History of Architecture 3

Introduction
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE REFERENCES

1. Ching, Francis D.K., A Visual Dictionary of Architecture

OUR METHOD OF STUDYING HISTORY:
2. Fletcher, Bannister, A History of Architecture 20th Ed.
To try not to memorize… but to understand
3. Mercado, Jose L., The Architectural Reviewer Volume
History is not a list of facts… it is a story that can be retold III: History & Theory of Architecture
over and over
4. Salvan, George S., Architectural Character & the History
of Architecture

5. The Children’s Atlas of World History

6. The World Atlas of Architecture

DEFINITIONS

History of Architecture
• "It is a record of man's effort to build beautifully. It traces
the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which
have prevailed lands and ages."

Historic Styles of Architecture

• "The particular method, the characteristics, manner of
design which prevails at a certain place and time.“

Six Influences of Architecture

• Geographical
• Geological
• Climatic
• Religious
• Social
• Historical

Four Great Constructive Principles

1. Post & Lintel Construction
2. Arch & Vault Construction
3. Corbel or Cantilever Construction
4. Trussed Construction
 Introduction

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC Revival Modern
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian Chinese & Japanese
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Islamic

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian

PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Islamic
• Muhammad died in 632 AD, but his Muslim followers
were ready to spread his teachings
• Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic tribes to spread
Islam
• North into Central Asia
• Westward to Africa
• Along trade routes into India
• Among the Turks and Mongols

• Spread of Islam is associated with military conquest and

racial movements
• Establish a cultural tie with Arabian heartland, with
annual pilgrimage to Mecca

PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN
• The religion of Islam began in Arabia
EARLY CHRISTIAN
• 610 AD, Muhammad from Mecca saw visions of an angel SOCIETY
BYZANTINE • Message from Allah to stop worshipping false idols and • Tribal groups
ROMANESQUE to accept the will of god “Islam” • Public life was reserved for men (women had a
GOTHIC • Arabs of Mecca rejected this message secondary role - for domestic and agricultural work)
RENAISSANCE • Christians and Jews ("people of the book“) were given
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • 622 AD, the Hegira - Muhammad moved to Medina and the freedom of worship and self-government
20TH C MODERN converted the people into Islam
• Within 10 years, the framework of religion and military • Many of the conquered cities were already centers of
ISLAMIC learning
organization tasked with spreading the faith was
INDIAN • Muslims translated into Arabic many scholarly writings
established
CHINESE & JAPANESE from Greek, Persian and Indian
• Medina then fought Mecca and in 630 AD destroyed all
FILIPINO • Rulers and scholars were interested in mathematics,
its idols and converted it to Islam
astronomy, geography, medicine, philosophy and science
 Islamic
RELIGION ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Last of 3 great religions of Middle East
• Complete philosophy of life and government DESCRIPTION
• One god Allah, Muhammad is the prophet • Countries already rich in building tradition
• Faith is held to be Allah's will for creation • Product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by a
people with no architectural tradition
• Acceptance of the transitory nature of earthly life • Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many
• Personal humility different circumstances
• Abhorrence of image worship
Islam had a profound impact on its architecture:
• No essential difference in techniques between religious
and non-religious buildings
• Important architectural endeavor is normally expended
on buildings having a direct social or community purpose
• Decorations tend toward the abstract, using geometric,
calligraphic and plant motifs, with a preference for a
uniform field of decoration rather than a focal element
• Basic conservatism discourages innovations and favors
established forms
• Symmetry and balance (as in the concept of perfect
PRE-HISTORIC creation)
NEAR EAST • Centered upon God
EGYPTIAN • Related to a principal axis, the kibla, pointing towards
GREEK Mecca
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Koran
RENAISSANCE • Muhammad wrote down the words of angels who brought
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL him messages from Allah
20TH C MODERN • After his death, these accounts were compiled into a holy
book
ISLAMIC • Speaks of the power of Allah, to accept his will and to DECORATION
INDIAN praise him • in lieu of human and animal forms: abstract and
CHINESE & JAPANESE geometric motifs, calligraphy, floral abstraction, geometric
FILIPINO • 5 Pillars of Islam: Declaring faith in god, Prayer, Fasting, interlacement, mouldings and friezes, carvings in bas
Giving to charity, Pilgrimage to Mecca relief, stone inlay and mosaic, patterned brickwork,
• Also jihad or holy war is sometimes added as a pillar to ceramic and glass mosaic, painting, timber inlay,
spread the faith and defend it from attack Arabesques, screen or pierced grilles in marble
 Islamic
EXAMPLES PARTS OF A MOSQUE

