottom = 50 mm The title block must contain the description of drawing Name (and roll no.) of student Name of institution Title of drawing sheet Scale of drawing Date of submission The scale should be written as 1 cm = 1 mand not Im: lem (or 100:1). Hands should be clean before drawing. The thoughts regarding the drawing should be visualized before connecting. During the period drawing, the pencils, drafters of scales, parallel lines, French curves and set square should be kept safe on the table so that they do not catch dirt._" 21 tollon b) | Busiding Drawing AA clean paper mast be used to cover a drawing to prevent it from being ing lea . inoneture, sweat or ditt bein, se raring drawing, drawing sheet should be Kept neat and clean by wiping Ut era poclings with a kerchiel % Lines: The various types of lines used in building drawing to describe various co ™PONENIS ay, te ® a) Thick lines b) Medium thick lines ©) Thin lines ) Break lines Thick lines . Visible outline Maximum thickness = 1.0 mm. © Used pericil = HB * Also called principal line © Torepresent the visible outline of building Medium thick line * Hidden line © Maximum thickness = 0.5 mm © Used pencil = H * Also called dashed line or dotted line To show hidden surfaces or visible lines in section of plane of a building Thin line ¢ ~ Dimension line * Maximum thickness = 0.3 mm © Used pencil = 2H * To show dimension of various components of a building Extension line © Maximum thickness = 0.8 mm © Used pencil=2H ~ * Tohelp in dimensioning Cea aeBuilding Drawing || 3 Cutting plane line © Maximum thickness = 0.8 mm © Used pencil = 2H * Also called section line ¢ Toshow section of drawing d) Break lines © Long Break line Maximum thickness = 0.2 mm © Used pencil = 2H * — Toshow long break of irregular boundaries Short break line © Maximum thickness = 0.6 mm © Used pencil = 2H ‘© Toshow short break of irregular boundaries Leader line * Maximum thickness = 0.3 mm Used pencil = 2H © Also called pointer line * — Towrite note and dimension of various components iii) Dimensioning * Dimension should be provided outside of room and its components excepts where it is easily readable inside. «Dimension lines should never cross each other. Dimension should not be shown between lines so far as possible. Dimension lines should be at least 10 mm away from outlines and each other. Dimensions are written perpendicular to dimension lines and near the middle. ‘The height of dimension figures should be (3-5) mm iv) Lettering «All letters should be capital and generally vertical. However italic (inclined 75°) is also used. © Guidelines are drawn with 2H pencil and lettering is drawn using HB pencil. + Main title (6-12 mm), subtitles and heading (3-6) mm and other (3-5) mm4 4 || Building Drawing lewers should be approximately 1/5th of height of letters. The te icing between two should be well spaced. spacing between two words should be 3/5th of height of letters © Allletters should be uniform ror uniformity, guidelines can be drawn and lettering done between them. General © Try avoiding scratching or rubbing drawing sheet. Use sand paper for sharping pencil lead as far as possible. Never leave drawing in completed for next day. Do not use different scales while drawing. Do not enter into gossip while drawing. * Avoid dimensioning through section lined. Be careful while using different pencils. Use them according to their standard use ony, Maintain a padding sheet under drawing sheet.Chapter INTRODUCTION TO BUILDING & BUILDING DRAWING 1.1 BUILDING AND ITS INTRODUCTION A building can be defined as a structure mainly consisting of sub and super structure elements built over a provided surface area for different use such as residence, education, business and so on. ‘The method of construction and purpose of construction of building depends upon the budget, needs of clients, environmental factors, location of site, materials available, use of buildings and so on. Generally, buildings are constructed in accordance to the building codes and building byelaws Of the respective areas. The byelaws mainly provide an outline on side and rear setbacks, minimum height and area of habitable room, minimum dimension of door and windows and so on that should be considered during the construction of buildings. Apart from building byelaws, a building should ensure thermal comfort, proper ventilation, desirable illumination and so on and it should satisfy the611 Introduction to Building & Building Drawing uirements of the person residing on the buildings. req) s Fig. Building , Thus, a building is regarded as one of the most important basic need of a living being. good building must fulfill following basic requirements. + It should be durable and strong enough to withstand the natural and artificial effects. = It should provide maximum living comfort to the inhabitant. — It should have enough illumination and enough ventilation. — It should be free from damness. ~ It should be stable to the anticipated loads. : = — It should utilize local available construction materials as far as possible. — Itshould be economical 1.2 TYPES OF BUILDINGS The various types of buildings constructed as per needs can be categorize types: i 1 Residential Buildings i 4 ma) IL Commercial Buildings. Residential Buildings: Residential Buildings are the buildings that are const"Building Drawing | purpose of habitat. These buildings mainly includes: , ~ Apartment Block —- Townhouse - Hut - Dormitory - Villa = Igloo _ Duplex = Bungalow - House = Unit STILT HOUSE LOG HOUSE Fig. Respective Residential Buildingso™ 8 | Introduction to Building & Building Drawing jal buildings: The buildings constructed with a major motive of social and eg, " aie under the category of commercial buildings. The construction material useq MOM methad of construction of these buildings completely vary’ from those of mesiieiai a bling, the (On the twaie of use or application, commercial buildings can be further categorized ag 4) Fucational Buildings: These include the buildings used for purpose involving instrug or education tion b) Institutional Buildings: Any buildings which are used for Purposes as medical illneg disease, health care, oldage homes, detention in which liberty of inmates ig Testricte, a + on fall under the category of institutional buildings, and, ©) Hazardous Buildings: These are the buildings used for handling, Processing, manufac or storage of hazardous materials. The hazardous matetials mainly includes ture combustible explosive materials, toxic matters, chemical and so on, shy 4) Assembly Buildings: These include buildings where people gather with Purpose