Electronic Circuits (I)

✓ OP AMP TERMINALS
✓ FUNCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF IDEAL OP AMP.
✓ OP AMP CONFIGURATIONS
▪ Inverting Configuration
▪Non-Inverting Configuration
 OP AMP TERMINALS
Circuit symbol for the op amp.

• Terminal #1 : inverting input.

• Terminal #2 : non-inverting input.
• Terminal #3 : output.
• Terminal #4 : positive supply VCC.
• Terminal #5 :negative supply VEE.

Op amp has other terminals for specific purposes. These other

terminals can include terminals for frequency compensation and
terminals for offset nulling; as will be explained.

Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith

 Function and Characteristics of Ideal Op Amp
Op amp is designed to sense the difference between the voltage signals applied at its two
input terminals (Terminal #1 & #2) and multiply this difference by the gain of the
operation amplifier to appear the output voltage at Terminal #3.

v1
A(v2 - v1) Where A is the differential gain of the op amp
v2

Note : the voltage at a certain terminal is the voltage between that terminal and ground;
thus v1 means the voltage applied between terminal 1 and ground.

Characteristics of ideal op amp include:

• Ideal input impedance is infinite.

• Ideal output impedance is zero.
• Differential gain (A) is infinite.
• Bandwidth gain is constant from dc to high frequencies .

Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith

 Function and Characteristics of Ideal Op Amp

The output is in phase (has the same sign)

with the voltage at Terminal #2 (v2) and is
out of phase with the voltage at Terminal #1
(v1). For this reason, input Terminal #1 is
called the inverting input terminal, while
input Terminal #2 is called the
noninverting input terminal.

➢ Op amp responds only to the difference signal.

➢ Op amp ignores any signal common to both inputs (i.e: if v1 = v2 = 1 V, then the
output will (ideally) be zero), this property called common-mode rejection.
➢ Op amp has zero common-mode gain.
➢ Op amp is a differential-input, single-ended-output amplifier.

Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith

 Op amp Configurations
In general, op amps are not used alone; rather, the op amp is connected to passive
components ( ex: resistors ) in a feedback circuit as shown. There are two basic circuit
configurations:
▪ Inverting configuration.
▪ Noninverting configuration.

source is applied to inverting input source is applied to noninverting input

Inverting configuration Noninverting configuration

R2 closes the loop around the op amp and called negative feedback , if R2 were
connected between terminals 3 and 2 we would have called this positive feedback.

Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith

 Inverting Configuration
We now wish to analyze the circuit (determine the expression of gain, input
impedance, output impedance, and bandwidth) after closing the loop by feedback.

Closed-loop gain G
Assuming ideal op amp with infinite
open loop gain, and by following the
steps indicated in circled numbers, the final
closed loop voltage gain will be:
−𝑅2
𝐺=
𝑅1
• A virtual short circuit means that the voltage at Terminal #2 will automatically appear at
Terminal #1 because of the infinite gain A.
• Terminal #2 happens to be connected to ground; thus v2 = 0 and v1 = 0.
• Terminal #1 is a virtual ground, where it is not physically connected to ground.
• The minus sign means that the closed-loop amplifier provides signal inversion, thus it called the
inverting configuration.
• The voltage gain depends entirely on external passive components (resistors R1 and R2) and
(ideally) independent of the op-amp gain (A).

Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith

 Inverting Configuration
How does the gain expression change if open loop gain (A) is
not assumed to be infinite (ideal op amp)?
Answer

If we assume the op-amp open-loop gain 𝐴 is finite, and the output voltage denoted
by 𝑣𝑜 , then the voltage between the two input terminals of the op amp will be
𝑣𝑜 Τ𝐴 . Since the positive input terminal is grounded, the voltage at the negative
input terminal must be − 𝑣𝑜 Τ𝐴 . The current i1 through R1 will be as follows

−𝑅2
• If A approaches to infinite, G will approache to the ideal value of .
𝑅1
𝑅2
• To minimize the dependence of G on the value of A, we have to select the resistors to be (1 + ≪ 𝐴)
𝑅1

Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith

 Inverting Configuration
Input Resistance
Assuming an ideal op amp with infinite open-loop gain,

• Voltage amplifiers are required to have high input resistance to a void the loss of the signal by the resistance
of the source. In this case, we should select a high value for R1.But, if the required gain is also high, then R2
could become impractically large. Thus, the inverting configuration suffers from a low input resistance.

Output Resistance

Since the output of the inverting

configuration is taken at the terminals
of the ideal voltage source. Thus the
output resistance is zero.

Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith

 Example

Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith

Application of the Inverting Configuration
• A very important application of the inverting configuration is the weighted-
summer.
• Weighted summer is a closed-loop amplifier configuration which provides
an output voltage which is weighted sum of the inputs.
• Assume we have a number of input signals v1, v2, . . . , vn each applied to a
corresponding resistor R1, R2, . . . , Rn, which are connected to the inverting
terminal of the op amp as shown in Figure.

Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith

 Noninverting Configuration
We now wish to analyze the noninverting configuration circuit (determine the expression
of gain, input impedance, output impedance, and bandwidth) after closing the loop by
feedback.

Closed-loop gain
Assuming ideal op amp with infinite open loop gain, and by following the
steps indicated in circled numbers, the final closed loop voltage gain will be:

The gain of the noninverting configuration is positive—hence the name noninverting

Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith

 Noninverting Configuration
How does the gain expression change if open loop gain (A) is
not assumed to be infinite (ideal op amp)?

Answer

As we have done for the inverting configuration, we consider the effect of the finite op-amp
open-loop gain A on the gain of the noninverting configuration.

Note that:
• the denominator is identical to that for the case of the inverting configuration. The numerators, however, are
different, where the numerator gives the ideal closed-loop gain.
𝑅
• The gain reduces to the ideal value for infinite open loop gain when (𝐴 ≫ 1 + 2 )
𝑅1

Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith

 Noninverting Configuration

Input Resistance
The input impedance of this closed-loop amplifier is ideally infinite, since no current
flows into the positive input terminal of the op amp.

Output Resistance

Since the output of the noninverting configuration is taken at the terminals of the ideal
voltage source. Thus the output resistance is zero

Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith

 Example

find the output voltage of the circuit shown in the following Figure.

Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith

 Application of the Noninverting Configuration

• A very important application of the noninverting configuration is the Voltage Follower.

• The Voltage Follower enables using the operation amplifier circuit as a buffer
amplifier to connect a source with a high impedance to a low-impedance load.
• the buffer amplifier do not provide any voltage gain; rather, it is used mainly as an
impedance transformer.
• The output voltage is equal (in both magnitude and phase) to the input source.
• To achieve this: R2 = 0 and R1 = ∞ to obtain the unity-gain amplifier.

Microelectronic Circuits by Adel S. Sedra and Kenneth C. Smith