history of architecture

History of Architecture
 Introduction
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE REFERENCES

What are the board exams like? 1. Ching, Francis D.K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture

1. Memorization is necessary – you must remember many 2. Fletcher, Bannister, A History of Architecture 20th Ed.
facts
3. Mercado, Jose L., The Architectural Reviewer Volume
2. Wide in Scope – from pre-historic to modern styles III: History & Theory of Architecture

3. Repetitive – questions from previous exams are reused 4. Salvan, George S., Architectural Character & the History
of Architecture
4. History amounts to only around 10% of your total score
5. The Children’s Atlas of World History

6. The World Atlas of Architecture

OUR METHOD OF STUDYING HISTORY: DEFINITIONS

To try not to memorize… but to understand History of Architecture

• "It is a record of man's effort to build beautifully. It traces
history of architecture

History is not a list of facts… it is a story that can be retold the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which
over and over have prevailed lands and ages."

Historic Styles of Architecture

• "The particular method, the characteristics, manner of
design which prevails at a certain place and time.“

Six Influences of Architecture

• Geographical
• Geological
• Climatic
• Religious
• Social
• Historical

Four Great Constructive Principles

1. Post & Lintel Construction
2. Arch & Vault Construction
3. Corbel or Cantilever Construction
4. Trussed Construction
 Introduction

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

Revival Modern
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian Chinese & Japanese
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Islamic

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Islamic
• Muhammad died in 632 AD, but his Muslim followers
were ready to spread his teachings
• Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic tribes to spread
Islam
• North into Central Asia
• Westward to Africa
• Along trade routes into India
• Among the Turks and Mongols

• Spread of Islam is associated with military conquest and

racial movements
• Establish a cultural tie with Arabian heartland, with
annual pilgrimage to Mecca

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN
• The religion of Islam began in Arabia
EARLY CHRISTIAN SOCIETY
• 610 AD, Muhammad from Mecca saw visions of an angel
BYZANTINE • Message from Allah to stop worshipping false idols and • Tribal groups
ROMANESQUE to accept the will of god “Islam” • Public life was reserved for men (women had a
GOTHIC • Arabs of Mecca rejected this message secondary role - for domestic and agricultural work)
RENAISSANCE • Christians and Jews ("people of the book“) were given
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • 622 AD, the Hegira - Muhammad moved to Medina and the freedom of worship and self-government
20TH C MODERN converted the people into Islam
• Within 10 years, the framework of religion and military • Many of the conquered cities were already centers of
ISLAMIC
organization tasked with spreading the faith was learning
INDIAN • Muslims translated into Arabic many scholarly writings
established
CHINESE & JAPANESE from Greek, Persian and Indian
• Medina then fought Mecca and in 630 AD destroyed all
FILIPINO
its idols and converted it to Islam • Rulers and scholars were interested in mathematics,
astronomy, geography, medicine, philosophy and science
 Islamic
RELIGION ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Last of 3 great religions of Middle East
• Complete philosophy of life and government DESCRIPTION
• One god Allah, Muhammad is the prophet • Countries already rich in building tradition
• Faith is held to be Allah's will for creation • Product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by a
people with no architectural tradition
• Acceptance of the transitory nature of earthly life • Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many
• Personal humility different circumstances
• Abhorrence of image worship
Islam had a profound impact on its architecture:
• No essential difference in techniques between religious
and non-religious buildings
• Important architectural endeavor is normally expended
on buildings having a direct social or community purpose
• Decorations tend toward the abstract, using geometric,
calligraphic and plant motifs, with a preference for a
uniform field of decoration rather than a focal element
• Basic conservatism discourages innovations and favors
established forms
• Symmetry and balance (as in the concept of perfect
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