amusement, recreation, social, religious, civil or similar purposes: For examples theaten auditoria, museums and so on. 7 ¢) Business Buildings f) Governmental Buildings 8) Industrial Buildings h) Storage Buildings and So on 1.3 STRUCTURAL SYSTEM OF BUILDING Over many years, engineers have observed that some structural system perform better in earthquakes than others. Based on these observations, the design criteria for building structures are based on structural system used. Structural system are categorized based on materials of construction (concrete, masonry, steel or wood) The broad categories of structural systems include: - Bearing wall system , ~ Bearing frame system ~ Moment-resisting frame system ~ Dual systems ~ Cantilever column system ~ Systems not specifically designed for sésmic resistanceRCC Framed Structure Load Bearing Structure Fig of Structural Systems of Building However, in our course we mainly study about Bearing wall systems and bearing frame systems, These systems are broadly described under detail drawing. 1.4 ANATOMY OF A BUILDING Anatomy of a building refers to the study of external system and the uses of those structures of a building. A building is made of up two structures: sub and super structures. The portion of building below surrounding ground is sub-structure and portion above ground is terme das super-structure, Super Structure Sub Structure Wall Columns and beams Foundation Floor Roof and Slabs Lintel and archs. Door Window Straisy 10 || Introduction to Building & Building Drawing Weathering Course Floor Finish Floor Concrete Sand Filling COMPONENTS OF A BUILDING Sub-structure The Portion of building below the surrounding part and ground level is known as st structure. The main component of sub-structure of a building is its foundation. Foundation: Foundation is the lowest part of structure which connects super-structure to the ground and transmits all the dead, live and other loads to the soil. The foundation of structu® is designed such that soil is not stressed beyond its safe allowable bearing capacity. Purpose of foundation ; nt A foundation does not provide ‘Support to the structure, In fact it transmits the load of soil 10 soil below. Foundation is provided for following Purposes, ~ To distribute the weight of structure over large area to avoid over load of soil beneath. To prevent unequal settlement of soil To provide level surface for building operations. To take structure deep in ground and increase stability and prevent overturning.2) ja Building Drawing Fig. Foundation Super-Structure It is the portion of a building above the plinth ground level. The components of ,super- structures are described as follows: 2) Wall: Wall are constructed to enclose or divide floor spacing in a designed pattern. ‘Additionally, walls provide security, protection and privacy against weather and other factors Walls are constricted by building construction units like bricks, stone, concrete blocks and 0 ‘on. Walls can be classified based on various factors: i, On the basis of load circulation’ a) Load Bearing Wall b) Non load bearing wall ii, On the basis of location ©) External wall d) Interior wall a) Load Bearing Wall: These walls are designed to carry super imposed load i 1 ci their self load/weight. 'posed load in addition to b) Non load bearing wall: They carry their own weight and is not desi jot di imposed loads. They are normally provided as partition walls, lesigned to carry super 9) External wall: They act as protective shield against exterior condition for a buildit ling's12 || Introduction to Building & Building Drawing interior spaces. They must be dividable, strong and resistant to weather, 4) Interior wall: These walls can be load bearing or non-load bearing 8 Structure divider and defines elements of space. . and act a met : ae aa Sasha Fig. Solid zoall pin 2 Se & b) Column and Beams Columns are load bearing vertical structural members of small section of bricks, stone, concrete blocks and so on whereas beams are defined as horizontal structural member provided rested above walls and columns. The main function of beams is transmission of dead and live loads of the structure equally to the adjoining columns. And the columns transmit the resultant loads to the foundation. The distance between two columns is generally kept between 8ft-13ft but it is advised not to cross the 15 ft mark. Fig. Column & Beams 3Building Drawing 1}13 i reate ¢ Floor: Floors are the basic supporting elements of a building. They are mainly used to sree ° accommodation of a given plot by dividing a building into different layers. The main purpose floor is to provide a useable and comfortable platform for people and other items like furniture, equipment etc. Floors are referred to by their location, A floor that provides accommodation above natural ground surface is termed as basement or ground floor. Similarly the floors are named as ground floor, 1 floor, 2" floor and so on. A floor generally consists of two components. 1) Sub-floor: It is the structural component responsible to support al the dead and live loads 1) Flooring: It isa desirable layer provided over sub-floor asa finishing layer. Fig. Floor 4) Roof and Slabs Roof is the uppermost component of a building with a motive of protection of the buil ding components. Whereas slabs are the structural component consisting’ of concrete with rods which Separate adjoining floor layers. A slab is constructed in a building following building byelaws. A roof basically consists of two components. Roof decking and Roof covering. The roof decking is the structural component which supports roof covering. The roof can be flat, pitched or curved, mo BORAL ROOF TLE PPE ROOF14 || Introduction to Building & Building Drawing e) Lintel and archs ir defined as a horizontal structural member provided across the openings of doors Lites ca 2 the projection in the walls that provide movement between two tooms, and windows, Archs structed for decorative puirpose at the kitchen. Lintels are the structure thay ae Sead ioeeconly recently, Their motive is to prevent the cracks that appear around have been starte 5 the boundary of door and windows. They also transmit the dead load of the walls above the door any windows to the columns or adjoining walls. Fig. Intel and arichs £) Door, Windows and Ventilators Providing day light, vision and ventilation, Windows are fitted with transparent materials, Doors and windows are made up of materials like wood, steel, aluminum, plastic, flexible rubber etc. Fig. Door, Windows and Ventilation 8) Stair: Stairs is a series of steps arranged in some order for of a building, The stair