E – NOTES

GEOGRAPHY

CLASS -7TH

NATIONAL BOOK FOUNDATION

PRINTING EDITION -2020

F.G PUBLIC MIDDLE SCHOOL

CHAMANABAD RAWALPINDI
 UNIT #01
EARTH QUAKE CLASS 7TH

SUMMARY
1) Define earthquake.
2) Know the causes of earthquake.
3) Name the instrument used for measuring the magnitude of earthquake.
4) Describe the impacts of earthquake on humans.
5) Define tsunamis.
6) Learn the steps of minimizing loss of lives and damages with special
reference to the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan.
UNIT # 01 SHORT QUESTIONS

Q no:1 Give answer briefly

Q1) What is earthquake?

Ans. An earthquake is a motion of ground surface of earth. It ranges from a faint tremor
to a wild motion, capable of shaking building and opening cracks in the earth’s surface.

Q2 ) What is the difference between pand and waves?

Ans. Primary waves are the first waves to reach the reading station, they move at the
rate of 4 to 7 kilometers per second. Secondary waves moves at the speed of 2 to 5
kilometers per second. They distort the rocks in a more complicated way.

Q3) Distinguish between intensity and magnitude of earth?

Ans. Intensity of an earthquake tell us about the damage cause to terrain and
structures after an earthquake. Magnitude of the earthquake refers to strength of an
earthquake.

Q4) Define a Tsunami. How is it caused?

Ans. A tsunami is a sea wave that is trigged by an undersea earthquake or by the

eruption of an oceanic volcano. It travels across the ocean’s where the water is deep it
is really noticeable, but when it approaches shallow costal water, it steepens and
become more than 20 meters high. Such height can sink whole islands.

Q5) What is Seismograph?

Ans. Earthquake vibration in the ground can be detected and recorded by using an
instrument is called a seismograph.

GIVE DETAIL ANSWERS

Q1) What are the main causes of earthquake?

Ans. Earthquake are caused by the propagation of seismic waves through the earth
surface. Seismic waves are energy waves, there are a number of processes which
produce theses seismic waves the following are some of them.
i) Tectonic plates are continuously moving relative to each other. When plate
movement along the fault or plate junction is locked at appoint due to friction, tectonic
forces continue to build pressure at that point. When the pressure becomes too much
to resist, it is released by sudden displacement along the fault, discharging huge
amounts of energy which travel as seismic waves causing an earthquake.

ii) Some earthquake are caused by large water reservoirs. It there is a fault under the
reservoir water from the reservoir can lubricate it. This lubrication and immense
pressure of the water in reservoir can induce seismicity which is known as Reservoir
Triggered Seismicity (RTS).

iii) Sometimes volcano eruption, underground movement of magma, landslides

avalanches or nuclear experiment also caused earthquake.

2) Suggest ways and steps to minimize damaging effects of the earthquake.

Ans. Ways and steps to minimize loss of lives and damages.

The earthquake of October 8, 2005 which jolted Kashmir region of Pakistan had a
mercalli intensity scale between X to XII. It had a magnitude scales.
An earthquake of that scale is considered a strong earthquake. The area experienced
great damage. More than 83000 casualties were reported while many wooden and
masonry structures were destroyed.

i) Measure to mitigate the damage of an earthquake.

Important measure must be taken in advance to mitigate the damage of an
earthquake. Building and structures should only be constructed on stable soil which
can withstand destructive vibrates. Public authorities should plan ahead and be
prepared with emergency supplies.
ii) Measures to be taken during an earthquake.
• Stay calm if you are indoors then stay indoors, if outdoors stay outdoors. Ignores
occur as people try to enter or leave the building
• If you are indoor stand against wall near the center of the building or get under
study table. Stay away from windows and outside doors.
• Do not use candles, matches or other open flames.
• In a high rise building protect yourself by standing under sturdy furniture or stand
against a support column.
• While evacuating building use stairs rather than elevators.
• While you are outdoors stay away from buildings and electric poles.
 EXERCISE

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1) An earthquake is a motion of the ground surface
2) majority of the earthquake occur in Circum pacific belt .
3) A few earthquake are associated with midplate
4) Seismic waves are energy waves.
5) surface directly above the focus is epicenter.

CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION.

