ROAD SAFETY

Source: UP-NCTS Road Safety Training Manual

Road Crash – A Global Problem
1990 2020
Lower respiratory infections Ischaemic heart disease
Leading Causes Diarrheal diseases Unipolar major depression
of Death Conditions during prenatal period Road Crashes
Unipolar major depression Cerebrovascular disease
Ischaemic heart disease Chronic obstructive pulmo
Cerebrovascular disease Lower respiratory infections
Tuberculosis Tuberculosis
Measles War
Road Crashes Diarrheal diseases
Congenital Anomalies HIV
Source: The Global Malaria Conditions during prenatal period
Burden of Disease, Pulmonary Diseases Congenital Anomalies
Harvard University
Press Measles
Road Crash – A Global Problem

Leading Causes of 1. Road Crashes

Injuries 2. Fall
3. Injured by sharp object
4. Struck by an object
5. Animal / Insect bites
6. Burn
7. Assault
8. Machine / Tool Injury
Source: Philippine National 9. Electrocution
Injury Survey, 2003 10. Self-Harm
Data Collection /
Information Systems

Key Areas
Road Safety Action Plans Towards
and Programs
Improving
Road Safety
Allocation of Resources
 The Road Traffic System
Road geometry,
Improving road
safety requires Road pavement condition,
traffic control devices
an integrated
approach that
considers the
road, the driver
and the vehicle
Ability to control the
Vehicle design vehicle

Vehicle Driver
Three Fundamental Solutions

Engineering Enforcement Education

 Objectives Strategies
Reduce pedestrian - provide sidewalks / walkways
exposure to traffic - install or upgrade traffic and
pedestrian signals
- construct pedestrian refuge islands
and raised medians
- provide vehicle restriction / diversion
measures IMPROVING
Improve Sight Distance
- install overpasses / underpasses

- provide crosswalk enhancements

PEDESTRIAN
and/or visibility between
motor vehicles and
- implement lighting / crosswalk
illumination measures SAFETY
- eliminate screening by physical
pedestrians objects
- signals / signs to alert that
pedestrians are crossing
- improve the reflectorization of
pedestrians
 Objectives Strategies

Reduce Vehicle Speed - impose speed limits

- install traffic calming
measures
IMPROVING
Improve pedestrian and - provide education,
PEDESTRIAN
motorist safety awareness
and behavior
outreach and training
- implement enforcement
SAFETY
campaigns
 Objectives Strategies
Reduce motorcyclist’s - provide exclusive motorcycle lane
mixing with vehicular traffic where possible

Improve visibility for motor - prohibit squeezing in between

vehicles and motorcyclists vehicles / lanes
- headlight on policy for
motorcyclists
- improve reflectorization of IMPROVING
motorcyclists
MOTORCYCLIST’S
Reduce Vehicle Speed - impose speed limit
- install traffic calming measures
SAFETY
Improve motorist safety - promote helmet usage
awareness and behavior - provide education, outreach and
training
- implement enforcement
campaigns
Road Safety Audit (RSA)
■ A systematic procedure that brings traffic safety
knowledge into the road planning and design process
to prevent road crashes
■ Has greatest potential and most cost effective when
applied to a road or traffic design before it is built
■ A formal systematic road safety assessment or
“checking” of a road or a road scheme
■ Benefits:
– May help produce designs that reduce the
number & severity of crashes
– May reduce costs by identifying safety issues
and correcting them before projects are built
– consider human factors in all faces of design
 When to conduct RSA?

Stages Things to Consider

1. FS Stage Assessment of safety performance of options / alternative
schemes; identify safety needs of various road users

2. Draft Design Stage Chosen standards; interchange / intersection layouts

3. Detailed Design Stage Sight distances, pedestrian safety, vehicle conflict points
4. Pre-opening Stage Conduct site inspection, walking or cycling
5. Roadwork traffic Scheme Audit Roadside hazards, temporary signages, safety for works
personnel

6. Audit of an existing road Due to changes over time

Risk Category
Consequence
Very Serious Serious Minor
Frequent High High Medium
Likelihood

Occasional High Medium Low

Infrequent Medium Low Low

Risk Suggested Treatment Priority

Must be corrected or the risk significantly reduced at the earliest
High possible time
Should be corrected or the risk significantly reduced as medium
Medium priority works
Should be corrected or the risk significantly reduced as low
Low priority works
ROAD SAFETY
FACILITIES
 Devices installed or constructed
primarily for safety of road users

