BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE

OF
TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL of ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

LECTURE ON

4. DC MACHINES 1

By Mezigebu .G
DC Machine

Outline
Introduction
Construction of DC machine
Principle Operation of
 DC Generator
 DC Motor
Commutation in dc machine
Armature reaction in dc machine
Induced Voltage and Torque in DC machines
Characteristics of DC generators 2
Characteristics of DC motors
4.1. INTRODUCTION
DC machines are the electro mechanical energy converters which work from a dc
electric energy source and generate mechanical power or convert mechanical power into
a dc electric power.

it is versatile and extensively used in industry.

The following two effects occur simultaneously in a DC machine whenever energy

conversion takes place from electrical to mechanical or vice versa.

1. When armature conductors move in a magnetic field produced by the current in

stator field winding, voltage is induced in the armature conductors.

2. When current carrying armature conductors are placed in a magnetic field

produced by the current in stator field winding, the armature conductors
experience a mechanical force.

Most DC machines are similar to AC machines: i.e. they have AC voltages and current
within them. 3
DC machines have DC outputs just because they have a mechanism
converting AC voltages to DC voltages at their terminals.

This mechanism is called a commutator; therefore, DC machines are also

called commutating machines.

DC power systems are not very common in the contemporary engineering

practice, hence DC generators are quite rare.

However, DC motors still have many practical applications, such as

automobile, aircraft, and portable electronics, in speed control application,
etc.

There were several reasons for the continued popularity of dc motors.

One was that dc power systems are still common in cars, trucks, and
aircraft. When a vehicle has a dc power system, it makes sense to
4
consider using dc motors.
Another application for dc motors was a situation in which
wide variations in speed are needed. Before the widespread
use of power electronic rectifier-inverters, dc motors were
unexcelled in speed control applications.

Even if no dc power source were available, solid-state

rectifier and chopper circuits were used to create the
necessary dc power, and dc motors were used to provide the
desired speed control.
DC machine divided as

 DC Generators
5

 DC Motors.
I. DC Generator

Converts mechanical energy to electrical energy

diesel engine

Turbine (steam) source of mechanical power (prime mover)

AC motor
 Means of supplying electrical power to industrial and domestic
consumers

 But there is almost no modern use of DC machines as generators

 Presently all the land based electrical power networks are AC systems
of generation, transmission and distribution. 6
DC Generators are still being used to produce power in small back up and
stand by generating plants driven by wind mill and mountain streams (mini
hydro electric plants) to provide uninterrupted power supply

II. DC Motors
Convert electrical energy to mechanical energy

Drives a mechanical load

 has an increasing applications, especially where large magnitude and

precisely controlled torque is required.

Used in :

 Rolling mills in overhead cranes & for traction purposes, linked fork
lift trucks, electric vehicles and electric trains. 7
 In portable machine tools supplied from batteries in automotive vehicles
as stator motors, blower motors and in many control applications as

actuators and as speed and position sensing devise ( taco generators for

speed sensing and servomotors for positioning traction systems).

 Advantages
 It can meet the demand of loads requiring high starting torque
 High accelerating and decelerating torque

 Speed can be controlled in a wide range

 Provides quick reversal

8
Disadvantages

 The complexity of the construction, mainly due to the use of carbon

brush with comutater segments contact.

 Arcing and sparking due to comutater segments that reduces the

reliability of the machine.

4.2. Construction
The basic parts of DC machines are:

A. Stator (stationary part)

B. Rotor (Rotating part )

9
10
1. shaft

2. end-bearings

3. Commutator
4. brushes
5. armature
6. main-pole
7. main-pole field winding
8. frame
9. end-shield
10. ventilator
11. basement
12. bearings 11
 A. Stator
consists of
 Stator Frame (name plate, terminal box, basement):
provides support for the machines, provides for the pole flux & carries half of it.
 Stator core ( yoke mechanical, support)
 Stator pole
 Field winding ( produce stator magnetic flux i.e. main flux)
 Commutating poles( inter poles (improving commutation )), avoids spark b/n
brush & comutater
 Compensating windings:- in large DC machines only, placed in the slots
connected in series with armature windings, cancels armature reaction and flux
weakening.
 Brush:- attached to stator end covers made up of Carbone, graphite & to collect 12
the current from the comutater
 B. Rotor
 The rotating part of the machine where electromechanical energy
conversion takes place.
It consists of :
Rotor core

Armature winding:- consists of large no. of coils, each coil having

one or more turns, embedded in rotor slots. each side of the turn is
called conductor.