1) Primary waves move at the rate of

a) 1to 2 km/ sec b) 2 to 3 km/sec
c) 3 to 4 km/sec d) 4 to 7 km /sec

2) Secondary waves move at the rate of

a) 2 to 5 km/ sec b) 6 to 7 km/sec
c) 7 to 8 km/sec d) 8 to 9 km /sec

3) Surface waves cause

a) no damage b) least damage
c) some damage d) the great damage
4) Modified mercalli scale ranges between
a) I to IX b) I to X
c) I to XII d) I to XIII

5) Ritcher magnitude scale ranges between

a) 0 to 05 b) 0 to 9.5
c) 5 to 10 d) 10 to 12

ACTIVITY: prepare a plan of safety measure for an earthquake in your locality

QUESTIONS FOR STUDENTS

1) What is an earthquake?
2) Write down the cause of earthquake.
3) Define Tsunami.
4) Define Magnitude
5) What is seismicity?
 UNIT # 2

VOLCANISM

SUMMARY
• Understand volcanism
• Identify types of volcanism
• Describe volcanoes of Pakistan
• Know the danger of living near volcanoes
• Understand the impact of volcanic eruption and humans and the environment.

UNIT # 2 VOLCANISM

SHORT QUESTIONS
Give brief answer
Q 1) Name five known volcanoes located in circum pacific belt.

Ans. The circum pacific belt is also known as ring of fire. Ring of fire include the
volcanoes of new Zealand, south east Asia, japan, the Aleutian islands, Alaska, the
Rockies, Mexico and the Andes.
Some of the known volcanoes at this belt are mount Fujiyama (japan), mount
mayon (Philippines), Krakatoa (Indonesia), Pinatuba (Philippines),Paricutin (Mexico),
etc.

Q 2) What is the difference between mafic felsic lava?

Ans. Mafic /basic lava : It has 45 to 55% silica with a relatively high content of
magnesium and iron. It is runnier.
Felsic/ acidic lava : it has more than 65% silica with a relatively high content of
aluminium, sodium and potassium. It is thick and sticky.

Q3) What is mud volcano?

Ans. Mud volcano are relief features created by eruption of mud, water and gases.
They are not igneous in nature.

Q4) What is difference between an explosive and a quiet volcanic eruption?

Ans. Explosive eruption: In an explosive eruption ash and cinder is sent up into the
atmosphere forming a plume.

Quiet volcanic eruption: In quiet volcanic eruption lava flows are calm, these
eruptions discharge less viscous mafic lava which do not explode out of the volcano.

Q5) What are active and dormant volcano?

Ans. Active volcanoes: Volcanos which frequently erupt or at least have erupted with in
recent times are classified as active volcanoes eg. Vesuvius, Etna and Krakatoa.

Dormant Volcanoes: these volcanoes which have not erupted recently buy show
signs of possible eruption in the future are describe as a dormat volcanoes.eg . Mt
kilimanojaro in Tanzania.

LONG QUESTIONS

Give detailed Answers

Q1) Compare and contrast the main types of volcanoes.

Ans. Types of volcano

The lava and pyroclastic material that are ejected during volcanic eruption build up
around the vent and form the following three types of volcanic cones.
i) Shield volcanoes: they are broad, gently sloping, volcanic cones made up of
solidified lava flows during eruptions, the lava spreads widely and thinly due to its low
viscosity producing a volcano in the shape of the a flattened dome or shield. The island
of Hawaii are a series of shield volcanoes built upward form sea floor by intermittent
eruptions over millions of years.

ii) Cinder cone is volcano constructed of loose pyroclastic fragments ejected from a
central vent of a volcano. Most of the ejected material lands near the vent during an
eruption building up a cine with a steep slope. They are commonly found in the
calderas of Hawaii’s shield volcanoes.

iii) Composite volcanoes are constructed by alternating layers of pyroclastic

fragments and solidified lava flows. Composite volcanoes are built over long spans of
time with intermittent eruptions. Therefore composite volcanoes become very large.
They may have a several side vents along with a central vent.
Nearly all the larger and better known volcanoes of the world are composite volcanoes.
Famous composite volcanoes include Aconcagua, Cotopaxi, Fujiyama, Pinatubo,
mount Vesuvius, mount Etna, mount Thera,
And, mount Kenya.