Road Safety
Facilities Some types also help enforce
traffic regulations and implement
traffic management measures for
efficient traffic flow and safety
Road Safety Facilities
Traffic Control Devices Facilities for Safety
Traffic Signs Guardrails
Pavement Markings Lighting
Object Markings Pedestrian Crossing
Other Markings Channelization
- raised pavement marking
- hazard marker
- delineator
Intelligent Transportation Systems Fence
Drainage
Retaining Walls
Traffic Control ■ Devices that help provide safe and orderly
movements of traffic on a highway by offering
Devices guidance and navigation information to drivers
■ Desirable characteristics:
- fulfill a need
- command or compel attention
- convey clear and simple meaning
- acquire respect of drivers
- allow adequate time for drivers to respond
Road Traffic Signs

Used to Convey as much as At night, the

communicate information as information on a
through shape, possible in a very road sign must be
color, symbols and easy to understand bright enough to be
texts package read
 Traffic Sign Classifications

REGULATORY SIGNS WARNING SIGNS GUIDE SIGNS OR SPECIAL INSTRUCTION ROADWORK SIGNS
INFORM OF TRAFFIC LAWS WARNS ABOUT POSSIBLE INFORMATIVE SIGNS SIGNS WARN OR ADVICE OF
AND REGULATIONS DANGER OR UNUSUAL INFORM AND ADVISE ON INSTRUCT A CERTAIN TEMPORARY HAZARDOUS
CONDITIONS AHEAD AND DIRECTIONS, DISTANCES, TRAFFIC RULES CONDITIONS
ALERT YOU ON WHAT TO ROUTES, LOCATION OF REQUIREMENTS OR ROAD
EXPECT SERVICES AND POINTS OF CONDITIONS
INTEREST
Regulatory Signs

■ Inform of traffic laws and regulations

■ When disregarded, will constitute an offense
■ Types
- R1 – Priority signs
- R2 – Direction signs
- R3 – Prohibitive or restrictive signs
- R4 – Speed signs
- R5 – Parking signs
- R6 – Miscellaneous signs
 Warning Signs
■ Own safety of drivers
■ Warns about possible danger or
unusual conditions ahead and alert
you on what to expect
■ Types:
– W1 – Alignment
– W2 – Intersection and Junction
– W3 – Advance Warning of TCD
– W4 – Road Width
– W5 – Road Obstacle
– W6 – Pedestrian, Bicycle and
School
– W7 – Railway level crossing
– W8 – Auxiliary
– W9 – Other warning signs
Placement of ■ Urban areas : 30 – 100 meters ahead
Warning ■ Rural areas : 75 – 225 meters ahead
Signs ■ Where it is desired to warn of more than
one potential hazard at the same location,
signs shall be installed on different posts
placed at a distance not less than 0.6V
meters apart, where V is the 85th
percentile speed in kph
 Guide Signs or Information Signs
■ Inform or advise on directions,
distances, routes, location of
services and points of interest
■ Types:
- G1 – Advance Direction Signs
- G2 – Intersection Direction Signs
- G3 – Reassurance Direction Signs
- G4 – Fingerboard Direction Signs
- G5 – Street name signs
- G6 – Town name and
geographical feature signs
- G7 – Service signs
- G8 – Route Markers
- G9 – Tourist and Tourist
destination signs
Special ■ Rectangular shape
■ Color:
Instruction - black legends on white background

Signs - white legends on red background

- red legends on white background
■ Instruct to follow a direction or to obey a course of
action
■ Normally not regulatory signs but are used in
conjunction with regulatory or warning signs to form
a standard treatment, and to support the operation
of traffic rules
SPECIAL INSTRUCTION SIGNS
Signs for roadwork and special purposes

■ Warns and advises road users of temporary hazardous conditions

- advance signs
- position signs
- road condition signs
- traffic diversion signs
- vehicle mounted signs
■ Shape: rectangular
■ Color:
- black legends on yellow background
- black legend on orange background
SIGNS FOR ROADWORK AND SPECIAL PURPOSES
Object Markers

■ TYPE 1 – consist of 9 yellow retroreflectors, each with

a minimum diameter of 75mm, mounted
symmetrically on a yellow or black diamond panel 450
mm or more on a side
■ TYPE 2 – consist of 3 yellow retroreflectors, each with
a minimum diameter of 75mm, arranged either
horizontally or vertically on a white panel or on an all-
yellow retroreflective panel measuring at least
150mm x 300mm
■ TYPE 3 – a striped marker, 300 x 900mm consisting
of a vertical rectangle with alternating black and
retroreflective yellow stripes sloping downward at an
angle of 45 degrees
Two Way Hazard Markers