MOSQUE
• The prophet Muhammad called on people to honor Allah
in prayer - mosques were built wherever Islam had spread

• Principal place of worship

• Building used for Friday prayer

• Prime purpose was contemplation and prayer

• Could also be used as a school, place for transactions,
storage for treasures, place for hearing official notices
• Masjid - small prayer house
PRE-HISTORIC • Madrassah - religious college and mosque
NEAR EAST • Sahn - cloistered or arcaded courtyard is a fundamental
EGYPTIAN • Inward-looking building feature
GREEK • Courtyard with sides punctuated with gateways, prayer • Fawwara - fountain
ROMAN chambers and porches • Mihrab - niche oriented towards Mecca
EARLY CHRISTIAN • No positive object of attention or adoration • Dikka - reading desk
BYZANTINE • Conceived around an axis towards Mecca • Maqsura - screen
ROMANESQUE • In every mosque, there is a wall with a hole or niche cut • Mimbar - raised platform for ceremonial announcements
GOTHIC into it, showing the direction of Mecca • Iwan - open-fronted porch facing a court
RENAISSANCE • Minaret - tower from which a call to prayer is made
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Kibla - axis oriented towards Mecca
20TH C MODERN
Personalities:
ISLAMIC • Muezzin - caller who summons the faithful to prayer
INDIAN • Imam - man who leads congregation in prayer
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Caliph - successor to the prophet as military, judicial, or
FILIPINO spiritual leader of Islam
• Sufi - holy man
 Islamic

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem (Kubbet-es-Sakhra)

• 688 to 692 AD
• Most important Islamic structure
• Great central dome covers the summit of Mt. Moriah
(from where the prophet is believed to have made his ride
to heaven)
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST The Great Mosque, Damascus
EGYPTIAN • Earliest surviving large mosque, built in 705-711 AD
GREEK • Stood in a walled temenos
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Dar al-Imara and Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo The Great Mosque, Cordoba
• 876 to 879 AD • 785 AD
 Islamic
SARAY or SERAI TOMBS
• Palace with courtyard

The Taj-Mahal, Agra (1630 to 1653 AD)

• Built by the emperor Shah Jahan for his favorite wife
Mumtaz Mahal
PRE-HISTORIC • Took 11 years to build and 20,000 to work on it
NEAR EAST • Covered in white marble, which reflects the changing
EGYPTIAN colors of the sun
GREEK • Sits in a well-landscaped garden
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO The Alhambra, Granada (1338 to 1390 AD)
• Fortified palace and complex of buildings set in gardens
• One of most elaborate and richly decorated Islamic Tomb of Humayun, Delhi
palaces • 1565 AD
 Indian

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC Revival Modern
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Indian
• 1500 BC Aryans from the north moved into India
• Set-up 16 separate kingdoms all over
Mauryan Empire • Most powerful, the Magadha kingdom, conquered all
under King Ashoka other kingdoms
• Established the Mauryan Empire in 300 BC under King
Ashoka

Links:
• Mesopotamian Cultures (from 2500 to 1500 BC)
• Central Asia (via mountain passes in the north)
• Persia and Greco-Roman Western Asia (via Baluchistan)

• Successive military and economic incursions brought art

and architecture: Aryan, Persian, Greco-Roman,
Sassanian, Muslim, Portuguese, French, English