Q2) What are the positive and negative impact of volcanic activity.

Ans. Some of the major negative and positive impacts are given

NEGATIVE IMPACT
1) Volcanic eruption have always killed thousands of people and caused
damaged to crops, building and property.

2) Violent eruption of mount vesuviys Italy in 79 AD, buried the entire city of Pompeii
and Herculaneum and killed all the people living there

3) Mount pelee in the west indies, which erupted in 1902, killed 30000 people with in
minutes and destroyed the entire city of st. pierre.

4) Volcanic eruption also cause gigantic tidal waves in ocean called tsunamis eg. On
21 may 1792, unzen volcano (japan) caused a tsunami that killed 14,300 people.

5) Volcanic eruption also cause air pollution and upset the global climate .

POSITIVE IMPACT
1) Mafic lava after a long period of weathering forms fertile soil for crops cultivations
as in Indonesia and Philippines,

2) Sub marine volcanic eruption gives rise to numerous islands. Most island in the
pacific ocean have volcanic origin.

3) volcanic regions with geysers mud pools hot spring encourage the development of
the tourist industry as in the rotorua district of north islands, new Zealand.

4) Geo thermal energy is utilized for generating power for homes and factories.

5) bathing in warms water of volcanic springs is believed to cure many illness related to
joints and skin.

OBJECTIVES

Q no 1 FILL IN THE BLANKS

1) volcano is an opening or rent in earth’s surface through which magma and gases
are expelled out.
2) A basin like depression over a vent at the summit of volcano is called crater.

3) Magma is molten rock lying under the surface of the earth.

4) lava is hot molten rock thrown out by a volcano.

5) the circum pacific belt is known as ring of fire.

Q no: 2 CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION

1) Vesuvius is located in
a) Italy b) Indonesia
c) mexico d) Hawaii

2) ciner is also named as

a) dust b) ash
c) lapilli d) volcanoic bomb

3) the greatest explosive eruption in history occurred in

a) 1583 b)1783
c) 1883 d) 1983
4) hotspot are located
a) along transform boundaries b) at mid plate location
c) at subduction zones d) at diverging boundaries

5) Krakatoa is an active volcano in

a) indonesia b) japan
c) Philippine d) new Zealand

ACTIVITY : prepare a working model of volcano with the help of your teacher

Unit # 2
QUESTION FOR STUDENTS

I) Define volcanism
ii) Define lava and magma
iii) Write down the types of volcanic eruptions
iv) Write down the types of volcanoes.
v) Define quiet eruption.
UNIT # 3 WEATHERING AND MASS WASTING

SHORT QUESTIONS

Q 1) What is weathering?

Ans. Weathering is breaking down of rocks when they are exposed on the earth’s
surface by mechanical or chemical means.

Q 2) Define the term landslide.

Ans. Landslide is the rapid down slope movement of masses of loose rocks combined
with soil.
• It is common along steep mountain slope
• It is caused by earthquake and rain fall.

Q3) How does froat action break up rock?

Ans. Water in the cracks of rocks freezes and increasing the water volume by 9%
• Increase in volume builds up pressure on rock
• When this process is repeated many times it break up the rock.

Q4) What is exfoliation?

Ans. Granite rock is formed under extreme temperature and pressure within the earth’s
crust when it is uplifted and expose to less temperature and pressure on the earth, it
expands and curved and cracks on its surface are formed. These cracks are parallel to
its surface and the rock breaks into curved sheets that peel away from underlying rock
in a process called exfoliation.

Q5) Name three types of chemical weathering.

Ans. Oxidation
Hydrolysis
Carbonation.
LONG QUESTIONS

Q1) What is weathering? Explain the main types of physical weathering.

Ans. Weathering is breaking down of rocks when they are exposed on the earth’s
surface by mechanical (physical) or chemical means.
Types of physical weathering

i) frost action: frost action is the type of mechanical weathering that occurs in areas
where temperature frequently fluctuate above and below freezing point.

ii) Granite rock is formed under extreme temperature and pressure within the earth’s
crust when it is uplifted and exposed to less temperature
and pressure on the earth, it expands and curved and cracks on its surface are formed.
These cracks are parallel to its surface and the rock breaks into curved sheets that
peel away from underlying rock in a process called exfoliation.

iii) Repeated temperature changes: temperature changes also contribute to

mechanical weathering. Rock surfaces which experience daily or seasonal changes of
temperature expand due to heating and contract due to cooling.

iv) wedging by plant roots: plants are important mean of mechanical weathering. The
roots of the small plants cause small rocks to form in the rocks. Roots of the larger
plants and trees make these cracks biggest.