must be constructed in such to use and it should be located to permit easy cot its durability, uses, funds available, ther the purpose of access from one floor to oie @ manner that it should be safe and comfot munication, The selection of stairs depen eee aesthetical importance and fire resisting qualities desired-Building Drawing {115 main ‘ed concrete and so on The are made up from materials like timber, depends upon the rs de] component of a stairs are its rise, building it is constructed, : stone, bricks, steel, reinforced : thread and landing, The necessary sizes of stai Fig. Stairs 1.5 ELEMENTS OF BUILDING Element of buildings are the basic requirement parts of a building, These include: Plinth: The plinth of a building isa structural component above which the building is visible to the surrounding environment. The plint level of a building must be between 15 to 3 ate residential Building, It is located with respect to surrounding ground level such that adequate drainage of site is assured. qua 2 Habitable Rooms: The basic requirements ofa habitable room can be summarized as follows: 3) Thearea of habitable room must not be less than 9 sq. m where there is only one room.» ii) "The minimum width of a habitable room must be 2.4m, ” iii) Incase of two rooms, the arearmust be between 7.5 to'9.5 sq.m. iv) The height of room must not be less than 2.75 m. 3. Kitchen: i) Thearea of kitchen must not be less than 5 sq.m with minimum Width of 1.8 m, ii) When there is separate store, kitchen area must not be less than 4.5 sq.m, iii) Every kitchen should have window of not less than 1 sqm. iv) The height of kitchen measured from surface of floor to bottom of sla than 2.75 m except for portion to accommodate floor trap on upper floor, b must not be less,16 || Introduction to Building & Building Drawing 4. Store Room: i) Thearea of store room must not be less than 3 sq.m. ii) The height of store room shall not be less than 2.2 m. iii) If the area of store is greater than 3 sq.m, 10% of floor area. 5. Bathroom and water closets i) The size of bathroom must be atleast 1.8 sqm with minimum width of 1.2m, i) The size of water closet shall be 1.1 sq.m. with minim 09m. mm width the light and ventilation requirement to ext Nt of iii) If it is combined bathroom and water closet, width of 1.2m. iv) The minimum height of bathroom or water closet is 2.2 m. v) The minimum size of window must be 0.37 sq.m. 6 Stairway i) The minimum width of landing should be equal to width of stair. ii) Minimum width of stair for one person = 50 to 55 cm for two person = 1.0 to 1.2m for three person = 1.8 to 20m iii) The size of stair should be for residential building Tread = 250 mm Rise = 160 mm for public building Tread = 270 mm Rise = 150 mm for factory building Tread = 270 mm Rise = 175 mm 1.5.1 Bullding Materials the minimum area must be 28 sam, yiy The major building materials as defined by National Building Code 2072 are as follows: 1. Concrete: The concrete to be used in footings, columns, beams and slabs etc shall have ¢ minimum crushing strength of 15 N/mm? at 28 days for a 150 mm cube. 2. Cement: Cement shall be as fresh as possible. Any cement stored for more than two mont from date of receipt from factory should be avoided or tested and used only if the test els are found to be satisfactory. Any cement used shall be ordinary fortland cement meeting ® requirements of NS: 049-2041. It is advisable to use cement which has obtained the NS matt independent tests are not carried out. 3. Coarse aggregate: Coarse aggregate shall consist of crushed or broken stone and shall be strong, dense, durable, clean of proper grading and free from any coating likely to spool adhesion of motar. The flaky, elongated pieces shall be avoided. The agsreette 5.5 angular in shape. The aggregates shall can form to requirements of IS: 383-1970 1959. Coarse aggregates shall be of following sizes: one * Normal cement concrete with a thickness of 100 mm and above graded fom 4Building Drawing || 17 downwards. a * Cement concrete from 40 mm to 100 mm thick graded from 12 mm downwa! ted particles. It 4. Sand: Sand shall consists ofa silicious material having hard strong, coor! shale, salts, organt shall be free from undesirable amount of dust lumps, soft or flaky particl ra of all undesirable matter, loam, mica or other deleterious substances, In no case shall the total substances exceed five percent by weight. ; maleres 5. Brickwork: The brick masonry shall be built with the usually specified core Reni soaking of bricks in water, level bedding of planes fully covered with mortar, v broken from course to course and their filling with mortar fully. hit Bricks: The bricks shall be of standard rectangular shape, burnt red, hand-formed or macl a made and of crushing strength not less than 3.5 N/min?, The higher the density and the strengt! i the better they will be. The standard brick size of 240 x 115 x 57 mm with 10 mm thick horizontal and vertical mortar joints is preferable. Tolerances of -10 mm on length, - 5mm on width and +3 mm on thickness shall be acceptable for purpose of thick walls in this MRT. Wall thickness: A minimum thickness of wall is one half of a brick and a maximum thickness of is one brick length shall be used. 8, Motar: Cement-sand mixes of 1:6 and 1:4 shall be adopted for one-brick and a half-brick thick walls, respectively. The addition to motars of small quantities of freshly hydrated lime in a ratio of 1/4 to 1/2 of cement will greatly increase their plasticity without reducing their strength. Hence, the addition of lime within these limits is encouraged. 9. Plaster: All plasters should have a cement sand mix not leaner than 1:6. They shall have + minimum 28 days cube crushing strength of 3N/mm?, 10, Reinforcing Steel Bars: Reinforcing steel shall be clean and tree of loose mill scale dust, loose rust and coats of paints, oil, grease or othér coatings, which may impair or reduce bond. It shall conform to following NS specifications. Mild steel bars conforming to NS: 84-2042 with fy = 250 N/mm? or high-strength deformed bars conforming to NS; 191-2046 and fy = 415 N/mm? or fy = 550 N/mm? shall be used for reinforcing al masonry and concrete. 