Rotor shaft

Bearings to support the rotor shaft

Comutater :- mounted on the shaft, insulated each other.

Convert AC to DC (mechanical rectification )

13
Keeps the rotor MMf stationary in space
4.3. Principle operation of DC machines
DC machines can work as a motor and a generator
a. Generator action
Requirements are
 Magnetic flux density(ß)
 Conductor with length(l)

 Relative motion between flux density and length(ß &l)

The energy conversion is based on the principle of dynamically induced emf,

whenever a conductor cut magnetic flux, dynamically induced emf is
produced in it by faraday’s law.

This emf cause a current flow if the conductor is closed.

Generated voltage = BlVsinø 14

The figure below shows the schematic diagram of a simple machine consists
of a coil ABCD rotating in the magnetic field of a strong permanent magnet
or powerful electromagnet. The magnetic lines in the space between N and S
poles are directed from the North Pole N to the South Pole S. The ends of the
coil ABCD are connected to two copper rings R1 and R2, fixed on the shaft.
Two brushes B1 and B2 connected to the external load circuit make contact
with the copper rings R1 and R2 respectively.

15
•

16
The voltage generated in any real machine depends on the
following factors:

1. The flux inside the machine

2. The rotation speed of the machine

3. A constant representing the construction of the machine.

17
The nature of emf induced emf induced in Dc machine is alterative

To change AC to DC in Dc machines we must provide many coil

segments I the armature i.e commutator segment to be used

18
19
20
21
22
Example 4.1

A lap wound DC shunt generator having 80 slots with 10 conductors per slot
generates at no load an emf of 400 volt, when running at 1000 r.p.m.. at what
speed should be rotated to generate a voltage of 220 volt on open circuit.

Solution Z = no. of slot x conductor / slot = 80 x 10 =800

given
slot  80 conductors For lap winding a = p
conductor / slot  10 p NZ  NZ
E1  
E1  400V 60a 60
N1  1000r. p.m E 60 400  60
 1   0.03wb
E2  220volt NZ 1000  800
requiredN 2  ? let assume that Ø of the system remains constant
 N2Z
E2 
60
E 60 220v  60
N2  2   550r. p.m
Z 800  0.03
23
Optional E1 N1 220 100
  N2   550r. p.m
E2 N 2 400
 motor Action
The two main conditions are :-

 Magnetic field (flux )

 Current carrying conductor

To analysis the motor action consider current carrying conductor in side a

constant magnetic field produced by the main poles.

The direction of the induced force is determined by the so called Fleming's left
hand rule which can be stated as follows.

Putting the thumb, the fore finger and the middle finger of our left hand to
be mutually perpendicular and if the fore finger shows the direction of
flux and the middle finger show the direction of current in the conductor,
then the thumb will point out in the direction of induced force. 24
 Assuming that a battery is connected to the DC machine, the force on a
segment of a loop is: F  i  l ×B  = BLI sinø

The magnitude of the induced force in the conductor is proportional to

Magnetic flux density, conductor current, effective length of conductor

Where, F= Ampere's force

B= Magnetic flux

I= conductor current

L= Effective length of conductor

ø = position of the coil inside the magnetic field

25
26
27
28
29
4.3. Armature Reaction
If the magnetic field windings of a DC machine are connected to the power
source and the rotor is turned by an external means, a voltage will be induced
in the conductors of the rotor. This voltage is rectified into dc and can be
supplied to external loads.

However, if a load is connected, a current will flow through the armature winding.
This current flow produces its own magnetic field that distorts the original
magnetic field from the machine’s poles. This distortion of the machine’s flux as
the load increases is called armature reaction or

Armature reaction in Dc machines can be defined as the effect of magnetic field set
up by armature current on the distribution of the main field flux when the machine is
loaded and can cause two problems:

i. Neutral-plane Shift

ii. Flux Weakening

.
30
Neutral-plane Shift:
The magnetic neutral plane is the plane within the machine
where the velocity of the rotor wires is exactly parallel to
the magnetic flux lines, so that the induced voltage in the
conductors in the plane is exactly zero.