Q2) Describe types of mass wasting.

Ans. The movement of a large mass of sediments or a section of land, down a slope
due to gravity is called mass wasting.

i) Rock fall: A rock fall is simply a volume of rocks that falls from a steep cliff and move
through the air and hit a surface.

ii) Landslide: landslide is the rapid down slope movement of masses of loose rocks
combined with soil.

iii) Avalanches: It is a very rapidly moving disordered mass of weathered rocks or snow
down a mountain side.
 OBJECTIVES
Q1) FILL IN THE BLANKS

1) Mechanical weathering breaks the rock without changing the composition.

2) Frost action involves freezing and melting of water.

3) Curved sheet peel away from granite surface in a process exfoliation.

4) Temperature change also contribute to mechanical weathering.

5) Rocks that contain iron bearing minerals experience oxidation.

Q 2 CHOOSE CORRECT OPTION

1) A volume of rock that falls through the air is rockfall.

2) Rapid downslope sliding of fragmented rock is landslide attabad lake was formed by
landslide.

3) Very rapidly moving disordered mass of weathering rock are snow down a mountain
slide is called avalanche.

4) The extremely slow downhill movement of weather rock material is called creep.
UNIT # 4

QUESTION AND ANSWERS

Q1) Define a mountain.

Ans. A mountain is a natural elevation of the earth’s surface which rises at least 1000
meter above sea level and at least 50% of its surface consists of steep slopes.

Q2) Define a hill.

Ans. Hills are natural elevations of earth’s surface which resemble mountain in many
ways but are lower elevation.

Q3) What is fold mountain?

Ans. Mountain which are built by the folding rock layers by colliding tectonic plates are
called fold mountain.

Q4) What are horst?

Ans. Mountains which are formed by the vertical uplifting of a mass of rock lying
between two normal faults are called block or horst.

Q5) What is volcanic mountains?

Ans. They are conical mountains built by deposition of lava or pyroclastic materials
around the vents of the volcanoes.

DETAILED QUESTIONS

Q1) Name three types of plateaus and explain how they were formed.

Ans. Plateaus are table shaped lands which rise at least 300 meters
Above sea level. There are different types of plateaus, some of them are as under.

i) Tectonic plateaus:
Many of the plateaus in the world are formed by the tectonic plate
movements they are termed as tectonic plateaus. On the basis of their location tectonic
plateaus are also classified as intermountain or piedmont plateaus,
a) intermountain plateaus:
Those tectonic plateaus which are surrounded by mountains
are known as intermountain plateaus eg, The Tibetan and Bolivian plateaus. Etc.

b) piedmont plateaus:
Tectonic plateaus which are bounded by mountains on one side
and by a plan or ocean on the other side are termed as piedmont plateau of Patagonia
and potwar plateau.

c) Volcanic plateaus:
These plateaus are formed by spreading of successive sheets of
molten lava over vast areas. The deccan plateau of India is an example of volcanic
plateau.

Q2) How were erosional, depositional coastal plans formed.

Ans. Erosional plains:

When a mountain or a plateau area is reduced to a low lying
plain by weathering and erosion over a very long period of time, an erosional plain is
formed which is termed as peneplain. The plains of northern Europe and northern
Canada are erosional plains.

Depositional plains:
These are formed by the deposition of sediments or lowlands,
brought by rivers, glaciers or the wind. The largest depositional plains are formed by
the deposition of sediments by rivers. They are also termed as alluvial, flood or deltaic
plains.

Coastal plains:
These plains were formed when a part of the sea floor bordering a
continent was uplifted. They occur in Scotland and along the south east coast of the
U.S.A.
Q3) Which of the following are present in Pakistan. Name of the each.
i) plateaus ii) mountains iii) valleys

Ans. Major landforms like plateau mountains and valleys are found everywhere in the
world but their appearances and functions are different processes. These landforms
are also present in Pakistan.