1.6 BUILDING DRAWING AND ITS SCALE Building drawing involves the two dimensional drawing ofa building plan, section, elevation and so on. Building codes define about the scale to be used in various types of drawings, Scale of a drawing shows the ratio of distance on land to that of distance shown on plan/map for came object. The scale conversion between metric system and inches system is ai follows: Scale in metric system Equivalent scale in inches system 12 or! 13 4 16 a! 18° 4 and so on renee ett16 || nvoduction to Bulg & Bung Drawing ‘evo cg ot ug eovng wah reel mec ye a ow rgin > ae er180 Shen nian Lectin + Netonsle Creation + Sale 6150 Simin ding +1200 Ded deving > 120120128 pee “To paper afc he dein contrac. The vel balding ding enw in A "hc I am 46) ‘ott mS Taglar eee AeStme en A “snc Pah A emSiS am A Gnetapus-toAmantexreeses gt Pee (ne fo Pana 305 gh lov mga tem common ad and coven ‘= 2 Kan phe 197 Rp ‘he pt ol ar epee Rap Ane Pale Da lt ‘coeur pete apace oom out rn ulin Orawing 11 19 ‘SOME IMPORTANT POINTS Miia with funding Masry wll = 7 200mm where = thicken af all Mian dept founda - witht ondaton th of furdaonin ae star ~1500 mnt 5-4" inches) Seotbeck= 20 emsI10 xem aoe aarti all) ‘nae al ik ick all 250 mn There ete en 1 Nine Csr 0 280 pm 1212) + Mumma of remen hr for RCC tgs = 4+ Tha en 2a) = Oto ewmei shn=7emte 0c Aterg e S Soo ordeal ung ee ‘baporment 50g ight = 12. by Meteora Maina apg a dnteting Eee tana = ome ‘ree board for water tank = 30cm, ~ paeereet ae oe ~s0m 10m) 25hmor lemme etm20 1 ntaducton to Bldng & Bulg Drawing [Tne ing propia words Jan Sawing seston paper (0 ium wih of tase in te sien fee (i) Sete blow th pean led on (i) Generally the if BI eo a (Ge) pipe ote) om wash ink ec i known a (Minimum width stint eines ieee (i) Seucur below he pounded ub struc (i) Gon he in of ek 239 en «110 #38 (Ge) Eat pipe ow) om waka, nk hnownas waste pp. (a) Minimum parapet Beght of esienc buldingis. (0) Once ropnt egal 6 -n {0 Whatol ine e connected fo before it connected sak pit? {e) Minimum prspt aight of sence ulig 0m 10. (0) Oneisopa equal S769 (6) Batppe of sete called pip i 1. Ustdwn diferent biding elements in substrctare and bupe structure. (3071 a Sataton er type 4A aie pilin andor bight of bling “i ines Ths onet nstrcn line rv whan st cums nen Ot fen Beams ar peel cased tener lng te i ie ‘Rou big : Te dane bree ro consecativeBt,te ca Sor Pl ‘teething the bight ch ihng shoul be deuce 1 Mention he ferent elements in supercar bung Re ey 14 Menton he ment in roperrcr and wart ee wey pe 14 pre nasa) eine ing 27s stl I | Chapter SYMBOL 24 ITRoDUCTION {ieee open a open hve Borer tant oa oe ly Setaewagiytdinte 1 Tenses A pape HS enn ‘ny eer apa orice etter scarce ep pide nomen nen oan etn na rte erp ap sys ing a 8 » 422 || Symbol vil) The 30 mm of naming section is further divided into respective boxes of requirement as shown below. : 16.4 em——~ { 75 open om TRBHUVAN UNIVERSITY —— Na see Gite [Sake — [a a length as pe viii) A total of 18 symbols are drawn on one Ay Paper and the size of rectangles on which they #* drawn are identical as far as possible. 5 | | | | 5) Two adjacent rectangles are separated from each other by a distance of 5 mm. The recard® are separated from border line by same distance, Such that size of each rectangle = 78 mmx 116 mmBuilding Drawing || 23 [ Now the rectangle constructed is divided into two sections: symbol section and symbol name section. Symbol name section is constructed by drawing a rectangle of breadth 10 mm from bottom face. Finally each symbols are drawn by strictly following their respective patterns. xi) -7.8 cm | —|F05 cm 11.6 cm i i 1.0 omd 05 emt ‘Symbol section | —TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY ‘SUBJECT: Generally in exams, the size of rectangle is provided in question. However it should be noted that24 || Symbol the symbol name section has height of 10 mum irres Symbols and thelr drawing procedure: wii) Method of drawing diagonal lines. pective of size of rectangle, Initially diagonal line is constructed as per symbol. xiv) Now a distance of 2 mm is measured and marked on both sides of the major diagonal in, xv) _ The points are thus joined creating a total of 3 diagonal lines. xvi) . The initially drawn diagonal line is thus erased.- Building Drawing || 25 3.2 TYPES OF SYMBOLS The main types of symbols are: ‘A. Construction symbols B. Electrical and sanitary symbols ‘A. Construction symbols: These are the symbols that are used to represent the parts/components 1 to be constructed on the field. Mainly. 36 symbols fall under the category of construction symbols. Strict rule should be followed while drawing these symbols and extra care should be given. Brick Elevation ‘* Diagonal lines are constructed as stated earlier. ‘© Afull brick begins the first layer. + Ahalf brick begins the second layer. * Alternating layers are thus constructed throughout the portion. * The height of each layers is 50 mm. * On lower diagonal portion of rectangle continuous lines are constructed with a spacing of 2 mm. -+-—+2.50_cm F=r1.25 lem 0.50 cm—| BRICK ELEVATION Stone Elevation © The diagonal lines are constructed dividing, the rectangle in upper and lower portions. * Free hand sketch of stones of irregular pattern are drawn on upper portions. © The lower portion consists of rectangular shaped stones in a regular pattern.26 || Symbol 3 Wood texture * Diagonal lines are constructed. * Free hand sketch is done on both upper and lower portions of rectangle "een symbol. 4. Sand/Cement Plaster * Diagonal lines are constructed: * The upper portion representing plaster consists of dense dots. * The lower portion representing sand consists of light dots with dense patches.Building Drawing || 27 5, Grass «The diagonal lines are constructed, «The upper and lower portion both consists of free sketch of grass. 6. Marble © The diagonal lines are constructed. «The upper portion represents elevation. © The lower portion represents section. * Both upper and lower portion contain free hand sketch. iy Section MARBLE28 || Symbol 7. Brick Section @ The lines are inclined at an angle of 45°, : © The distance between two parallel lines is 1-3 mm (usually 2 mm) * The distance between two adjacent sets of parallel lines is 4-6 mm (5 mm), . BRICK SECTION 8. Stone Section * The lines are inclined at an angle 45°. * The distance between continuous and broken line is 2 mm and vice versa, © The distance between two set of adjacent lines is (6-10) mm. STONE SECTION 9. Wood grains © Diagonal lines are constructed. ° Free hand sketch is then done as per standard notation.Building Drawing | | 29 WOOD GRAINS . 