■ Where it is necessary to delineate an exposed

obstruction on a traffic island nose at which
traffic may pass to either side
■ Wide column of an overpass
■ Median island separating the carriageway
■ Opposite stem of a T-junction as a target
 Width Marker

■ Used at approaches to a road bridge

■ Where clearance to bridge curb from
the edge of the running lane is less
than the shoulder or curb width of
the approach road
■ Where there are no non-frangible
vertical obstructions less than
600mm clear behind the bridge
curb
■ Where any bridge less than 2m
wider than the approach pavement
or running portion of the
carriageway
Obstruction
Marker
■ Delineate obstructions
within or above the road
■ To highlight road
closures, either mid-
block or at the end od
the road
■ Delineate vertical
clearance above the road
where height restriction
exist
Guide Posts
■ Used to mark the edge of the road
formation
■ Indicates the alignment of the road ahead
especially at horizontal and vertical
curves

Delineator
 Small reflective panels or buttons mounted on
guide posts or guard fence as an effective aid
to delineate the roadway for driving at night
Pavement Markings

Lines, symbols, messages or numerals that

are applied upon, attached to, or set upon the
pavement
Essential for the guidance and control of
vehicles and pedestrians

Guide traffic or give advance warning, or

impose restrictions based on some traffic
regulation
Sometimes used to supplement other devices
like road signs or traffic signals
 Stimsonsite raised

Raised Pavement retroflectors

Markings
Placed at regular intervals along center
lines or edge line so that they can easily
be distinguished particularly at night o
under foggy or rainy conditions

9m spacing for foggy areas and frequent

heavy rains

12m spacing may be used where street

lighting is unavailavvle

Botts’ Dot Cat’s Eye

Pavement Markings

Disadvantages Advantage

• subject to traffic wear and require • Because markings are located on

proper maintenance the roadway directly in line with the
• not clearly visible if the road is wet travel path, they can be more
or dusty prominently visible than other
• obscured by traffic devices and you don’t have to take
your eyes off the road to view them
• effect on skid resistance requires
careful choice of materials
• cannot be applied on unpaved
roads
1. Pavement and Curb
Markings
•Longitudinal lines
•Transverse lines
•Other lines
•Other markings
•Messages and symbols
Pavement
Markings
2. Object Markings

3. Reflectorized Markings
Longitudinal Lines
CENTER LINE – separate opposite traffic movements of an undivided roadway

LANE LINE – separate adjacent lanes of traffic moving in the same direction

BARRIER LINES – to indicate whether overtaking or passing is permitted,

prohibited or discouraged

EDGE LINE – delineate the edge of the travelled way to distinguish it from the
shoulder area or curb

CONTINUITY LINE – indicate that portion of a carriageway assigned to through

traffic

TRANSITION LINES – to guide traffic safely past obstructions on roadways such

as islands, median strips, bridge piers
LONGITUDINAL
MARKINGS
LONGITUDINAL
MARKINGS
LONGITUDINAL
MARKINGS
LONGITUDINAL
MARKINGS
Traverse Lines
- Stop lines
- Give way lines
- Pedestrian Crossing markings
- Roundabout holding lines

LONGITUDINAL
MARKINGS
A B C

D E

F G H
 I J K

L
M N

Source: Topgear Ph llustrations by Niky Tamayo

Limit to 3 words or less

Supplement other traffic

control devices

Usually white in color Messages

• stop and Symbols
• keep clear
• school
• ped xing
• railroad xing
• signal ahead
• bus and PUJ lane
 ■ Alternating black and yellow painted markings on
curbs, bridge supports, etc. to delineate obstruction
Object Markings ■
on or adjacent the roadway
Vertical when in the driving line or 45 degrees down
towards the side the traffic passes
■ Hazard markers may be used in conjunction with
these markings
TRAFFIC
SIGNALS
Control of traffic is done
by separating in time
conflicting movements
Should only be used when the consequence of
leaving the road is more severe than the
consequence of hitting the guardrails
Guardrails
Since guardrails may also constitute as a hazard, they
should only be used when the existing hazard cannot be
removed, relocated or redesigned

Used to prevent vehicles from leaving the roadway

Shields motorists from embankments and hazards

Redirects errant vehicles away from hazard

Protects pedestrianxs
Streetlights

■ Promote safety at night by

means of providing comfortable
lighting condition for
pedestrians and drivers
■ Improve traffic flow at night by
providing good lighting
condition which aids the driver
in orienting himself, observing
road markings, judging
distance and object recognition
■ Beautify the surroundings and
enhance commercial
properties
 PEDESTRIAN CROSSING
Overpasses and underpasses for use of pedestrian and even bicycle riders