1) Godwin Austin (k-w) is the 2nd largest mountain in Pakistan. It is present on the
china Pakistan border.

2) Hunza valley sets its root in the extreme of Pakistan.

3) Potwar plateau is in north eastern Pakistan, forming the northern parts of Punjab.

OBJECTIVES

Q1) FILL IN THE BLANKS

1) Landforms are natural feature that make up the earth’s surface

2) A plateau is an elevated land of nearly level 300 meters above sea level

3) A plain is a flat or gently rolling landscape

4) River valleys are deep and narrow depression

5) Glacier valleys have steep sides and flat floors.

Q2) CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION

1) Process of squeezing layers of rock is termed as folding

2) Faulting is stretching and breaking up of layers of rock

3) Folding occurs in elastic rocks

4) Fracture in rocks along with movement has taken place are called faults

5) loess plains are formed of fine particles by winds.

UNIT # 5 PEOPLE AND PLACES AROUND THE WORLD SPAIN

SHORT QUESTION ANSWERS

Q1) Geographical location of spain.

Ans. Spain is a large country. It is located on the Iberian Peninsula Spain shares its
land borders with France and Andorra in the northern and Portugal in the west. The
country is almost surrounded by water including the Atlantic ocean , bay of Biscay
mediterian sea and strait of Gibralter.

Q2) What is paella?

Ans. The paella a rice dish made with sea food, meats and vegetables are very
popular in spain.

Q3) What language is spoken in spain. What other languages have influence it.

Ans. The official language of Spain is Spanish spoken by 99% of Spaniards. One third
of Spanish language has Arabic roots. It is the mixture of the local language of Iberian
peninsula.

Q4) Modern and traditional sports of Spain.

Ans. A variety of sports are played in spain. But football is the most popular of all. Bull
fighting is a traditional sports in Spain.

DETAIL QUESTION ANSWER

Q1) What are some important geographical features that make spain unique in Europe.

Ans. Spain has interesting geographical features that can only be found in spain. It is a
large country with diverse landscape. These are dense forests, snowy mountains, flat
lands and beautiful beaches.

Meseta:
In the center of spain, there is a large plateau called meseta, the Spanish
word for “plateau”. This plateau covers most of spain.

The Pyrenees:
Geographically, spain is like a well guarded castle. The Pyrenees
mountains in the north of spain that forms a natural land border between spain and
rest of Europe. Hicking trails, national parks and dozens of ski resorts cam be found on
both sides of Pyrenees.

Beaches of spain:
Spain has more than 5000 miles of coastline, graced with beautiful
beaches.

Rivers:
Most rivers in spain river are short irregular and carry small volume of water.
The longest river of Iberian peninsula is tagus river that flows along the border of spain
and Portugal.

Climate of spain:
Spain is the most climatically diverse country in Europe. Almost all of
spain has Mediterranean climate of mild rainy winters and hot dry summers.

Agriculture:
Spain’s traditional agriculture products are citrus fruits, vegetables, olive oil
and wine. Olives are major crop of spain. Oranges of Valencia are famous all over the
world.

Q2) How did the moors influence the Spanish culture.

Ans. The term, moors is used for Muslims in spain who came from Arabia and northern
Africa to spain. They ruled a huge area of spain for seven centuries beginning from the
conquest of tariq bin zaid in 711 AD to the fall of granada in 1492 AD. The moors had
profound impact on European civilization. There achievements in the field of poetry,
philosophy, astronomy, mathematics, cosmology and architecture are remarkable.
The moors introduces a perfect irrigation system to develop a strong agriculture
secure.
The architecture influence of the moors is the most recognizable in modern day
spain. Moorish architecture can be found throughout the spain with its columns,
arches, domes and airy colourfull building like alcazar palace. Alhambra palace
(granada) and Cordoba masjid. All thess historical building are a part of UNESCO.
World heritage sites.
 OBJECTIVE

Q1) FILL IN THE BLANKS

1) Spain is located in south western Europe.

2) muslims are 2.3% of the population

3) tariq bin zaid conquered spain in 711 AD

4) Citizens of spain are called Spanish

5) the most popular sport in spain is football

6) Spanish cuisine and gastronomy is renowned for its quality.