creation)
NEAR EAST • Centered upon God
EGYPTIAN • Related to a principal axis, the kibla, pointing towards
GREEK Mecca
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Koran
RENAISSANCE • Muhammad wrote down the words of angels who brought
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL him messages from Allah
20TH C MODERN • After his death, these accounts were compiled into a holy
book
ISLAMIC
• Speaks of the power of Allah, to accept his will and to DECORATION
INDIAN praise him • in lieu of human and animal forms: abstract and
CHINESE & JAPANESE geometric motifs, calligraphy, floral abstraction, geometric
FILIPINO • 5 Pillars of Islam: Declaring faith in god, Prayer, Fasting, interlacement, mouldings and friezes, carvings in bas
Giving to charity, Pilgrimage to Mecca relief, stone inlay and mosaic, patterned brickwork,
• Also jihad or holy war is sometimes added as a pillar to ceramic and glass mosaic, painting, timber inlay,
spread the faith and defend it from attack Arabesques, screen or pierced grilles in marble
 Islamic
EXAMPLES PARTS OF A MOSQUE

MOSQUE
• The prophet Muhammad called on people to honor Allah
in prayer - mosques were built wherever Islam had spread

• Principal place of worship

• Building used for Friday prayer

• Prime purpose was contemplation and prayer

• Could also be used as a school, place for transactions,
storage for treasures, place for hearing official notices
• Masjid - small prayer house
PRE-HISTORIC
• Madrassah - religious college and mosque
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Sahn - cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a fundamental

EGYPTIAN • Inward-looking building feature
GREEK • Courtyard with sides punctuated with gateways, prayer • Fawwara - fountain
ROMAN chambers and porches • Mihrab - niche oriented towards Mecca
EARLY CHRISTIAN • No positive object of attention or adoration • Dikka - reading desk
BYZANTINE • Conceived around an axis towards Mecca • Maqsura - screen
ROMANESQUE • In every mosque, there is a wall with a hole or niche cut • Mimbar - raised platform for ceremonial announcements
GOTHIC into it, showing the direction of Mecca • Iwan - open-fronted porch facing a court
RENAISSANCE • Minaret - tower from which a call to prayer is made
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Kibla - axis oriented towards Mecca
20TH C MODERN
Personalities:
ISLAMIC
• Muezzin - caller who summons the faithful to prayer
INDIAN • Imam - man who leads congregation in prayer
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Caliph - successor to the prophet as military, judicial, or
FILIPINO spiritual leader of Islam
• Sufi - holy man
 Islamic

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (Kubbet-es-Sakhra)

• 688 to 692 AD
• Most important Islamic structure
• Great central dome covers the summit of Mt. Moriah
(from where the prophet is believed to have made his ride
to heaven)
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST The Great Mosque, Damascus

EGYPTIAN • Earliest surviving large mosque, built in 705-711 AD
GREEK • Stood in a walled temenos
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Dar al-Imara and Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo The Great Mosque, Cordoba
• 876 to 879 AD • 785 AD
 Islamic
SARAY or SERAI TOMBS
• Palace with courtyard

The Taj-Mahal, Agra (1630 to 1653 AD)

• Built by the emperor Shah Jahan for his favorite wife
Mumtaz Mahal
PRE-HISTORIC
• Took 11 years to build and 20,000 to work on it
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Covered in white marble, which reflects the changing

EGYPTIAN colors of the sun
GREEK • Sits in a well-landscaped garden
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO The Alhambra, Granada (1338 to 1390 AD)
• Fortified palace and complex of buildings set in gardens
• One of most elaborate and richly decorated Islamic Tomb of Humayun, Delhi
palaces • 1565 AD
 Indian

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

Revival Modern
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Indian
• 1500 BC Aryans from the north moved into India
• Set-up 16 separate kingdoms all over
Mauryan Empire • Most powerful, the Magadha kingdom, conquered all
under King Ashoka other kingdoms
• Established the Mauryan Empire in 300 BC under King
Ashoka

Links:
• Mesopotamian Cultures (from 2500 to 1500 BC)
• Central Asia (via mountain passes in the north)
• Persia and Greco-Roman Western Asia (via Baluchistan)