10, Concrete + Diagonal lines are constructed. «Upper portion consists of thick dense dotes. «Lower portion consists of light dots with irregular shapes representing aggregates. Bee ae CONCRETE 11. Metal ‘© Diagonal lines are constructed. © The upper portion is horizontally divided into two parts. The upper parts consists of vertical lines with spacing of (1-2) mm. © The lower diagonal portion represents section. Section can be represented by two methods. So, the lower diagonal portion is vertically divided into two parts. The right part consists of shaded rectangle of width 2 mm and length as per requirement. The left part contains inclined lines making an angle 45 and with spacing of (2-3) mm.30 || Symbol [-0.20_cm é 4 O80 12. Glass © Diagonal lines are constructed. * The elevation portion consists of lines inclined at 45° with horizontal. The shorter lin 6-8 mm and longer lines are of 12-16 mm with the spacing between longer and shore being 1-4 mm, © The spacing between two adjacent sets of lines is (3-10) mm © The section portion consists of horizontal lines with spacing (1-3) mm 13. Aggregate Fill Section * It consists of irregular shaped aggregates scattered throughout the rectangle.. Building Drawing || 31 14. Glass Block * The rectangle is vertically divided into elevation and section portion. ¢ The elevation section consists of (12) mm. squares of size (8-10) mm with the gap between them being, * The section portion consists of two parts; small scale section and large scale section. Small scale section is linear vertical combination & squares of size (8-10) mm. The large scale section is drawn initially by drawing small scale section. Then further vertical lines are drawn with spacing of (1-2) mm. [0.60 cr 0.20 cm mood) = Soooo0oo000d 0.20 om ooo Yooooousecq0d iO boo0! §[00000000oq po00cq oo00c0g00q Tho i poooq glong00cc0c00g 5 oood gjoo0g000000 joood Oooe0c000a0 e = Soo00c0gng 8 Elevation| | Section Ooo De8000q =I 4:00 em NOOnmAnnAnnAnr - 7 GLASS BLOCK Elevation Section 15. Rock Section © Some irregular shaped vertical rocks are drawn starting from the top length of rectangle. * Horizontal lines with spacing of (2-3) mm are drawn within the irregular shapes/ portion. * Inthe remaining parts, vertical lines of spacing (3-4) mm are drawn. ROCK SECTION 16. Insulator * The rectangular box is vertically divided into right and left parts. * The left part represents symbol of loose fill insulation. It is drawn without any scale inside a rectangle of width (1-2) cm. © The right part represents symbol of rigid insulation ‘and foam. These are drawn inside rectangle of width (1-2) cm. The rigid insulation is drawn by drawing crossing net of lines of32 || Symbol angle 45° and 135° with an spacing of (1-2) mm. © Foam is free hand sketch. Insulation INSULATION 17, Earth * The diagonal lines re constructed to represent section and elevation portion ofthe symig, * The symbols are drawn with 1B or 2B pencil in this case. . * It consist of crossing net of lines at angle 45° arid 135° with spacing of (1-2) mm. 18. Brick Elevation with motor * Itrepresents the layers of brick separated by a motar layer. * The first layer consists of full sized brick (.e. 230 mm) separated by a motar layet of 1mm. * The second layer consists of half sized brick (ie. 115 mm) Separated by a motar layer of 1 mm The adjacent layers are also separated by motar layer of 1 mm. - 2.50_cm +1.25 cm 0.50 cm—] + Se A 0.10. cm—j-- jm) L 4 § 0.10 om 8 So Brick Ele. with Motar| | 19, Terrazoo * The Tectangle is vertically divided into elevation and section.«The elevation portions of arrows (length 3-6 mm rectangle. ‘¢ The section portion consist of small rectangle of length (2-5) mm which ¢! lines (45° & 135°) with spacing of 1-2 mm. Elevation || Section TERRAZZO 20, Slate Building Drawing || 33 and angle 60°) scattered around the then consist of net of © The rectangle is vertically divided into elevation and section. d te sizes of rectangles such © The elevation portion consists of combination of equi that a square is formed at centre. No gap for motar. © The section portion is some to as that of terrazzo. al appropria {2.00 cm>- 2.00 cm-- -—3.00 cm—4 1.00 em+— -—3.00 cm—1 21. Concrete Block + Theelevation portion consists adjacent layers of concrete blocks separated by motar of 2 mm. * The length x height of each layer of a block is (400 x 200 mm). The breadth being 150 mm. * The section portion. consists of rectangle of width 150 mm showing concrete symbol.34 || Symbol 22 Terra - cota tiles ‘* The elevation portion consists of squares of size (6-10) mm. * The section part consists of cross mat as that of Terrazzo but throughout the Tectangle, 0.60_cm om: 0.60 |Elevation| | Section Elevation TERRA-COTA TILE 23. Liquid Section * The elevation portion consists of lines of varying thickness finally ending in broken lines. * Section portion consists of series of conversing lines. Elevation | | Section ‘LIQUID SECTION24. Liquid elevation ¢ Itcontains free hand sketch of lines similar to liquid flow. «The spacing/gap between two adjacent flow lines in (2-4) mm. 25. Gravel Section « Itconsists of irregular shaped gravel aggregates scattered throught 26, Reinforcement Steel bars ‘The elevation portion contains of broken line of width (15-20) mm. LIQUID ELEVATION Et oe) psOst GRAVEL See Building Drawing {| 35 wut the rectangle. The length of broken line is (8-10) mm and the gap between two lines in a layer is (3-4) mm. The section portion consists of a symbolic representation of the size of column used as reinforcement.36 || Symbol Elevation | | Section ‘einforcement Steel 27. Brass © It contains alternate layers of broken and continuous lines with a spacing of (2-4) mm. © The length of lines among broken line is (5-8) mm with the gap being of (3-4) mm. + [0.50 em = F030 cm 28. Nemoparquet , * The rectangle is vertically divided into left and right portions. The left portion consists o rectangle of size (4-6) inch containing alternate horizontal and vertical lines of spacing (2:3) mm. (ie, 1 inch) : * The right portion is the rotation of left portion by 45° is drawn in similar pattern. i 0.2cm— Elevation | Section NEMO PARQUETBuilding Drawing || 37 39. Break Line # Itcontains of two types of break lines; long break and short break. + The long break is drawn by maintaining equal length and angle as shown above. «Short break is free hand sketch, WJ ~ t i [ses LSS 30. Section Line | © Section lines can be drawn in two ways as shown in above figures. SECTION LINE 31. Gravel Elevation . © Itcontains of a dark line below which are gravels of varing size. It is free hand sketch.38 || SymbolBuilding Drawing || 39 2.3 ELECTRICAL AND SANITARY SYMBOLS: ‘These are the symbols used after the construction of plans. They are free-hand sketch draw without a definite dimension. The most essential electrical and sanitary symbols used in building Grawing are as follows: ee Qo wrverr scomunen | cumam 1) BANE encou je) @ | woron oe 1 Ig one (© © ceuno owen uot OP geuNG-MounTeD| WITH PULL QTR PS) © cavceuna uae rune pepaoraneras ea, Bo meson SHSM ors, omnes os anonarenten e BORO ua eg SAREE ; SAVER GPA WELDER DEL ri ee aeectee en srcu.comeerenrotomaes — ae (IIT) Recess puorescenr oe peu ecie nPCRE RET = = sre! Ravmanatenae tee ovals ton Raped OUT evemeaoes [=>] smpenseuioan cognaanesns er una peg aon omer ones ae CX] semen Reena coal Bae r C+ -— cxuonr ‘GENERATOR C2 -— yorncaamer vor40 || Symbol Draw the architecture cm * 5cm. Solution: Refer to theory topic 2.2.4 2 Draw hatching for following material representa hatching. ; (ii) Concrete elevation (i) Brick elevation i (ili) Liquid elevation (iv) Gravel elevation Solution: Refer to theory topic 2.2 A 3. Draw the hatching of following material repre 1 tion, Use 5 cm * 5 cm area for eay sentation in 50 mm * 50 mm box. ii) Wood section. 