31
  A two-pole DC machine: initially, the
pole flux is uniformly distributed and
the magnetic neutral plane is vertical.

 The effect of the air gap on the pole

flux.

 When the load is connected, a current

– flowing through the rotor – will
generate a magnetic field from the
rotor windings.

32
 This rotor magnetic field will
affect the original magnetic field
from the poles. In some places
under the poles, both fields will
sum together, in other places,
they will subtract from each
other

 Therefore, the net magnetic

field will not be uniform and
the neutral plane will be
shifted.

 In general, the neutral plane shifts in

the direction of motion for a
generator and opposite to the
direction of motion for a motor.
 The amount of the shift depends on 33
the load of the machine.
The armature reaction has two bad effects on the
distribution of the main magnetic field.

1. Demagnetizing effect:- it demagnetizes (weakness) the main

field flux. As a result of it, the net flux per pole decreases.

For generator,
 , Ea , Vt , Po   
For motor ,

  Tc  Po ,   

34
2. Cross magnetizing effect :- it cross magnetizes (distorts)the distribution of
the main field flux (øf). This leads to the load commutation process. The
commutation process will takes place with sparking ( flash over) the so called
rotational fire.

So the armature reaction strengthens the main field flux at one pole and
weakness on the other pole end.

Methods of minimizing armature reaction effects

Generally there are four possible types of methods. These are,

 High reluctance pole tips

 During the design of machine (calculation )

 Inter poles (commutating poles)

 Compensating winding
35
1. High reluctance pole tips

The reluctance pole tips can be increased by increasing the length of the air
gap which can be accomplished by using the so called chambered pole tips.
L poletips
R poletips   R poletip  a  A.R 
A
2. During the design of the machine

It could be seen in the design stage that the field mmf is sufficiently stronger
than in comparison with the armature mmf at full load condition.
this leads to less armature reaction.

mmf field  mmf armature , I f N f  I a N a

If Nf
 1
Ia Na
36
 3. Inter poles

The effect of armature reaction in the inter polar zone (commutating zone) can
be minimized by using inter poles which are placed exactly mid way between
the main poles.

Inter poles are narrow poles not to affect the main field flux.to avoid saturation
of the inter poles the air gap distance under them is made to be large.

In order to achieve automatic regulation of the armature reaction in the inter

polar zone, the inter pole winding must be connecting in series with the
armature winding.

37
4. Compensating winding

The inter pole winding mmf is effective only in the commutating zone
in other words the A.R effect in the inter polar zone over come. This
means the flux will be weakening still there. To overcome this
problem compensating winding is applied located in the slots in the
pole faces.

To achieve automatic regulation with loading condition, the

compensating winding also connected in series with armature
winding.

A.R effect in the inter polar zone improves the commutation process.
38
4.5. Commutation

When conductors come under the influence of south pole, from the
influence of north pole the direction of current flow in them is reversed.
This reversal of current in a coil will take place when the two comutater
segment to which the coil is connected are being short circuited by brush. The
process of reversal current in a coil is known as commutation. The main
cause of sparking in DC machine is the self induced emf in the coli which
under goes in the process of current reversal.
Methods of Improving Commutation
 The two methods are,
1. Resistance Commutation:- Replacing low resistance copper
brush comparatively high
resistance carbon brush's
2. Emf commutation (reversing emf):-most effective by inter poles.
39
 Commutation
 Armature Reaction are undesired effects in DC machines
Types of DC Generator
Generally, there are two major types of dc generators,
classified according to the manner in which their field flux is
produced

 Separately

 Self Excited

40
A). Separately Excited Generator. In a separately excited generator, the field flux
is derived from a separate power source independent of the generator itself.

B). Self excited Generator

1. Shunt generator : In a shunt generator, the field flux is derived by connecting

the field circuit directly across the terminals of the generator.

2. Series generator : In a series generator, the field flux is produced by

connecting the field circuit in series with the armature of the generator.

3. Cumulatively compounded generator : In a cumulatively compounded

generator, both a shunt and a series field are present, and their effects are
additive.