• Successive military and economic incursions brought art

and architecture: Aryan, Persian, Greco-Roman,
Sassanian, Muslim, Portuguese, French, English

RELIGION

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST Hinduism

INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN • Main religion of India
GREEK
HISTORY • Along with Judaism, the worlds oldest surviving religion
ROMAN
• Third great civilization to emerge in a fertile river valley • From indigenous Dravidians and Aryan invaders
EARLY CHRISTIAN
• Indus river 2500 BC, present-day Pakistan and • Chief gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
BYZANTINE Northwest India • Belief in reincarnation, the soul comes back to life in a
ROMANESQUE • Major cities were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa different body
GOTHIC • Each city was ruled by priest-kings, citadels atop the city • Caste system: priests, warriors and nobles, farmers and
RENAISSANCE • Lasted only 800 years traders, laborers and servants, untouchables
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Buddhism
• Many people disliked the way Hindu society divided
ISLAMIC
people into castes
INDIAN • Gautama Siddhartha 563 – 483 BC, gave up his princely
CHINESE & JAPANESE life to search for wisdom
FILIPINO • After 6 years of wandering, he found enlightenment
through a deep thinking process called meditation
• Overcome human weakness including greed and anger
• Salvation or nirvana
 Indian
MANDIRA
• Hindu temple with a interior sanctuary called a vimana
• Capped by a tapering spire-shaped tower – sikhara
• Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing and music

STAMBHAS or LATHS
• Monumental pillars standing free without any structural
function
• Circular or octagonal shafts
• Capital Persepolitan in form, bell-shaped and crowned
with animals carrying the Challra, wheel of law

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Indian
STUPAS
• Buddhist memorial mound erected to enshrine a relic of
Buddha, to commemorate special events or mark a sacred
spot
• Regarded as symbols of the universe
• Based on the pre-historic funerary tumulus

• Artificial domical mounds raised on a platform

• With processional paths, rails, gateways, crowning
umbrella called a chattri

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK VIHARAS
ROMAN • Buddhist monasteries often excavated from solid rock
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Central pillared chamber or quadrangle surrounded by
BYZANTINE verandah
ROMANESQUE • Small sleeping cells on the sides
GOTHIC • In front stood the courtyard containing the stupa
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
CHAITYAS
• Buddhist shrine also carved out of solid rock
• Formed like an aisled basilica with a stupa at one end
 Chinese

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

Revival Modern
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian Chinese & Japanese
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Chinese
Chin Kingdom
in 1000 BC
Shang Kingdom
in 206 BC

• 221 BC, Shi Huangdi of Chin took control and became

the first emperor of China
• Ruled with armies and officials
• Organized huge number of laborers to work for him
• Built the Great Wall of China to repel northern enemies
• Terra-cotta army of 6000 life-size soldiers, horses and
chariots was buried with the emperor
• Shi Huangdi died in 210 BC, Chin dynasty was replaced
by Han and western Jin dynasties

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST SOCIETY

INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN • Foreign trade by land and sea
GREEK
HISTORY • Theorists, schools of philosophy Confucius, Lao-Tzu
ROMAN • Writing, calendar and money
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Arts, painting, calligraphy, architecture
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE RELIGION
GOTHIC Religious and ethical influences:
RENAISSANCE • Confucianism, code of social conduct and philosophy of
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL life, family and ancestor worship
20TH C MODERN • Taoism, universal love as solution to social disorder
• Only ancient civilization that has continued to this day • Buddhism
ISLAMIC
INDIAN GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY
• Succession of emperors and dynasties and warring
CHINESE & JAPANESE
states • Larger than Europe in area, 1/13 of total land area of the
FILIPINO world
• 1750 BC, a kingdom emerged in the middle reaches of
the Yellow River in China, ruled by Shang Dynasty • Mountainous with extensive fertile valleys, great plains
• Lasted 1000 years but broke up into many smaller and deserts, excellent harbors
kingdoms • Metals, trees, bamboo, clay
 Chinese
EXAMPLES PAI-LOUS
• Monumental, ceremonial gateway and basic symbolic
PAGODAS structure in Chinese architecture
• Buddhist temple, most typical Chinese building of • Erected as memorials to eminent persons
religious significance • Led to temples, palaces, tombs or sacred places
• Later gained a secular nature: monuments to victory or a • Related to the Indian torana and Japanese torii
memorial to hold relics
• Based on the Indian stupa and stambha • Trabeated form, in stone or wood
• Bold projecting roofs
• Octagonal in plan • 1, 3 or 5 openings
• Odd number of stories, 9 or 13
• Roofs projecting from each of its many floors, turned up
eaves
• Slopes inwards to the top