4) Earth section iii) Brick elevation iv) Stone section Solution: Refer to theory topic 2.2 A 4. Draw the hatching symbols in box of 50 « 5.0 mm. (@) Brick in section (6) Concrete in section (©) Stone in section : [2070 Bhadn Solution: Refer to theory topic 2.2.4 . 5. Draw hatching patter for following material in 5 cm * 5 cm area box. () Glass in elevation (ii) Wood in section [2071 Bhadr| Solution: Refer to theory topic 2.2 A 6 Draw the hatching symbols of the following in the box of 40 mm x 40 mm, () Brick in section (ii) Concrete in section (ii) Glass in elevation (iv) Wood in section Solution: Refer to theory topic 2.2 ABuilding Drawing || 41 Additional Problems 1, _ Sketch freehand the graphical symbols for the following welding items. inane ener | 1. LapWeld Ww 2. Fillet Ss 3. Squaré Butt 7T 4. Single v-Butt Vv 5. Double V-Butt x 6. Single U-Butt TD Lt oo 7. Double U- Butt R & Single J-Butt P 9. Single Bevel Butt V 10. Ceo K Eo 11. Double J-Butt, E 12. Spot Weld K yg, Beador Edge 14, Seam Weld 2B. weld —_ eam Weld red 15. Field Weld eo 16 Weldall around | O /, p- suet weld Fillet weld on let Weld on 18. opposite side of 1% ownside ofjoints | jane tL 2d | Fillet weld on 19. both sides of fr joint42 || Symbol 2. Sketch the roughness grade symbols for the surface produced by a ae Precision 4 Fine Turning ting pi ‘Miling. ry. [em i po" Lappi i Polishin; + Shaping B Drilling ca Lapping 1s a x hronin Super es ay Honin, Finishing ee Forging Reaming iB ong | | Game] ‘ dase Boring, Flame prac an } Turning ne) : 4 Cutting fn 4 Extruding wf. f* Sao fh aot |, = Sawing, on * Planing yo Hot Rolling We Cold Rolling fi Laarreerrr | Loreen] . Prawis Drawing 3. Sketch the lay symbols and different surface finish-conditions. — aa x Paralleltothe | “or | Perpendicular cro plane ga, |wtenane | [aan o" wee aX. seer) ™ R fe Multi- or | Approximatety | om | Aj directional c/a | Fadil fe ae oo Wrenn ic as zee Matera” oe fa Condition ™ Angular Lay we © oe Condition —— Spherical Sae Building Drawing || 43 4, Sketch freehand the graphical symbols for the following joints and parts piping item: Joint =H | Bushing > | cp v3 Cross + . Jf | Etbow-45° fae sees C 7 Crossover Wi Etbow-90° Tormed up * or Btbow: 1 Side Outlet ~ | side Outlet tuned |Q+ | Ebow-Long Ss Elbow Qe Elbow or Down {R | outiet Down Outlet Up - Base Elbow’ Reducing Expansion |_E- | street Elbow Joint Plug KI | steeve H--H-| Tee Straight j Tee Outet +O I4--F | Size p Nipple H— | check valve |AE | Diaphragm Lie Gaevave |p Lock and Le Reducing fe Globe Valve |" | cieta valve vane >g- Safety Valve Motor stopcock HE r-| Operated Relief Valve. |~@— Valve44 || Symbol hh freehand the graphical symbols for the following engineering items. 5. Sketch freel z ee -| Barery | ter a Amplifier [-E>— [Antenna —< | Arvest ' z_| eae ~"Z. | Connector Circuit >| capacitor |—t}— | Coit Breaker ‘<3 | Capes my a Directional Blectric oR ‘| core | Fuse J) coupier x Contact nee x | Visual Ground iL Handset | OF) | Rectiner | 9k | Signaling | —O Receiver Repeater |-{>}--+ Ground ae Handset -aQ ae h ides it Thermocouple Vy en on | Incandesoen =x) Ballast Lamp S- ‘Transmission Transformer 3 ke switch |_| Resistor, || Tra RI MOTOR ~ : Generator © Motor @ | Senet Ap*| Thermostat | ©) roerninor S| vaste MH na LO] syne gS = PNP-type Direct Alternating Power Transistor Current = | === | current |“ \y Frequency @ Apparatus & > = Machine FR | Halt-wave Line or Cable i C suitablefor |“ \~ | Rectiner |—P—-| Aaee” — | Hine or Cable DCor ac > 8 planned —— — LJ Controfied Q u er] ‘ Pe inderground| —_. |} Overhead Rectifier ower Line eas me | Over — Ld L. | Lo JChapter PLANNING AND DRAWING OF : RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Planning involves proper arrangement and alignment of space contained by room and of areas on all floors and at all levels. Each requirement has considered while planning. Ultimat The initial impression of a buildin, surrounding. The location of buildin, colour scheme, texture, amount of solid and void in elevation and the observer observing a building. ely, the pleasing aspect depends upon many components. ig depends upon the structural design and treatment of ig with reference to surrounding, constructional materials used, so on all create visual impact on The main aim of building drawing done by a designer is to provide sufficient information to the construction engineer. Thus following guidelines should be kept in mind while planning, designing and drawing of a residential building. i) The purpose of construction and its environmental impact on surrounding should be considered. ii) Suitable site selection should be done. iii) Proper scale and shapes (symbols) should be used viewing practical application of drawing.46 |) Panning nd Oring of Residents BUNS, aa man set eat aseca ae tt ‘Alan the angen of 2S vent A plans the op View oa oer irene rita Ee en Nat ein ee ent fina a Romar turn Shing Pncapha 2 Seen 3. ose 2: oso Pan “ao an san acing at shows he jou fa bling tnd say enn me tery nou rues ra pan hat rn witha ey sl notre any sed engin or ache rt conduction. The main motive {inason pun ow the a lation oa propor plot and construction wok le ‘tout lv Te eth ction aways shon upwards nthe drawing she, | ® ais _ Ge asa Fi Latin Poe uiding Drawing 11 47 Pot plas a ply eguied witha pet and zoning application sobted to lc peting age, They may be ued cng sing rerewsof arp of conticion ert ‘ew procs fo hp err ht tre ae Ro conf wh blag cose tfee 8 Per Seuss hosed pp naphthol Depending onthe comply of th projec plot plane may bed by surveyor aot engner or ome owner. Eig pt ple may be oan at ean et ee am extn [uns ot evalable the pee ceng th plan at mare hand by lng estes and vm GL ig Ft ee in48 || Planning and Drawing of Residential Building Instructions for drawing a plot plan: i) ii) iii) iv) vy) vi) vii) viii) Obtain measurements of property and existing structures by using a measuring