7) Andalusin- style is considered as the national custom of spain

8)one third of spain language has Arabic roots.

Q2) CHOOSE THE CORECT OPTION

1) Strait of gibraltar divides spain from African continent

2) how much of Iberian peninsula occupied by spain? (80%)

3) the natural land border between france and spain is the Pyrenees.

4) The estimated population of spain is 46.44 million

5) Which of the following buildings f spain are the part of UNESCO. World heritage
site. (cardoba masjid)
UNIT # 6 HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

SHORT QUESTION AND ANSWERS

Q1) What are human settlements?

Ans. A settlement is a place where people build their houses, live together, and carry
out social and economic activity.

Q2) What is fertile crescent ?

Ans. It is a semicircular area of the eastern Mediterranean region, including the valleys
of nile, tigris and euphrates rivers. It is aslo known as cradle of civilization.

Q3) What is the difference between town and city?

Ans. Town:
A town is larger than village but smaller than city. It provide higher level of
services like bank, hospitals, school. A town has population of approximately 10000 to
20000 people.

City:
A city is larger in size than a town and had more specialized functions like
commercial center, transportation etc. population of city ranges from 1 lac to 10’

Q4) What is urbanization?

Ans. It can be define as a gradual shift of population from rural areas to urban areas.

Q5) Can you name a few villages, cities metropolises in Pakistan.

Ans. Villages of Pakistan re arrange khel, matiltan, fatehpur. Cities are Lahore, Sialkot,
quetta. Metropolises of Pakistan is Karachi.

LONG QUESTION AND ANSWERS

Q1) How do site and situation effect the growth of settlement.

Ans. The growth of settlement depend upon both its sitr and situation.
Site refers to the actual piece of land on which a settlement is built. It may be a
hilltop, rivers bank or a sea cost. There are many factor that can determined an
appropriate site for a settlement. These factors are climate, access to plentiful water
supply, fertile soil material for building, barrier to defend the city.

Situation:
The situation refers to the location of a village, town or a city in relation to its
surrounding features, both physical and manmade infrastructure (roads, building etc).
Baghdad has an extremely favourable situation because it is situated between the
tigris and Euphrates rivers.

Q2) What are some problems faced by large cities.

Ans. People in big cities are facing many kinds of problem such as over population,
unemployment, high crime rate and pollution etc. all the populous cities of the world
are suffering from these problems such as Tokyo, shanghai, Bangkok, Istanbul,
Dhaka, Mumbai, Karachi, Lahore etc.
The following are common problems faced by the large cities of Pakistan.

PROBLEMS OF LARGE CITIES

1) Dense population 2) Substrandard housing

3) Poor sanitary condtion 4) Overcrowded transport

5) Insufficient health facilities 6) Pollution

7) Power shortage 8) Lack of employment

9) Increase in crime rate 10) growth of slum areas

Q3) What is planned city?

Ans. The concept of planned city is the result of modernization. A planned city is built
according to a master plan design by an architect or a planner keeping in view the
future needs in mind. The planned cities are characterized by proper infrastructure
utility services and public facilities in the form of housing schemes planned shopping
malls, industrial zones, parks and open spaces. Brasilia (BRAZIL) washington DC
(U.S.A), Copenhagen (Denmark), zurish (switzerland) are some examples of plan
cities.
 OBJECTIVES
Q1) FILL IN THE BLANKS

1) Small rural settlement consist of few houses is called hamlet.

2) By the 2050 66% of the world’s population will be urbanized.

3) Islamabad is an example of a well planned city.

4) Oxford is known as an educational town

5)100% population of Singapore is urban.

Q2) CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION

1) Which of the following activity dominate in rural settlement? (primary activity)

2) What was the percentage of urban population in Pakistan from 1951 to 2017. (17 to
39)

3) Which is the correct order of settlement pyramid?

Hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis.

4) Most of the population in urban areas is engaged in following activities.

Manufacturing and services

5) Which of the following feature helped in rapid growth of Karachi(seaport)

UNIT # 7
SHORT QUESTON AND ANSWERS

Q1) What are the three different kinds of economic activities.

Ans. People engage themselves in different kinds of economic activities to earn their
livelihood. Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary activities.

Q2) What is meant by producer and consumer?