4. Differentially compounded generator : In a differentially compounded

generator, both a shunt and a series field are present, but their effects are
41
subtractive .
Equivalent circuit of a DC machines
•

 There is no real difference

between a generator and a motor

equivalent circuit except for the

42
direction of power flow.
 Equivalent
circuit
of DC Generators
43
A). Separately excited generator
 The voltage of the external dc source has no relation with the
armature voltage, i.e. the field winding energized from a
separate supply, can be designed for any convenient voltage.

 The equivalent circuit of such a machine is shown in fig. below

For field circuit for armature circuit

VF IL  I A
IF  44
RF VT  E A  I A RA
1. Shunt DC Generator
 A shunt DC generator supplies its own field current by having
its field connected directly across the terminals of the machine.

 The armature current of the machine supplies both the field

circuit and the load

No external power supply is required for the field circuit

 The equivalent circuit of a shunt DC generator is shown

terminal voltage and current equations are,

I A  IF  IL
VT  E A  I A RA  I L RL 45
VT
IF 
RF
•

I A  Is  IL
VT  E A  I A  RA  Rs 
mmf s I s N s
 
Rt Rt

46
3. Compound DC Generator
 Compound excited DC Generators
 It involves both series & shunt windings
Basically there are two types of compound dc generator depending on their
direction of flux produced by shunt and series field windings, these are:
1. Cumulatively compounded dc generator
2. Differentially compounded dc generator

Cumulatively compounded dc generator

 Is a generator with both series and shunt field winding are connected so
that the mmfs from two fields are additive
 Can be classified based on the manner in which the shunt field is connected
i. Long shunt compound DC generator 47

ii. Short shunt compound DC generator

Short shunt
•

48
Long shunt
•

49
The Differentially Compounded Dc Generator
 A differentially compounded dc generator is a generator with
both shunt and series fields, but this time their magneto motive
forces subtract from each other.

 The equivalent circuit of a differentially compounded dc

generator is shown in Figure below

50
Operating characteristics of DC generator
•

51
i. No load characteristics
•

52
ii . External load characteristic
•

PZ
EA  K A Where K A 
2 a

53
•

54
Conclusion
 The no load characteristics of a separately excited DC
generator is the magnetization curve ( B-H curve, saturation
curve) curve of the magnetic iron of the core.

55
Load characteristics
•

56
•

Vfl

57
Ifl
• If the generator constructed with compensating winding then
the armature reaction drops approximately equals to zero
therefore the terminal characteristics becomes as shown in fig.
below (has better regulation )

• Fig. Terminal characteristics of dc generator with

compensating windings
58
Characteristics Of Shunt DC Generator
Voltage Buildup in a Shunt Generator

 depends on the presence of a residual flux in the poles of the generator.

 When a generator first starts to turn, an internal voltage will be generated
which is given by Eres  K Ares
This voltage appears at the terminals of the generator
 And it causes a current to flow in the generator's field coil (IF = VT /RF).
 This field current produces a magneto motive force in the poles, which
increases the flux in them.
 The increase in flux causes an increase in E A  K A   which increases
the terminal voltage VT.
 When VT rises, IF increases further, increasing the flux Ø more, which
59
increases EA, etc.
This voltage buildup behavior is shown in Figure below

60
There are several possible causes for the voltage to
fail to build up during starting, Among them are
1. There may be no residual magnetic flux in the generator to
start the process going

Remedy:

If this problem occurs, disconnect the field from the armature

circuit and connect it directly to an external dc source such as a
battery. The current flow from this external dc source will leave
a residual flux in the poles, which will then allow normal
starting. This procedure is known as "flashing the field," 61
2. The direction of rotation of the generator may have been
reversed, or the connections of the field may have been reversed
Remedy:
If this problem occurs, it can be fixed by reversing the direction
of rotation, by reversing the field connections, or by flashing the
field with the opposite magnetic polarity,
3. The field resistance may be adjusted to a value greater than the
critical resistance.
Critical resistances: is a resistance below which the voltage build
up process does takes place
Remedy : 62

The solution to this problem is to reduce RF.

 An increase in IA increases the armature resistance voltage drop
IARA, causing VT = EA - IARA to decrease.

 when VT decreases, the field current in the machine decreases

 This causes the flux in the machine to decrease, decreasing EA.