RELIGION

PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST Hinduism
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN • Main religion of India
GREEK • Along with Judaism, the worlds oldest surviving religion
HISTORY
ROMAN • From indigenous Dravidians and Aryan invaders
• Third great civilization to emerge in a fertile river valley
EARLY CHRISTIAN
• Indus river 2500 BC, present-day Pakistan and • Chief gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
BYZANTINE Northwest India • Belief in reincarnation, the soul comes back to life in a
ROMANESQUE • Major cities were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa different body
GOTHIC • Each city was ruled by priest-kings, citadels atop the city • Caste system: priests, warriors and nobles, farmers and
RENAISSANCE • Lasted only 800 years traders, laborers and servants, untouchables
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Buddhism
• Many people disliked the way Hindu society divided
ISLAMIC people into castes
INDIAN • Gautama Siddhartha 563 – 483 BC, gave up his princely
CHINESE & JAPANESE life to search for wisdom
FILIPINO • After 6 years of wandering, he found enlightenment
through a deep thinking process called meditation
• Overcome human weakness including greed and anger
• Salvation or nirvana
 Indian
MANDIRA
• Hindu temple with a interior sanctuary called a vimana
• Capped by a tapering spire-shaped tower – sikhara
• Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing and music

STAMBHAS or LATHS
• Monumental pillars standing free without any structural
function
• Circular or octagonal shafts
• Capital Persepolitan in form, bell-shaped and crowned
with animals carrying the Challra, wheel of law

PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Indian
STUPAS
• Buddhist memorial mound erected to enshrine a relic of
Buddha, to commemorate special events or mark a sacred
spot
• Regarded as symbols of the universe
• Based on the pre-historic funerary tumulus

• Artificial domical mounds raised on a platform

• With processional paths, rails, gateways, crowning
umbrella called a chattri

PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK VIHARAS
ROMAN • Buddhist monasteries often excavated from solid rock
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Central pillared chamber or quadrangle surrounded by
BYZANTINE verandah
ROMANESQUE • Small sleeping cells on the sides
GOTHIC • In front stood the courtyard containing the stupa
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
CHAITYAS
• Buddhist shrine also carved out of solid rock
• Formed like an aisled basilica with a stupa at one end
 Chinese

The Historical
Timeline of Architecture

Egyptian Byzantine

Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC Revival Modern
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian Chinese & Japanese
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Chinese
Chin Kingdom
in 1000 BC
Shang Kingdom
in 206 BC

• 221 BC, Shi Huangdi of Chin took control and became

the first emperor of China
• Ruled with armies and officials
• Organized huge number of laborers to work for him
• Built the Great Wall of China to repel northern enemies
• Terra-cotta army of 6000 life-size soldiers, horses and
chariots was buried with the emperor
• Shi Huangdi died in 210 BC, Chin dynasty was replaced
by Han and western Jin dynasties

PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST SOCIETY
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN • Foreign trade by land and sea
GREEK • Theorists, schools of philosophy Confucius, Lao-Tzu
HISTORY
ROMAN • Writing, calendar and money
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Arts, painting, calligraphy, architecture
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE RELIGION
GOTHIC Religious and ethical influences:
RENAISSANCE • Confucianism, code of social conduct and philosophy of
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL life, family and ancestor worship
20TH C MODERN • Taoism, universal love as solution to social disorder
• Only ancient civilization that has continued to this day • Buddhism
ISLAMIC
INDIAN GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY
• Succession of emperors and dynasties and warring
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Larger than Europe in area, 1/13 of total land area of the
states
FILIPINO world
• 1750 BC, a kingdom emerged in the middle reaches of
the Yellow River in China, ruled by Shang Dynasty • Mountainous with extensive fertile valleys, great plains
• Lasted 1000 years but broke up into many smaller and deserts, excellent harbors
kingdoms • Metals, trees, bamboo, clay
 Chinese
EXAMPLES PAI-LOUS
• Monumental, ceremonial gateway and basic symbolic
PAGODAS structure in Chinese architecture
• Buddhist temple, most typical Chinese building of • Erected as memorials to eminent persons
religious significance • Led to temples, palaces, tombs or sacred places
• Later gained a secular nature: monuments to victory or a • Related to the Indian torana and Japanese torii
memorial to hold relics
• Based on the Indian stupa and stambha • Trabeated form, in stone or wood
• Bold projecting roofs
• Octagonal in plan • 1, 3 or 5 openings
• Odd number of stories, 9 or 13
• Roofs projecting from each of its many floors, turned up
eaves
• Slopes inwards to the top

PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Chinese
TEMPLES FORTIFICATIONS

The Great Wall of China

• Most famous of ancient Chinese buildings
• by Shi Huangdi

PRE-HISTORIC • Chief feature was the roof

NEAR EAST • Supported on timber uprights and independent of walls • 3700 miles long, from Pacific Ocean to Gobi Desert
EGYPTIAN • A sign of dignity to place roofs one over the other
GREEK • Up-tilted angles, with dragons and grotesque ornaments • Mostly gray granite blocks, but also used whatever
ROMAN materials were available in the locality
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Lofty pavilions, 1 storey each • 6 to 9 m high, with 1.5 m high parapets
BYZANTINE • Successive open courts and porticoes, kitchens, • Base is 7.6 m thick, 4.5 m thick at top
ROMANESQUE refectories, sleeping cells for priests • Paved road wide enough for 5 horses to run abreast
GOTHIC • 25,000 towers, 12 m high and 700 ft apart (2 bow shots
RENAISSANCE PALACES & HOUSES apart)
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Imperial places and official residences
20TH C MODERN • Isolated, 1-storeyed pavilions resembling temples

ISLAMIC • Governed by building regulations limiting the dimensions

INDIAN and number of columns
CHINESE & JAPANESE • emperor - 9 bays
FILIPINO • prince - 7
• mandarin - 5
• ordinary citizen - 3
 Japanese
• In 16th century, Portuguese traders came to trade and
Extent of Chinese Empire Christian missionaries came to convert the Japanese
in 1760 AD • The threatened shoguns expelled foreigners, killed
Japan Christian converts, stopped trade, closed Japan to the
outside world until 19th century
• Little contact with Europe, more of Chinese influence

RELIGION
• Shinto, indigenous poly-demonism
• Buddhism

GEOGRAPHY and GEOLOGY

• Off the eastern coast of China, Asian mainland
• Principal island Honshu, and smaller islands at north and
south
• Earthquakes & volcanoes
• Hilly and forested country
• Stone, timber, bamboo

PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN
• Created in the 3rd century AD by ancestors of the
EARLY CHRISTIAN
present emperor
BYZANTINE • 7th century, was divided into provinces each with a ruler
ROMANESQUE • Feudalism, with a caste system of emperor and nobles,
GOTHIC military, people
RENAISSANCE • More powerful were the shoguns or warrior lords, each
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL fighting with each other
20TH C MODERN
• In 1603 AD, under the shogun Ieyasu Tokugawa, Japan
ISLAMIC
was united and brought to peace
INDIAN
• The Tokugawa dynasty ruled for 250 years
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Japanese
EXAMPLES PAGODAS