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Chinese
TEMPLES FORTIFICATIONS

The Great Wall of China

• Most famous of ancient Chinese buildings
• by Shi Huangdi

PRE-HISTORIC
• Chief feature was the roof
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Supported on timber uprights and independent of walls • 3700 miles long, from Pacific Ocean to Gobi Desert
EGYPTIAN • A sign of dignity to place roofs one over the other
GREEK • Up-tilted angles, with dragons and grotesque ornaments • Mostly gray granite blocks, but also used whatever
ROMAN materials were available in the locality
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Lofty pavilions, 1 storey each • 6 to 9 m high, with 1.5 m high parapets
BYZANTINE • Successive open courts and porticoes, kitchens, • Base is 7.6 m thick, 4.5 m thick at top
ROMANESQUE refectories, sleeping cells for priests • Paved road wide enough for 5 horses to run abreast
GOTHIC • 25,000 towers, 12 m high and 700 ft apart (2 bow shots
RENAISSANCE PALACES & HOUSES apart)
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Imperial places and official residences
20TH C MODERN • Isolated, 1-storeyed pavilions resembling temples

ISLAMIC
• Governed by building regulations limiting the dimensions
INDIAN and number of columns
CHINESE & JAPANESE • emperor - 9 bays
FILIPINO • prince - 7
• mandarin - 5
• ordinary citizen - 3
 Japanese
• In 16th century, Portuguese traders came to trade and
Extent of Chinese Empire Christian missionaries came to convert the Japanese
in 1760 AD • The threatened shoguns expelled foreigners, killed
Japan Christian converts, stopped trade, closed Japan to the
outside world until 19th century
• Little contact with Europe, more of Chinese influence

RELIGION
• Shinto, indigenous poly-demonism
• Buddhism

GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY

• Off the eastern coast of China, Asian mainland
• Principal island Honshu, and smaller islands at north and
south
• Earthquakes & volcanoes
• Hilly and forested country
• Stone, timber, bamboo

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN
• Created in the 3rd century AD by ancestors of the
EARLY CHRISTIAN
present emperor
BYZANTINE • 7th century, was divided into provinces each with a ruler
ROMANESQUE • Feudalism, with a caste system of emperor and nobles,
GOTHIC military, people
RENAISSANCE • More powerful were the shoguns or warrior lords, each
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL fighting with each other
20TH C MODERN
• In 1603 AD, under the shogun Ieyasu Tokugawa, Japan
ISLAMIC
was united and brought to peace
INDIAN
• The Tokugawa dynasty ruled for 250 years
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Japanese
EXAMPLES PAGODAS

TEMPLES

• Derived from the Chinese pagoda

• Square plan
• Mostly 5 storeys, 45 m in height
• Virtually suspended around a central timber (stable
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

against earthquake shocks)

