9/2/2019

Air University Fall 2019(Ver. 2.0)

Analog & Digital Communications

EE 330
Lecture # 01
Basic Understanding of Communication Systems

Muhammad Tilal
Department of Electrical Engineering
Air University (AU) Islamabad

The theme of this presentation is an inspiration from the one used in S2 Department of Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
The Air University logo and “AU” is the property of Air University Islamabad, Pakistan and subject to the copyrights and ownership of AU.
Duplication & distribution of this work for Non Academic or Commercial use without prior permission is prohibited.

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Session Overview

Topic Basic Understanding of Communication Systems

Frequency, Bandwidth, Electromagnetic Spectrum,
Concepts Communication Systems, Basic Communication Model,
Baseband and Pass-band Signals
Recommended Chapter 01 of [1], All sections of [2]
Reading Page 01 of [3], Chapter 01 of [4]
Electromagnetic Spectrum, Communication System,
Keywords
Bandwidth, Baseband, Pass-band.

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AC Signal and Frequency

• An alternating current signal is • Frequency (f) of an AC signal is
a signal that reverses its defined as ‘the number of
polarity in a periodic manner. cycles completed in unit time
(usually one second)’.
• The period of polarity reversal
determines the ‘Time Period’ • The relationship between the
and ‘Frequency’ of the signal. frequency and time period is
given as
• Time Period (T) of an AC signal Frequency(f)=1/Time Period(T)
is defined as the time taken to
complete one cycle and is
usually measured in ‘Seconds’.

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Electromagnetic Radiation
• Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) • The important parameters of an
is the energy radiated by the electromagnetic wave are
charged particles which travels – Frequency.
through space via photon wave – Wavelength.
particles.
• Frequency (f) of an
• In vacuum, the EMR propagates electromagnetic wave is same as
in straight lines at a defined earlier.
characteristics speed equal to the
speed of light (c). • Wavelength (λ) of an
electromagnetic wave is defined
• Electromagnetic waves have both as spatial distance between two
electric and magnetic fields fixed points which could be
perpendicular to each other and crests, troughs or the zero
the direction of propagation. crossings.
λ = c/f

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
• Electromagnetic Spectrum is the range of all possible frequencies of Electromagnetic
Radiation.

• The electromagnetic spectrum varies from below low frequencies to gamma radiation.

• The frequency and wavelength are inversely proportional to each other so the lowest
frequencies correspond to greatest wavelength and vice versa.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

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Regions of Electromagnetic Spectrum

• The electromagnetic spectrum is
classified into eight major
regions/bands with respect to
frequency.
What about the boundaries?

• These regions include (arranged

in descending frequency order)
– Gamma Radiation.
– X-ray Radiation.
– Ultraviolet Radiation.
– Visible Radiation.
– Infrared Radiation.
– Tera Hertz Radiation.
– Microwave Radiation.
– Radio Waves

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

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Regions of Electromagnetic Spectrum

• These regions are further sub-
divided as shown in the given
table.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

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Communication System- Basic Model

• The most basic model of a communication system comprises of the
following components
– Message Source. – Receiver.
– Input Transducer. – Output Transducer.
– Transmitter. – Output Message.
– Communication Channel. – Destination.

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Communication System- Basic Model

• Message Source • Transmission Channel
– Originates the message which – Medium through which the
could be a voice, image, video or transmitter output is sent. It could
other type of data. be a wire, coaxial cable, optical
fiber, waveguide or radio link.
• Input Transducer
• Receiver.
– Usually electrical transducer which
converts the input stimulus to an – Reverses the modification done by
electrical waveform. Usually the transmitter after receiving a
required when the original signal from the transmission
message is not an electrical signal. channel.

• Transmitter. • Output Transducer

– Modifies the baseband signal for – Converts the electrical signal back
efficient transmission through to its original form- the message.
channel.
• Message Destination
– The entity/ unit for which the
message is communicated.
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Communication System- Basic Model

L.E. Frenzel Jr, Principles of Communication Systems, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill Education, 2016.

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Signal Distortion
• The transmission channel can be • Linear distortion can be partly
regarded as a filter which removed by an equalizer with the
attenuates and distorts the signal gain and phase characteristics
passing through it. opposite to that of the transmission
channel.
• The signal attenuation is usually
proportional to the transmission • Non linear distortion can only
distance. Longer distances lead to partly be removed using equalizer.
Removal of this kind of distortion
more attenuation and distortion.
requires more advanced methods.

• The major cause of the distortion

is because of the different
amounts of attenuation and
phase shift experienced by the
transmitted signal.

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Noise and Signal to Noise Ratio

• Noise is a broad term defining • External Noise Sources
any signal that is unwanted/ not – Signals on neighboring channels.
required. ‘Noise signals are – Human made noise by faulty
usually termed as random and switches.
unpredictable signals.’ – Automobile ignition radiation.
– Fluorescent light.
• The noise is subdivided into – Natural noise caused by lightning,
storms, solar and intergalactic
‘External’ and ‘Internal’ noise. radiation.

• Internal Noise Sources • Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)

– Thermal agitation of electrons. – Ratio of signal power to noise power.
– Recombination of charged carriers. – Signal power reduces along the
– Random Emissions. transmission while noise
accumulates with increasing
distance.
– Can amplification improve SNR?

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Types of Communication Systems

• Simplex
• Half Duplex
• Full Duplex

L.E. Frenzel Jr, Principles of Communication Systems, 4th Edition, McGraw Hill Education, 2016.

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Base-Band & Pass-Band Signals &
Systems
Base Band Pass Band
• Baseband refers to a category of • Pass-band refers to the category of
signals and systems having signals and systems in which the
operational frequency/ Bandwidth signal to be transmitted is shifted
very close to 0 Hz. to a higher frequency before
transmission and shifted back to
• Baseband signals include human the original frequency after
voice (20Hz-5KHz), TV camera reception. This shifting is done by
signal (0Hz-5.5MHz). Office and modulation and demodulation.
home telephone systems are
classified as baseband systems.
• Pass-band systems have different
• Baseband transmission sends frequency and bandwidth ranges
information without modulation. It depending upon the systems being
is suitable only for short distance used.
communications.

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Spectrum of Human Voice

Dr. Wajih Abu-Al-Saud, Lecture 07, EE 370-3 (082), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia, 2007

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Base-Band OR Pass-Band?
Base Band Pass Band
• A local telephone call within • An international telephone call
certain geographical area. routed through microwave or
satellite links.

• Transmission of video from a • Transmission of video through

camera to TV using wires. satellite using radio link.

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Next Lecture
• Limitations of Communication Systems.
• Analog Modulation.
• Digital Modulation.

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References
[1] B.P. Lathi, Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems, 3rd Edition,
Oxford University Press Inc.

[2] Wikipedia. [Online] Wikimedia Foundation. [Cited: 27-01-2014]

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

[3] Dr. Wajih Abu-Al-Saud, Lecture 07, EE 370-3 (082), King Fahd University of
Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM), Saudi Arabia, 2007.
URL to full text:
http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/EE/wajih/files/EE%20370/EE%20370,%20Lect
ure%2007.pdf
[4] L.E. Frenzel Jr, Principles of Communication Systems, 4th Edition, McGraw
Hill Education, 2016.

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