TEMPLES

• Derived from the Chinese pagoda

• Square plan
• Mostly 5 storeys, 45 m in height
• Virtually suspended around a central timber (stable
PRE-HISTORIC against earthquake shocks)
NEAR EAST • Wide projecting roofs to each storey, subtly curved
EGYPTIAN • Shinto temples and Buddhist temples
GREEK DWELLINGS, TEA HOUSES, BATH HOUSES
ROMAN • No other architecture reveals the structural and aesthetic
EARLY CHRISTIAN qualities of wood
BYZANTINE • Unpainted wood without any surface treatment
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Typical 1-storey rectangular plan:
RENAISSANCE • Vestibule
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Veranda, engawa
20TH C MODERN • Living and dining
• Guest rooms
ISLAMIC Featured the torii gateways • Recess for flowers and art
INDIAN • Monumental, free-standing gateways to a Shinto shrine • Rooms for host and hostess
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Derived from the Chinese pai-lou • No distinction between living and sleeping apartments
FILIPINO • Two upright pillars or posts supporting 2 or more
horizontal beams, usually curving upward • Room determined by tatami or floor coverings 1 x ½ ken
• Worshippers have to pass under this for prayers to be (1.8 x 0.9 m)
effective
 Filipino
Route of Magellan’s Voyage
In 1519
The Philippines

• Indians in 4th and 5th century BC

• Chinese in 3rd and 4th century AD
• Arabs - converted some parts to Islam in 1300 AD
• Trade center of the Orient – Sulu was frequented by
ships from China, Cambodia, Sumatra, Java, India, Arabia

PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Spanish Rule:
ROMANESQUE HISTORY • 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed
GOTHIC • 1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity
RENAISSANCE Pre-Colonial: • Systematically and efficiently Christianized most part of
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Immigration via land-bridges as early as 250,000 years the country
20TH C MODERN ago, and later, sea-vessels • Introduced European institution and thought
• Immigrants of Malay origin, food gatherers and hunters • Economically linked Manila with Mexico and the rest of
ISLAMIC the world - via the Spanish Galleon Trade
• 3000 BC, joined by advanced agricultural race from
INDIAN
Indonesia, with barangays as tribal system
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Brief occupation by the British forces (1762-1764);
• laws on marriage, inheritance, ownership, crime, and
FILIPINO attempted seizure by Dutch and Chinese
behavior
• elaborate animistic religion • Spanish colony until 1900's
• Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal, unsuccessful revolt
by Aguinaldo
 Filipino
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER

DESCRIPTION

Building Capability:
• Even with ties to nearby countries, our ancestors saw no
American Rule: need for large megalithic structures, etc
• Islands were sold or ceded to America, as a result of • Nevertheless showed engineering capability and
Spanish war with USA prowess with the Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon
• Continued fighting
• Democracy was introduced - allowed a self-government Settlements
called the Commonwealth Era • big villages along key trade centers
• near the sea-shore, beside rivers and streams – for
Japanese Invasion: purposes of travel, communication and sanitation
• December 1941
• Established a puppet government Filipino Architecture:
• Liberation when Gen. McArthur returned in July 1945 •shaped by the climate, terrain, vegetation, and fauna
• Independence in 1946 around it
• two elements in making a house: 1) tradition or following
• 3rd largest English-speaking country in the world the generally accepted form and structural patterns; and 2)
PRE-HISTORIC • Citadel of Christianity and democracy in East Asia chance or “playing it by ear”, allowing minor modifications
NEAR EAST • Mixture of races: Malay, Chinese, Spanish, American for the builder and his family
EGYPTIAN
GREEK RELIGION • Tropical architecture
ROMAN • Islam • Light
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Roman Catholicism • Open and transparent
BYZANTINE • Protestantism, Aglipayan, Iglesia ni Kristo
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
RENAISSANCE • Archipelago of 7100 islands – mountainous and
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL fragmented
20TH C MODERN • 3 main island groups: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
• Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean - strategic position - in the
ISLAMIC path of Far East trade
INDIAN • major earthquake and volcanic belt
CHINESE & JAPANESE • in the path of typhoons from the Pacific
FILIPINO
CLIMATE
• Dry and wet season
• Typhoons and tropical storms
 Filipino
EXAMPLES • usually with steep thatch roof
• varies across regional and ethnic lines
CAVE DWELLINGS
• earliest human habitation Cordillera Region
• Tabon Cave, Palawan had been inhabited for 30,000
years
• caves in Angono, Rizal with ancient petroglyphs