Ans. Producer:
Producer are the people who extract and collect raw material from
earth’s surface. They provide the material to industries to manufacture.

Consumer:
Consumer are the people who use the final manufacture product.

Q3) How would you clarify parent’s etc occupation.

Ans. My parents belongs to secondary activities. They form a bridge between the
producers and consumer. The assemble the products and carry it to the market.

LONG QUEATION AND ANSWERS

Q1) Give two example each for primary, secondary and tertiary activities.

Ans. Primary activities:

These are directly depend upon the environment. These
activities involve extraction and collection of raw material from the earth’s surface. For
example hunting, gathering, fishing, mining, forestry, livestock and agriculture.

Secondary activities:
Include manufacturing that transform raw materials into finished
goods of higher values. Manufacturing of cloth from cotton, sugar from sugarcane,
steel from iron ore are some example of secondary activities. Cottage, small and large
scale industries are an essential part of this activity.

Tertiary activities:
Tertiary activities are related to services rather than products. So this
stage is called the service sector. Government provide us services such as education,
infrastructure, water electricity, security, medical services etc.

Q2) Discuss the role of tertiary activity in economic development.

Ans. Tertiary activities are related to services rather than products. So this stage is
called the service sector. Government provide us services such as education,
infrastructure, water electricity, security, medical services etc.
Tertiary activities are provided in exchange of payment. The tertiary sector provides
services to industries as well for example transport, communication, trading, banking,
advertisement and marketing. Thus it connects producers to consumer in the UK, USA
and France more than 75% of workers are engaged in tertiary activities. The share of
tertiary activities in employment is increasing day by day.

Q3) Which sector requires the highest level of education?

Ans. In the 1980’s a fourth sector quaternary activity was added, after tertiary activity. It
is the product of computer age and involves activities such as information, generation,
processing and transmission of information. This sector employs highly educated
people who are professionals in the fields. For example computer programmers,
researchers, scientists, CEOs, managing directors, etc.
In technological advanced societies a growing no: of people are engaged in this sector
where the ratio of primary and secondary activities is low.

OBJECTIVES

Q1) FILL IN THE BLANKS

1) Economic activities are divided into four major types

2) Primary activities are directly dependent on environment.

3) In developed countries less than 5% of labor is involved in primary activity

4) Secondary activity connects producers and consumers.

5) The quaternary sector employees highly educated.

Q2) CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION

1) Which of these would be consider non- economic activity.

(donating money to orphanage.)

2) Which activity transforms raw material into finished product.

( secondary)

3) Which is considered to be the oldest economic activity

(hunting and gardening )

4) Jobs that involves high level of education and research are known as
(quaternary)

5) Which of the following is tertiary activities (trading).

UNIT # 8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES

SHORT QUESTIONS

1) What is pollution? What are some pollutants?

Ans. Pollution is the presence of harmful substances in air, soil and water that has
damaging effects on all living things and environment.
Pollutants are substances that poison or pollute the environment they can be inform of
liquid solid such as smoke ash, and chemicals white some are invisible like gases
heat, dangerous radiations.

Q2) What are the three types of pollution? Write few lines on land pollution?

Ans. Following are the main types of pollution:

a) Land pollution
b) Water pollution
c) Air pollution

Land pollution is caused by littering in proper dumping of waste, forming techniques,

industry, construction and urbanization.

Q3) What is the best way of waste disposal?

Ans. The best way of disposal is 3Rs principles reduce, reuse and recycle. These 3Rs
principles help to reduce the amount of waste, we produce.

Q4) What is smog?

Ans. Smog is the serious kind of air pollution. It is the mixture of fog and smoke
emitted from industries, vehicles and agriculture fires. This term was 1st used in
London in 1952 when the smog killed 4000 people there, it lasted for weeks.

Q5) How do you fertilizers and pesticides contribute to pollution?

Ans. In farming a large quantities of artificial fertilizers are used to enrich the soil for
good crops. Pesticides are also used to protect the crops from insects and diseases.
Gradually, all these chemicals make the land barren and become toxic when they are
washed by rains into rivers and strems.
 LONG QUESTIONS
Q1) What is air pollution and what are its sources?