Wheel, Start by setting up a measuring ‘wheel in the corner of your property and walk behing you roll it forward along your property lines. ity Mark down measurement along each side of your property. ; ‘Any other devices other than measuring wheels can also be used for taking meas Repeat the process along each structure located on property. ‘Once measurement are obtained, draw the outline of lot to scale on graph paper/grig, Draw a scale rule at comer of graph paper/grid to represent the conversion of feet ting, For example, 1 inch equals 10 feet. Draw the existing buildings and structures on your plan using scale rule as well, , yy proposed changes or additions. : Draw a directional arrow or compass to indicate how property is oriented. Include your name, property address and phone number on plan. Include square footage for property and the project. Include your area and bulk percentage of building coverage, impervious coverage and gry space. SITE PLAN MEN SER Fig. Site PlanBuilding Drawing || 49 3.1.3 Floor Plans A floor is a hori i) antal section cut through a building at just above the sill level (conventionally at four feets) ora angle oom It may too eee plan may depiction an entire building, one floor of a building to the purpose of plan. 'e measurements, furniture, appliances or anything else necessary Floor plans are useful to h 4 Satis el Ferret nee oon nate layout, wiring system and much more. They are also a acteritics of «good lose pan i ng companies in helping sell or rent out a space. i) Versatile and flexible ane ii) Ideal room layout iii) Size iv) Priorities and lifestyle fulfilling v) _ Balance between architectural details and practical consideration, GROUND FLOOR PLAN "TOTAL AREA= $73.0 SqFt Fig. Floor Planos 3.2 STEPS FOR PREPARING A PLAN OF A RESID BUILDING Thy 1) First, prepare line plan for a residential building before preparing the detailed gi. alternative line plans would give scope for comparison by making changes in gio, a rooms according to owner's requirement. 50 || Planning and Drawing of Residential Building 2) The line plan with reference to site plan, shape of plot, north direction, main road, g ‘ to structures and so on should be kept in mind and well considered while preparing site Plant 3) Tracing paper should be used to prepare sketch plan. A graph can be kept below they paper for exactness. It also helps to save time. 4) A sketch plan should include detail about of wit : wall thickness, it, name Staircase, flight of step, landing up, ‘kness, area of each unit, nat i) ; sition of dox i alls (exte™ and internal), location of sanitary and so on clearly. samt windows, compound » to mist” 5) All the external walll lines should be drawn as light I; pencil . : j ; Paper without any marks while erasing mistakes Le6) 8) 9) 10) 1) 12) 13) 44) 15) 16) 17). 18) 19) 20) ay Building Drawing || 51 Thickness of wall should be drawn as per provided data. Normally, a R.C.C. framed structure external wall have thickness of 230 mm while the intemal walls have 150 mm thickness Generally plastering is already included in the thickness of wall. So, 100 mm and 200 mim thick walls excluding plasters is better than 230 mm and 150 mm walls in real practice. A load bearing structure will have (200mm - 300 mm) thick wall throughout the plan. Any wall having a thickness less than 200 mm cannot be a load bearing wall The internal dimensions for room is considered and internal walls are drawn according to provided data. For residential buildings, the doors and window frames are kept in flush with inside of wall. It is to create full swing in shutter and create maximum clearance through the opening. However for public buildings, doors and windows open outside. Hence, door and windows are aligned with flush outside. ’ ‘The movement from one room to another should be considered while drawing doors and windows. So, shutters should be shown with direction of opening by the symbol. Proper care should be taken while panning the location of doors. No two shutters should intersect. No shutters should be partly or fully blocked. The walking space between two rooms (generally called passage) should be always free. The verandah columns must not obstruct the full view of main entrance door or window of drawing room. Projects from walls, beams and other structures which are above the sill of windows should be shown using dotted lines. Extension and diniension lines should be drawn on all sides. ‘The room dimension should be written clearly. . Three way dimension system should be tised while dimensioning. First the size of individual structures, then center-center dimension and finally the overall dimension. The overall dimension should tally the sum of dimensions along the direction. A line of 5 mm height, roughly at centre of room should be drawn to provide title for the room. Scale used while drawing the plan should be written as 1 cm = 1 m but never as 1 m= 1 cm, ie. It should be a fraction but never more than 1. Finally 2B pencil should be used to highlight the visible portion, Hatching of the sections should be dove according to requirement.52 || Planning and Drawing of Residential Building 11400 20x B50 HOR [1500 ri 8 8 gg a 8 i i 30 150 cow e 11400 UPPER FLOOR PLAN NOTE: au oIensiOns SAE ate Bee cen haces 3.3 SECTION . . _ The full view of a building in vertical plane from foundation level to top of parapet wall defined as its section. A section of a Portion reveals all details of construction of that portion. Building as shown below is cut by a vertical plane XY. When the building has been cu vertical plane XY, the part of building (part 1) is removed as shown, d Now remaining portion of the building is projected behind on a vertical plane by standing in ron it (Part 2). Thus obtained product (part 2) is the section or sectional elevation of the building. dABuilding Drawing || 53 Sections are drawn to exhibit the constructional details of the structure from bed level to the top of roof. These details mainly provide information about thickness of walls and foundation of walls, height of doors and windows, flooring details for finishing and so on. In short, section provide all the information related to building which are invisible on plan and elevation. ‘The major characteristics of a section plan is summarized as: y 2 3) 4) 5) Section line is a broken line with evenly spaced alternative one long and two short dashes. A section line should comprise of all the details of the plan. So, it should pass through doors, windows, cupboard, bathroom, w.c. and stairs. Section should be drawn alongside elevation by projecting lines. ’ Vertical lines from floor level representing'depth (vertical) and heights from floor level to foundation bed level and floor level to the top of the room should be drawn. Vertical dimensions should be properly given. 