TREE HOUSES
• perched on forked branches of trees, up to 60 feet above
the ground
ISNEG
• prevented attack by animals and human enemies KALINGA
• by the Gaddang and Kalinga of Luzon
• Manobo and Mandaya of Mindanao
• Moros of Lake Lanao KANKANAI

LEAN-TOS
• winbreaks or windscreens as the first attempt at building IFUGAO
• served as shelters during a hunting or food-gathering BONTOC
journey
PRE-HISTORIC • made of light branches and fronds, but strong enough to Mindanao & Sulu Region
NEAR EAST withstand a strom
EGYPTIAN • Negritos of Zambales
GREEK • Agtas of Palanan, Isabela
ROMAN
BADJAO SAMAL
EARLY CHRISTIAN BAHAY KUBO or NIPA HUT
BYZANTINE • “balai” and spanish “cubo” or cube – cube-shaped house,
ROMANESQUE from its boxy appearance
GOTHIC • primitive style of dwelling probably started around 200
RENAISSANCE BC, with the coming of iron tools
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • well- adapted to tropical climate
YAKAN MARANAO
20TH C MODERN • of wood, rattan, cane, bamboo, palm leaves, cogon and
nipa
ISLAMIC
INDIAN Elevated one to five feet from the ground - silong Panay Region
CHINESE & JAPANESE • protection from the moist ground and flood Other Regions Ivatan, Mangyan, Subanun, Mandaya
FILIPINO • protection from vermin and other animals
• enclosed area as sleeping quarters
• silong used for storage for tools and crops, an animal
enclosures, or burial ground
 Filipino
SPANISH HOUSES: BAHAY-NA-BATO FIRST FLOOR:
• Zaguan, for caroza
Evolved from the Bahay Kubo: a tropical house • Quadra, horse stable
• Steep, hip roof • Bodega, storeroom
• Post and lintel construction
• Elevated living quarters SECOND FLOOR:
• Economy of materials • Stairway
• Space flowing from one room to next • Caida, ante-sala from stairs
• Light and airy structure • Sala, living room
• Comedor, dining room
Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic, and Baroque influence: • Cocina, kitchen
• grandeur and solidity • Dispensa, pantry
• Ornamentation • Letrina or Comun, toilet
• Baño, bath
Vigan Houses, Antillan Houses, Ivatan Houses • Azotea, open terrace
• Aljibe, water cistern
• Cuarto, Alcoba, Dormitorio
• Entresuelo, vault
• Balcon, balcony
• Patio, courtyard
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Filipino
SPANISH CHURCHES Taal Church, Batangas
• by Fr. Martin Aguirre
Calasiao, Pangasinan • biggest church
• 2nd best bell tower
• by Fr. Ramon Dalinao Sta. Ana Church, Manila
• by Fr. Vicente Ingles
Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte • restored by Juan Nakpil
• by Fr. Joseph Ruiz
• sinking belltower Sto. Domingo Church, QC
• by Jose Maria Zaragosa
Las Pinas Church
• by Fr. Diego Cera Sto. Nino, Cebu
• by Diego de Herrera
Loboc, Bohol
• biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST
• San Agustin, Intramuros
Manila Cathedral • Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo
• by Bishop Domingo Salazar • San Agustin, Paoay, Ilocos Norte
• Sta. Monica, Ilocos Sur
Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo
PRE-HISTORIC • by Fr. Fernando Comporedondo
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Morong Church, Rizal
GREEK • exquisite Spanish Baroque style
ROMAN • by Fr. Blas dela Madre
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Panay Church
ROMANESQUE • largest bell, from 30 sacks of coins donated by
GOTHIC townspeople
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Quiapo Church
20TH C MODERN • restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa

ISLAMIC San Agustin Church

INDIAN • by Fr. Juan Macias
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO San Sebastian
• one of first steel buildings
• steel from Belgium by Eiffel
 Filipino
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES

SCHOOLS

Escuela Practica Y Profecional de Artes Oficio de Manila

• 1890
• taught maestros de obras

Liceo de Manila
• MO-P “Maestros de Obra-Practica”
• MO-A “Maestros de Obra-Academia”