 Decreasing EA causes a further decrease in the terminal voltage

VT=EA-IARA.

63

Fig. The terminal characteristic of a shunt dc generator

 Voltage Control for a Shunt DC Generator
As with the separately excited generator, there are two ways to
control the voltage of a shunt generator:

i. Change the shaft speed ω of the generator.

ii. Change the field resistor of the generator, thus changing

the field current

64
Characteristics of Series dc Generator
VT  EA  I A  RA  Rs 

• At no load, Eres  K Ares

i). As load  R L  I L  I A  RA  Rs   VT 
ii). As load  R L  I L  I s    E A  VT 

65

• Fig. Terminal characteristic for a series dc generator.

Because of unstable output voltage series dc generators are used only
in a few special cases where steep voltage characteristics of the
device can be exploited.

 One such application is arc welding

66
Compound DC Generator
The Terminal Characteristic of a Cumulatively Compounded DC Generator

 Suppose that the load on the generator is increased. Then as the load
increase, the load current IL increases.

 Since IA=IF+IL , the armature current IA increases too. At this point two
effects occur in the generator:

1. As IA increases, the IA(RA+RS) voltage drop increase as well. This tends to

cause a decrease in the terminal voltage VT=EA-IA (RA+Rs).

2. As IA increases, the series field magnetomotive force Fse=NseIA increases

too. This increases the total magnetomotive force Ftot=NFIF+NseIA which
increases the flux in the generator. The increased flux in the generator
increases EA, which in turn tends to make VT=EA -IA(RA+Rs) rise 67
 • The two effects oppose each other, with one tending to increase VT and the other tending to
decrease VT.
• It all depends on just how many series turns were placed on the poles of the machine.
• This question can be answered by taking several individual cases
1. Few series turns (Nse small).
 If there are only few series turns, the resistive voltage drop effect wins hands down
 The voltage falls off just as in a shunt generator, but not quite as steeply
 This type of construction where the full load terminal voltage is less than the no load
terminal voltage is called Undercompounded
2. More series turns (Nse larger)
 If there are a few more series turns of wire on the poles, then at first the flux
strengthening effect wins, and the terminal voltage rises with the load
 However, as the load continues to increase, magnetic saturation sets in, and resistive
drop becomes stronger than the flux increase effect.
 In such machine, the terminal voltage first rises and then falls as the load increases.
 If VT at no load is equal to VT at full load, the generator is called flat-compounded
3. Even more series turns are added (Nse large)
• If even more series turns are added to the generator, the flux-
strengthening effect predominates for a longer time before the resistive
drop takes over.

• The result is a characteristic with the full-load terminal voltage

actually higher than the no-load terminal voltage.

• If VT at a full load exceeds VT at no load, the generator is called

over-compounded.
• All these possibilities are illustrated in Figure below

69
The Terminal Characteristic of a Differentially
Compounded DC Generator
• In the differentially compounded dc generator, the same two effects
occur that were present in the cumulatively compounded dc
generator.
• This time, though, the effects both act in the same direction. They are
1. As IA increases, the IA(RA + Rs) voltage drop increases as well.
This increase tends to cause the terminal voltage to decrease VT =
EA -IA (RA + Rs) .
2. As IA increases, the series field magneto motive force FS = NS IA
increases too. This increase in series field magneto motive force
reduces the net magneto motive force on the generator (Ftot = NFIF -
70
NS IA ), which in turn reduces the net flux in the generator. A
decrease in flux decreases EA, which in turn decreases VT.
• Since both these effects tend to decrease VT the voltage drops
drastically as the load is increased on the generator.

• A typical terminal characteristic for a differentially

compounded dc generator is shown in Figure below

71
 •

Equivalent
circuit
of
DC motor 72
 Separately excited
For the field circuit

Vt  I f R f
(a)
mmf I f N f
f  
Rm Rm
For armature circuit
Vt  E A  I A RA
N ZP
EA  (b)
60a

fig(a) The equivalent circuit of a dc motor. (b) A simplified equivalent circuit eliminating the
brush voltage drop and combining R..., with the field resistance.