Ans. The air we breathe has a very exact chemicals composition. It becomes polluted
when it contains an excessive amount of impurities and pollutants. Air pollution can
caused serious diseases such as asthma, lungs, cancer and respiratory problems.
Factors involving air pollution such as
transport vehicles (51%) domestic heating (16%) industry (14%) solid waste disposal
(4%) and the rest such as wood fuel, forest and bush fire 15%.

i) Natural disasters:
Air pollution can be result of a natural disaster such as volcanic
eruption, forest fires and wind erosion in dry regions that contribute ashes and dust
particles in the air.

ii) Burning and crop residuals:

In Pakistan burning and crop residuals is a common
practice by farmers that contributes to air pollution.

iii) Use of fossil fuels in industries and power plant:

one of the major causes of air
pollution is the burning of fossil fuels at the domestic and industry level.

iv) Transport vehicles:

With rapid urbanization, cars and motorized vehicles have
become the common mode of transportation. These vehicles are a major source of
pollution in our environment.

v) Indoor pollution:
Ozone is a protective layer above the atmosphere that filter harmful
ultraviolet rays coming from outer space. The release of chlorofluorocarbons causes a
decrease in the amount of this layer.
Q2) Give three main cause of water pollution.

Ans. When we dump waste into rivers, lakes and oceans, the water becomes polluted.
Sewage chemicals, oil spillage of ships, agricultural and industrial waste are the main
sources of water pollution.

i) Industrial waste:
It is the main source of water pollution in developing countries.
Factories such as tanneries, chemical plants, dyeing and bleaching units discharge
toxic chemical and waste into drains, rivers and seas. The industrial waste contains
harmful substances that are poisonous to aquatic organisms and people.

ii) Sewage:
In most developing countries human and animals waste from villages and
cities are dumped into rivers and streams directly. This is the worst kind of water
pollution.

iii) Oil spillage:

Our oceans are being polluted by oil spillage. The offshore drilling of oil
dis charges of oil from ships and industries located along the coast are the main
sources of water pollution. Oil spills house killed marine organisms such as fish, crabs,
tortoise, seagulls and penguins.

Q3) How can you help in keeping the environment clean.

Ans. Many activities can be carried out by the both citizens and government to improve
the world’s environment pollution.
First an individual can play his roll by improving
himself to be a good citizen. We should obey the laws regarding noise, air and water
pollution.
• The wide spread use of polythene bags should be stopped.
• Vehicles should be kept in good condition so that they do not become a cause of
pollution.
• Government must ensure proper waste disposal in towns and cities. We can
avoid pollution by adopting 3 Rs principles reduce, reuse and recycle. These
three principle help to reduce the amount of waste we produce.
• Government must have check and control on factories and power stations.
• Sewage and industrial waste should be treated before it is disposed.
• Switching to non-polluting alternative energy sources
• Encourage greater use of public transport instead of using their own vehicle.
Slogan drive less and walk more should be promoted for healthy environment.
We should grow more trees to keep the environment green and clean.

Q4) What is the state of environment in Pakistan?

Ans. Pakistan is one of the most populated countries of south asia, is also facing many
environment issues mainly due to pollution and has a long way to go to reach the
environmental quality similar to those found in development countries. Each of us is
responsible for the production of about 1 kg of waste every day. In large cities like
karcahi, newyork and paris the amount probably double or triples. Even if we produce
just 1 kg day it adds upto 30 kg a month and 360 kg a year.
Federal government of Pakistan has launched (clean green Pakistan
movement) which in the public in order to achieve a sustainable and safe environment
for Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES

Q1) FILL IN THE BLANKS

1) Some substances are colorless and invisible like gases.

2) The pollutions can take the form of solids liquids or gases

3) chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used to get good crops.

4) volcanic eruption is a natural disaster source of pollution.

5) fossil fuels release carbon dioxide and SO2 in the atmosphere

6) the best way of waste disposal is through 3Rs method.

Q2) CHOOSE THE CORRECT OPTION

1) According to the US geological survey the world’s volcanoes both on land and
undersea generate about 200 million tons of carbon.

2) Every year two million sea birds and mammals including whales, seals are killed by
(sea dumping).

3) Which type of pollution is the most series in Bangladesh, Egypt and USA.
(air pollution).

4) How much waste does an individual produces per year (360 kg).

5) How much time does it take to decompose plastic? (1000 years).