Escuela de Ingenieria Y Arquitectura

• Closed after one year

Mapua Institute of Architecture (1925)

• 1st school of Architecture

Adamson University
• 2nd school of architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST UST College of Architecture (1930)
EGYPTIAN • 3rd school of architecture
GREEK
ROMAN ORGANIZATIONS
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Philippine Architects Society
BYZANTINE • Philippine Institute of Architects
ROMANESQUE • League of Philippine Architects
GOTHIC • Association of Phil. Government Architects
RENAISSANCE • In 1975, PIA + LPA + APGA = United Architects of the
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Philippines
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
 Filipino
EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD

Daniel Burnham - city plan of Manila and Baguio

William Parsons
Juan Arellano
Tomas Mapua - 1st registered architect in country
Alejandro Legardo
Antonio Toledo Manila Hotel
Carlos Barredo • 1st hotel in Asia, 1st with elevator
• Originally by William Parsons, renovated by Locsin in
Masonic Temple, Escolta 1975
• 1st concrete building in Escolta

Philippine Normal School

• Phil. Normal University

University of the Philippines

• Padre Faura

National Museum Philippine General Hospital

PRE-HISTORIC • 1st was the Legislative Building • by William Parsons
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Intendencia Building
GREEK • adjacent to Manila Cathedral
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Luneta Hotel
BYZANTINE • 2nd hotel in Asia
ROMANESQUE • French Baroque style
GOTHIC UST Main Building
RENAISSANCE Army and Navy Club • by Roque Rueno
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • rest and recreation for American soldiers
20TH C MODERN
De La Salle College
ISLAMIC • by Tomas Mapua
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Rizal Monument
FILIPINO • obelisk

Sta. Isabel College Post Office Building

• by Juan Arellano
 Filipino
COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

Juan Nakpil - 1st National Artist for Arch.

Pablo Antonio - 2nd National Artist for Arch.
Enrique Bautista
Gonzalo Barreto
Fernando Ocampo
Andres Luna y San Pedro FEU Main Building
Leandro Locsin - 3rd National Artist for Arch. • by Pablo Antonio

Agriculture & Finance Building

Crystal Arcade, Escolta

Quezon Institute
• By Juan Nakpil

Lyric Theater, Escolta Metropolitan Theater

• By Juan Nakpil • by Juan Arellano

PRE-HISTORIC Ideal Theater, Avenida Rizal

NEAR EAST • by Pablo Antonio
EGYPTIAN
GREEK Jai Alai Building - demolished in 2001
ROMAN • Art Deco, streamline style
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Ambassador Hotel
ROMANESQUE • by Fernando Ocampo, 1st skyscraper (4 storeys) College of Engineering and Liberal Arts, UP Diliman
GOTHIC • by Cesar Concio
RENAISSANCE Syquia Apartments, Malate
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • by Pablo Antonio
20TH C MODERN
Natividad Building, Escolta
ISLAMIC • by Andres Luna y San Pedro
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Regina Building, Escolta
FILIPINO • by Andres Luna y San Pedro

The Church of the Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Concio

 Filipino

The Iglesia Ni Cristo Cathedrals

• by Carlos Santos Viola

The Quezon Monument

• by Federico Ilustre

The Meralco Building

• by Jose Zaragoza

PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE The Central Bank of the Philippines
ROMANESQUE Philippine Heart Center • by Gabriel Formoso
GOTHIC • by Jorge Ramos
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

The Quiapo Mosque Asian Institute of Management

• by Jorge Ramos • by Gabriel Formoso
 Filipino
by Leandro Locsin:

The New Istana, Brunei

SM Megamall
• by Antonio Sindiong

PRE-HISTORIC
NEAR EAST The Cultural Center of the Philippines
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, UP Diliman
20TH C MODERN

ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO

Robinson’s Galleria
• by William Coscolluela The Philippine Stock Exchange