Multiplying both sides by

IA
73
Vt I A  E A I A  I A RA
2
 Vt I A = the gross electrical power input
EA I A = net electrical power input which is converted in to the
gross mechanical power
Net mechanical power out put=E A I A - mechanical loss due to F& W(shaft
power
 Internal generated voltage: E A  K a N Tools for analyzing the behavior
and
 ind  ka I A performance of DC motor
 Induce Torque:
Zp
Ka 
60.a
 = machine constant
a= 2 for wave winding
a= p for lap winding

74
 Self excited
Their field and the armature windings are connected, according to the
field arrangement there are three types dc motors namely;

1. Series Wound

2. Shunt Wound

3. Compound Wound

75
1. Series wound motor
A series motor is one in which the field winding is connected in
series with the armature so that the whole current drawn by the
motor passes through the field winding as well as armature.

Figure connection diagram of series-wound motor

Used in applications requiring very high torques
starter motors in car
elevator motors 76

 tractor motors in locomotives

2. Shunt wound motor
A shunt wound motor is one in which the field winding is connected in
parallel with armature.

The current supplied to the motor is divided into two paths, one
through the shunt field winding and second through the armature.

77
3. Compound wound motor
A compound wound motor has both series and shunt windings
which can be connected as short-shunt or long shunt with armature
winding

78
Examples
1). A 50 hp, 250 V, 1200 rpm dc shunt motor with compensating

winding has an armature resistance (including the brushes,

compensating windings, and interpoles) of 0.06 Ω. Its filed

circuit has a total resistance Rdaj+RF of 50Ω, which produces a

no-load speed of 1200 rpm. There are 1200 turns per pole on the

shunt field winding.

79
(a) Find the speed of this motor when its input current is 100 A.
Solution

80
the speed of this motor when its input current is 100 A.

• Internal voltage 250V( E A1 ), get motor’s speed ( nm1 =1200rpm)

• Internal voltage =244.3V ( E A 2 ), get motor’s speed (nm 2 )

81
Induced electromagnetic torque equation of DC machines

The torque on the armature of areal DC machine is equal to the number of z

conductors times the torque on each conductor
Te  Tconductor  Z

Te = total induced torque

Tconductor = conductor torque

Z = total number of conductors

The conductor torque is given by,

Tconductor  Fconductor  r
Fconductor = conductor force
82
• r = Armature distance( radius perpendicular)
Fconductor   I cond L sin 
Assuming the conductor which lies under pole face,  =90,

Fconductor   I cond L
Tcond  Fcond r   LI cond r

Te  Z  LI cond r

Ia 
I cond       Ap
a Ap
Ia
Te  Z  L r
a Ap= surface area of cylinder over the pole face/pole
 
   p
Ia 2 rL 2 rL
Te  Zp r  K a I a p
2 a 83
Example
A 220 V separately excited dc machine has an armature resistance of
0.5 Ω. If the full load armature current is 20 A. find the induced
armature emf when the machine is operated

i. as a generator

ii. as a motor
Solution
i. Ea= Vt+IaRa ii. Ea = Vt -IaRa

= 220+20x0.5 = 220 -20x 0.5

Ea = 230V Ea= 210V

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Dc Motor Characteristics
The three Important characteristic curves of dc motors are:
1. Torque-Armature Current Characteristic:-

This characteristic curve gives relation between mechanical torque T

and armature current Ia. This is known as electrical characteristic.

2. Speed-Armature Current Characteristic:-

This characteristic curve gives relation between speed N and

armature current Ia

3. Speed-Torque Characteristic:-

This characteristic curve gives relation between speed N and

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mechanical torque T. This is also known as mechanical
characteristics. This curve can be derived from the above two curves.
Characteristics of Dc Series Motors
a. Magnetic characteristic
In case of dc series motors the flux varies with the variation in line or
armature current as the field is in series with the armature. The flux
increase following a linear law with the increase in load current,
becomes maximum at saturation point and finally become constant.

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b. Torque-Armature Current Characteristics
Torque equation

Or mechanical power developed = EbIa, watts then from the two

equations,
And

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 Cont…
Therefore,

For a particular dc motor; P, Z & a are fixed. Hence, it is obv

For dc series motor, the flux per pole is directly proportional to Ia hence the torque
developed is directly proportion to the square of the armature current, i.e.