NEAR EAST • Wide projecting roofs to each storey, subtly curved
EGYPTIAN • Shinto temples and Buddhist temples
GREEK DWELLINGS, TEA HOUSES, BATH HOUSES
ROMAN • No other architecture reveals the structural and aesthetic
EARLY CHRISTIAN qualities of wood
BYZANTINE • Unpainted wood without any surface treatment
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Typical 1-storey rectangular plan:
RENAISSANCE • Vestibule
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Veranda, engawa
20TH C MODERN • Living and dining
• Guest rooms
ISLAMIC
Featured the torii gateways • Recess for flowers and art
INDIAN • Monumental, free-standing gateways to a Shinto shrine • Rooms for host and hostess
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Derived from the Chinese pai-lou • No distinction between living and sleeping apartments
FILIPINO • Two upright pillars or posts supporting 2 or more
horizontal beams, usually curving upward • Room determined by tatami or floor coverings 1 x ½ ken
• Worshippers have to pass under this for prayers to be (1.8 x 0.9 m)
effective
 Filipino
Route of Magellan’s Voyage
In 1519
The Philippines

• Indians in 4th and 5th century BC

• Chinese in 3rd and 4th century AD
• Arabs - converted some parts to Islam in 1300 AD
• Trade center of the Orient – Sulu was frequented by
ships from China, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java, India, Arabia

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Spanish Rule:
ROMANESQUE HISTORY • 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed
GOTHIC • 1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity
RENAISSANCE Pre-Colonial: • Systematically and efficiently Christianized most part of
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Immigration via land-bridges as early as 250,000 years the country
20TH C MODERN ago, and later, sea-vessels • Introduced European institution and thought
• Immigrants of Malay origin, food gatherers and hunters • Economically linked Manila with Mexico and the rest of
ISLAMIC
• 3000 BC, joined by advanced agricultural race from the world - via the Spanish Galleon Trade
INDIAN
Indonesia, with barangays as tribal system
CHINESE & JAPANESE
• laws on marriage, inheritance, ownership, crime, and • Brief occupation by the British forces (1762-1764);
FILIPINO attempted seizure by Dutch and Chinese
behavior
• elaborate animistic religion • Spanish colony until 1900's
• Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal, unsuccessful revolt
by Aguinaldo
 Filipino
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

DESCRIPTION

Building Capability:
• Even with ties to nearby countries, our ancestors saw no
American Rule: need for large megalithic structures, etc
• Islands were sold or ceded to America, as a result of • Nevertheless showed engineering capability and
Spanish war with USA prowess with the Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon
• Continued fighting
• Democracy was introduced - allowed a self-government Settlements
called the Commonwealth Era • big villages along key trade centers
• near the sea-shore, beside rivers and streams – for
Japanese Invasion: purposes of travel, communication and sanitation
• December 1941
• Established a puppet government Filipino Architecture:
• Liberation when Gen. McArthur returned in July 1945 •shaped by the climate, terrain, vegetation, and fauna
• Independence in 1946 around it
• two elements in making a house: 1) tradition or following
• 3rd largest English-speaking country in the world the generally accepted form and structural patterns; and 2)
PRE-HISTORIC
• Citadel of Christianity and democracy in East Asia chance or “playing it by ear”, allowing minor modifications
history of architecture

NEAR EAST • Mixture of races: Malay, Chinese, Spanish, American for the builder and his family
EGYPTIAN
GREEK RELIGION • Tropical architecture
ROMAN • Islam • Light
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Roman Catholicism • Open and transparent
BYZANTINE • Protestantism, Aglipayan, Iglesia ni Kristo
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
RENAISSANCE • Archipelago of 7100 islands – mountainous and
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL fragmented
20TH C MODERN • 3 main island groups: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
• Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean - strategic position - in the
ISLAMIC
path of Far East trade
INDIAN • major earthquake and volcanic belt
CHINESE & JAPANESE • in the path of typhoons from the Pacific
FILIPINO
CLIMATE
• Dry and wet season
• Typhoons and tropical storms
 Filipino
EXAMPLES • usually with steep thatch roof
• varies across regional and ethnic lines
CAVE DWELLINGS
• earliest human habitation Cordillera Region
• Tabon Cave, Palawan had been inhabited for 30,000
years
• caves in Angono, Rizal with ancient petroglyphs