3.4 ELEVATION The appearance of building above ground level in vertical plane is elevation. The most common type of elevation is front elevation however sometimes side elevation also as end view is also drawn. While drawing elevation, we imagine to stand in front of it. Whatever portion of building is visible above ground level, is taken behind the building on a vertical Plane (first angle projection). Thus elevation will be obtained. y) 2) Elevation should be drawn vertically aboye the plan and to the left of section. Elevation should be dimensionless as far as possible or should be maintained to a minimum.Z SECTION 1s CHOSEN yocive max CONSTRUCTUION OETALE on soil (within safe bearing capacity) ‘or water logging and important buildings, the minimum plint level should be at ‘buildings, it should be 450 mm. ea of plint level should be minimum of 12 times the floor area of building.%» 10) 1) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) my Building prawing || 55 generally cement motar or tiles of (10-20) mm. Different types of doors used in residential buildings are of various dimensions. The main entrance door should be 1000 mm x 2100 mm in size. Other doors should have minimum dimension of 900 mm x 2000 mm. Garage doors (230 mm x 2300 mm), bathroom doors (600 - 700 mm x 1800 mm) generally have single-leaf shutter. The ceiling height for normal rooms should be 3000 mm - 3600 mm. However for W.C. and bathrooms it may be 2000 mm-2800 mm. 50% to 65% of floor area should be carpet area. For windows following guidelines should be taken care. Window width should be 1/8 times sum of width and height of room. The glass area in window should be 10%-20% of floor area of the room for proper lightning. : Minimum size of window is 750 mm x 100 mm. The height of bottom of window from floor level is called sill level. It should have height of (900-1200) mm, Ventilations are optional elements of window. If provided, the minimum size should be 1000 mm x 500 mm for normal habitable room and 450 mm x 300 mm for bathroom and W.C. Various room sizes for residential buildings are as follows: Living room should be dimension (4200 - 5800) x (4800 - 7200) mm. Bed room is of (3000 - 4200) x (3600 - 4800) mm. Dining room is of (3600 - 4200) x (4200 - 4800) mm. Kitchen is of (2500 - 3000) x (3000 - 3900) mm. If bathroom and W.C. are combined then (1800 - 1800) x (1800 - 2500) mm: Otherwise separately, bathroom (1200 x 1800) mm and W.C. (1200 x 1200) mm Guest room is of (3000 x 3600) mm ‘Store room is of (2500 - 3000) x (2500 - 3000) mm Garage is of (2750 x 5400) mm. Stairs should also maintain rise and fall dimensions. For residential buildings, Rise is of (130 - 190) mm Tread is of (250 - 300) mm Landing is of 1000 mm Height of floors Number of rise = Number of treads = Rise number - 1 Lintel beams are provided above and below the window level. It should have thickness of (100 - 250) mm. . R.C.C. roof slab should maintain dimension of (100-150)mm.56 || Planning and Drawing of Residential Building 18) The width of Verandah should be (1800 - 3000)mm with passage width of (800 - 1200) mm, 19) The wall erected on outer boundary of Verandah is parapet wall. It should be (600 - 129 . above floor finishing. 20) Plaster thickness for various masonry are as follows: # Stone masonry (20 - 40) mm © Brick masonry (12- 20) mm © Concrete masonry (10- 15) mm 21) Height of various components (minimum heights). © Plint level (450 - 600) mm from ground level ‘© Sill level 900 mm from floor level © Lintel level 2100 mm from floor level © Roof slab level (3000 - 3600) mm from floor level © Parapet wall (600 - 900) mm from floor finishing level. © Courtyard and Garage 150 mm from Ground level © Foundation (single storey) - 1000 mm from Ground level (double storey) - (1000 - 1500) mm from Ground level © Railing height - 850 mm from tread. ______ Roof Siab Level_ ____Lintel level __ _ a i Bs 8 4 Sill level _ ft pia : ——Roor sian Laver — 3.6 POINTS TO BE NOTED WHILE REDRAWING FLOOR PLAN In our examination, the most basic question is i ue scale. So, following points should be noted during tepooe nal i) A suitable scale should be identified and it should i an eee eae ee ‘ould be used. The scale on which the Pl ii) Redrawing of plan should be started from the portion with continuous wall Hower starting from top left or top right comer helps to maintain spacing in paper. deiii) y) vi) vii) viii) cic Building Drawing || 57 After completion of drawing hatching should be done to the wall section and other necessary sections as per requirement, Three way dimension should be given to the drawing. First, individual portion are provided with dimer ion. Then, center to center dimension is given. And finally overall dimension is given. The orientation of letters while dimensioning should be cared upon. A line of roughly 5 mm at the centre of the room to provide room title (title and room dimension) The scale on which the drawing is done should be written below the drawing. Doors and windows schedule table should be drawn below or along the plan. Schedule table contains information about size of doors and windows used on the plan. In staircase, the way to upper floor should be shown using arrow. oe ee a nse Ber BED ROOM 1w2xI24" Iwi ROOM 10-0"x12-10" wi SECOND FLOOR PLAN FLOOR AREA=660.008 SQ.FT.58 || Planning and Drawing of Residential Building Past Questions 1. Redraw the following pla 4 i information provided i) Redraw the following plan including necessary i on provided meng, necessary grids dimensions and text. The doors used are of size 3'-0" x 71g. (wee 1:96) P ® ® solr ea a zat se pe ee oo at ot Ee - 4 q BED ROOM KITCHEN / DINING (13°8" X 102") 3's" x 102") a g Fi ons ze 7 BATH ROOM 3 (76" x 56") | store Room ¥ crerxsey || 318 RS ; Fy —- aM hl 1 3 Sal | y dB t al rte —— § VING ROOM . ce + 13'S" X 13511") y y 8 VARANDAH ; a By = ae 4 ". te = Zz 14 a et GROUND FLO OR PLAN (SCALE: 14" = 1.95)Building Drawing || 59 fi) Redraw the following necessary grids, dimensi doors, 2'-6"x 7-0" as Toil Plan including necessary information provided mentioning ons and text. The doors used are of sizes 3-0" x 7'-0" as access le¥Balcony doors and 4'-0" x 8'-0" as main door. (use scale 1:100) el 1m ee 4 CAR PORCH, Hs gg a BEDROOM ; 45 145" X 106" aft] 4 4 z bo | Re 3 LIVING ROOM alal of | 148" X 1444" als] q 8 | | TOILET \ . LY + | 5 95x50" 4 a KITCHEN/DINING ai 14a" x tain a8 15 BEDROOM ag 455" X 144" 4 : qt GROUND FLOOR PLAN RE