Figure Speed- current and Torque-current characteristics of DC series motors

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 Speed-Current Characteristic

If the applied voltage remains constant, speed is inversely proportional to

flux per pole. So, if a curve is drawn between reciprocal of flux and current I,
the speed current characteristic is obtained which is a rectangular 89

hyperbola in shape as represented in Figure above

Speed-Torque Characteristic

The speed- torque characteristic shows that as the torque increases,

speed decreases. Hence series motors are best suited for the services
where the motor is directly coupled to load such as fans whose speed
falls with the increase in torque. It should be noted that series motor is
a variable speed motor.

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Figure Speed-Torque characteristics of dc series motor
Characteristics of Dc Shunt Motors
a). Speed-Current Characteristics

a)
From expression of speed N is directly proportional to back emf Eb or (V-IaRa) and
inversely proportional to the flux Ø. Since flux is considered to be constant so with
the increase in load current the speed slightly falls due to increase in voltage drop in
armature IaRa. Since voltage drop in armature at full-load is very small as compared
to applied voltage so drop in speed from no-load to full-load is very small and for all
practical purposes the shunt motor is taken as a constant speed motor. Therefore,
shunt motors being constant speed motors are best suited for driving of line shafts,
machine lathes, milling machines, conveyors, fans and for all purposes where constant
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speed is required.
Torque- Current Characteristic
From the expression for the torque of a dc motor, torque is directly
proportional to the product of flux and armature current. Since in case of
dc shunt motors the flux is constant therefore torque increase with the
increase in load current following linear law i.e. torque-armature current
characteristics is a straight line passing through origin.

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 Speed-Torque Characteristic

The characteristic curve can be drawn from the above two

characteristics.

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Characteristics of Compound Would Motor
I. Cumulative compound wound motor
As the load is increased, the flux due to series field winding increase and
causes the torque greater than it would have with shunt field winding alone
for a given machine and for given current. The increase in flux due to series
field winding on account of increase in load cause the speed to fall more
rapidly than it would have done in shunt motor. The cumulative compound
motor develops a high torque with increase of load. It also has a definite
speed of no load, so does not run away when the load is removed .
Cumulative compound wound motors are used in driving machines which
subject to sudden applications of heavy loads, such as occur in rolling mills,
shears or punches.
This type of motor is used also where a large starting torque is regard but 94
series motor cannot be used conveniently such as in cranes and elevator.
ii. Differential compound wound motor
Since the flux decrease with the increase in load, so the speed remains nearly constant
as the load is increased and in some cases the speed will increase even. The decrease in
flux with the increase in load causes the torque to be less than that of a shunt motor.
The characteristics are similar to those of a shunt motor. Since the shunt motor
develops a good torque and almost constant speed, therefore differential compound
motor is seldom used. The characteristics are shown in Figure 1 and 2.

(1)Speed- current and Torque-current characteristics of dc shunt motor 95

(2 ) Speed-Torque characteristics of dc shunt motor
•
Example
A dc shunt generator supplies a load of 10 kW at 220 V through feeders
of resistance 0.1Ω. The resistance of armature and shunt field windings
is 0.05 Ω and 100 Ω respectively. Calculate,
(i) terminal voltage,
(ii) (ii) shunt field current and
(iii) (iii) generated emf.
Solution

96
97
Example
A 4-pole dc shunt generator with lap-connected armature supplies a
load of 100 A at 200 V. The armature resistance is 0.1Ω and the shunt
field resistance is 80 Ω. Find
(i) total armature current,
(ii) current per armature path,
(iii) emf generated. Assume a brush contact drop of 2V.
Solution

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99
Exercise
1. A 4 pole 500 V shunt motor takes 7A on no load, the no load
speed of the motor if it takes 122A at full load. Armature
resistance is 0.2Ω, contact drop/brush is 1V, Armature
reaction weakness the field by 40% on full load. Find the
full load speed of the motor.
2. A 250 V dc shunt motor draws 5A from the line on no load
and runs at 1000r.p.m. the armature resistance and shunt
field resistance are 0.2 Ω and 250 Ω respectively. What will
be the speed of the motor when it is loaded and talk
current of 50A. (Armature reaction weakness the field by 100

3%).
The End

Thank you for your kind

attention
Questions? 101