TREE HOUSES
• perched on forked branches of trees, up to 60 feet above
the ground
ISNEG
• prevented attack by animals and human enemies KALINGA
• by the Gaddang and Kalinga of Luzon
• Manobo and Mandaya of Mindanao
• Moros of Lake Lanao KANKANAI

LEAN-TOS
• winbreaks or windscreens as the first attempt at building IFUGAO
• served as shelters during a hunting or food-gathering BONTOC
journey
PRE-HISTORIC
• made of light branches and fronds, but strong enough to
history of architecture

Mindanao & Sulu Region

NEAR EAST withstand a strom
EGYPTIAN • Negritos of Zambales
GREEK • Agtas of Palanan, Isabela
ROMAN BADJAO SAMAL
EARLY CHRISTIAN BAHAY KUBO or NIPA HUT
BYZANTINE • “balai” and spanish “cubo” or cube – cube-shaped house,
ROMANESQUE from its boxy appearance
GOTHIC • primitive style of dwelling probably started around 200
RENAISSANCE BC, with the coming of iron tools
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • well- adapted to tropical climate
YAKAN MARANAO
20TH C MODERN • of wood, rattan, cane, bamboo, palm leaves, cogon and
nipa
ISLAMIC
INDIAN Elevated one to five feet from the ground - silong Panay Region
CHINESE & JAPANESE • protection from the moist ground and flood Other Regions Ivatan, Mangyan, Subanun, Mandaya
FILIPINO • protection from vermin and other animals
• enclosed area as sleeping quarters
• silong used for storage for tools and crops, an animal
enclosures, or burial ground
 Filipino
SPANISH HOUSES: BAHAY-NA-BATO FIRST FLOOR:
• Zaguan, for caroza
Evolved from the Bahay Kubo: a tropical house • Quadra, horse stable
• Steep, hip roof • Bodega, storeroom
• Post and lintel construction
• Elevated living quarters SECOND FLOOR:
• Economy of materials • Stairway
• Space flowing from one room to next • Caida, ante-sala from stairs
• Light and airy structure • Sala, living room
• Comedor, dining room
Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic, and Baroque influence: • Cocina, kitchen
• grandeur and solidity • Dispensa, pantry
• Ornamentation • Letrina or Comun, toilet
• Baño, bath
Vigan Houses, Antillan Houses, Ivatan Houses • Azotea, open terrace
• Aljibe, water cistern
• Cuarto, Alcoba, Dormitorio
• Entresuelo, vault
• Balcon, balcony
• Patio, courtyard
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Filipino
SPANISH CHURCHES Taal Church, Batangas
• by Fr. Martin Aguirre
Calasiao, Pangasinan • biggest church
• 2nd best bell tower
• by Fr. Ramon Dalinao Sta. Ana Church, Manila
• by Fr. Vicente Ingles
Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte • restored by Juan Nakpil
• by Fr. Joseph Ruiz
• sinking belltower Sto. Domingo Church, QC
• by Jose Maria Zaragosa
Las Pinas Church
• by Fr. Diego Cera Sto. Nino, Cebu
• by Diego de Herrera
Loboc, Bohol
• biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST
• San Agustin, Intramuros
Manila Cathedral • Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo
• by Bishop Domingo Salazar • San Agustin, Paoay, Ilocos Norte
• Sta. Monica, Ilocos Sur
Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo
PRE-HISTORIC
• by Fr. Fernando Comporedondo
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Morong Church, Rizal
GREEK • exquisite Spanish Baroque style
ROMAN • by Fr. Blas dela Madre
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Panay Church
ROMANESQUE • largest bell, from 30 sacks of coins donated by
GOTHIC townspeople
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Quiapo Church
20TH C MODERN • restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa

ISLAMIC
San Agustin Church
INDIAN • by Fr. Juan Macias
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO San Sebastian
• one of first steel buildings
• steel from Belgium by Eiffel
 Filipino
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES

SCHOOLS

Escuela Practica Y Profecional de Artes Oficio de Manila

• 1890
• taught maestros de obras

Liceo de Manila
• MO-P “Maestros de Obra-Practica”
• MO-A “Maestros de Obra-Academia”

Escuela de Ingenieria Y Arquitectura

• Closed after one year

Mapua Institute of Architecture (1925)

• 1st school of Architecture

Adamson University
• 2nd school of architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST UST College of Architecture (1930)

EGYPTIAN • 3rd school of architecture
GREEK
ROMAN ORGANIZATIONS
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Philippine Architects Society
BYZANTINE • Philippine Institute of Architects
ROMANESQUE • League of Philippine Architects
GOTHIC • Association of Phil. Government Architects
RENAISSANCE • In 1975, PIA + LPA + APGA = United Architects of the
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Philippines
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Filipino
EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD

Daniel Burnham - city plan of Manila and Baguio

William Parsons
Juan Arellano
Tomas Mapua - 1st registered architect in country
Alejandro Legardo
Antonio Toledo Manila Hotel
Carlos Barredo • 1st hotel in Asia, 1st with elevator
• Originally by William Parsons, renovated by Locsin in
Masonic Temple, Escolta 1975
• 1st concrete building in Escolta

Philippine Normal School

• Phil. Normal University

University of the Philippines

• Padre Faura

National Museum Philippine General Hospital

PRE-HISTORIC
• 1st was the Legislative Building • by William Parsons
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Intendencia Building
GREEK • adjacent to Manila Cathedral
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Luneta Hotel
BYZANTINE • 2nd hotel in Asia
ROMANESQUE • French Baroque style
GOTHIC UST Main Building
RENAISSANCE Army and Navy Club • by Roque Rueno
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • rest and recreation for American soldiers
20TH C MODERN
De La Salle College
ISLAMIC
• by Tomas Mapua
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Rizal Monument
FILIPINO • obelisk

Sta. Isabel College Post Office Building

• by Juan Arellano
 Filipino
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

Juan Nakpil - 1st National Artist for Arch.

Pablo Antonio - 2nd National Artist for Arch.
Enrique Bautista
Gonzalo Barreto
Fernando Ocampo
Andres Luna y San Pedro FEU Main Building
Leandro Locsin - 3rd National Artist for Arch. • by Pablo Antonio

Agriculture & Finance Building

Crystal Arcade, Escolta

Quezon Institute
• By Juan Nakpil

Lyric Theater, Escolta Metropolitan Theater

• By Juan Nakpil • by Juan Arellano

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

Ideal Theater, Avenida Rizal

NEAR EAST • by Pablo Antonio
EGYPTIAN
GREEK Jai Alai Building - demolished in 2001
ROMAN • Art Deco, streamline style
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Ambassador Hotel
ROMANESQUE • by Fernando Ocampo, 1st skyscraper (4 storeys) College of Engineering and Liberal Arts, UP Diliman
GOTHIC • by Cesar Concio
RENAISSANCE Syquia Apartments, Malate
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • by Pablo Antonio
20TH C MODERN
Natividad Building, Escolta
ISLAMIC
• by Andres Luna y San Pedro
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Regina Building, Escolta
FILIPINO • by Andres Luna y San Pedro

The Church of the Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Concio

 Filipino

The Iglesia Ni Cristo Cathedrals

• by Carlos Santos Viola

The Quezon Monument

• by Federico Ilustre

The Meralco Building

• by Jose Zaragoza

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE The Central Bank of the Philippines
ROMANESQUE Philippine Heart Center • by Gabriel Formoso
GOTHIC • by Jorge Ramos
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

The Quiapo Mosque Asian Institute of Management

• by Jorge Ramos • by Gabriel Formoso
 Filipino
by Leandro Locsin:

The New Istana, Brunei

SM Megamall
• by Antonio Sindiong

PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture

NEAR EAST The Cultural Center of the Philippines

EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, UP Diliman
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Robinson’s Galleria
• by William Coscolluela The Philippine Stock Exchange
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
 Types of Vaults Famous Building Groups Biggest Churches
QUIZ: 1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5.
5 Orders of Architecture Campanile vs Belfry
1. Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas
2. 1.
3.
4. Types of Domes 2.
5. 1.
2.
Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting 3. Types of Crosses
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. Periods of Renaissance
1. Types of roofs
Gateways 2. 1.
1. Egyptian – 3. 2.
2. Greek – 4. 3.
3. Indian – 4.
4. Chinese – 12 Architects of St. Peter’s 5.
history of architecture

5. Japanese – 1. 6.
2. 7.
Pyramid vs. Ziggurat 3.
1. 4. 5 Points of New Architecture
5. 1.
2. 6.
7. 2.
3. 8. 3.
9. 4.
10. 5.
11.
Hellenic vs Hellenistic 12.
Art Noveau Styles
Architects of Stuart Period, Britain 1. France –
1st Phase - 2. Germany –
2nd Phase - 3. Austria –
4. Italy –
5. Spain -
 Types of Vaults Famous Building Groups Biggest Churches
QUIZ: 1. Wagon/ Barrel/ Tunnel Vault
2. Wagon with Intersecting Vault
1. Pyramids at Giza
2. The Acropolis, Athens
1. St. Peter’s, Rome
2. Seville Cathedral
3. Cross Vault 3. Pisa Cathedral 3. Milan Cathedral
4. Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola 4. St. Peter’s, Rome 4. Cologne Cathedral
5. St. Paul’s, London
5 Orders of Architecture Campanile vs Belfry
1. Doric Belfry - attached to church Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas
2. Ionic Campanile - detached from church 1. Chinese - octagonal plan, Japanese
3. Corinthian - square
4. Tuscan Types of Domes 2. Chinese - 9 or 13 storeys,
5. Composite 1. Simple Japanese - 5 storeys
2. Compound
Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting 3. Melon, Serrated, Onion or Bulbous Types of Crosses
1. Clerestory shape 1. Latin cross
2. Skylight 2. Greek cross
3. Temple door Periods of Renaissance
1. Early Renaissance Types of roofs
Gateways 2. High Renaissance 1. Gable
1. Egyptian - Pylon 3. Baroque 2. Hip
2. Greek - Propylaeum 4. Rococo 3. Hipped gable
3. Indian - Torana 4. Mansart
4. Chinese - Pai-lou 12 Architects of St. Peter’s 5. Gambrel
history of architecture

5. Japanese – Torii 1. Donato Bramante 6. Butterfly

2. Giuliano da Sangallo 7. Rainbow
Pyramid vs. Ziggurat 3. Fra Giocondo
1. Pyramids have sloping faces; 4. Raphael 5 Points of New Architecture
ziggurats have diminishing faces 5. Baldassare Peruzzi 1. Framework structurally independent
2. Pyramids used stone as building 6. Antonio da Sangallo of walls
material, ziggurats used mud-bricks 7. Michelangelo 2. Free-standing façade
3. Pyramids have sides facing the 8. Giacomo della Porta 3. Roof garden
cardinal points, ziggurats have 9. Domenico Fontana 4. Open planning
corners facing the cardinal points 10. Vignola 5. Cube form elevated on stilts or
11. Carlo Maderna columns
Hellenic vs Hellenistic 12. Bernini
Hellenic - religious architecture Art Noveau Styles
Hellenistic - civic architecture Architects of Stuart Period, Britain 1. France – Le Modern Style
1st Phase - Inigo Jones 2. Germany – Jugendstil
2nd Phase - Christopher Wren 3. Austria – Sezessione
4. Italy – Stile Liberty
5. Spain - Modernismo