1

UNIT- 1
PARAPHRASING
Paraphrasing means taking a passage - either spoken or written - and rewording it. When
paraphrasing, it is important to keep the original meaning so that the facts remain intact.
Basically, you are writing something in your own words that still expresses the original idea.

 Paraphrasing is slightly different from summarizing.

 When you summarize a passage, you focus on restating only the main idea in your own
words. Paraphrasing, on the other hand, aims to provide most of the information in a
slightly reduced form.

 Summaries are much shorter than the original passage, while paraphrasing can be shorter,
longer or the same length.

How to paraphrase in steps:

 Read the passage several times to fully understand the meaning

 Note down key concepts
 Write your version of the text without looking at the original
 Compare your paraphrased text with the original passage and make minor adjustments to
phrases that remain too similar.

Here are some examples of paraphrasing individual sentences:

 Original: Her life spanned years of incredible change for women as they gained more
rights than ever before.
Paraphrase: She lived through the exciting era of women's liberation.

 Original: Symptoms of influenza include fever and nasal congestion.

Paraphrase: A stuffy nose and elevated temperature are signs you may have the flu.

 Original: The price of a resort vacation typically includes meals, tips and equipment
rentals, which makes your trip more cost-effective.
Paraphrase: All-inclusive resort vacations can make for an economical trip.

 Original: He has tons of stuff to throw away.

Paraphrase: He needs to get rid of a lot of junk.
 2

Original passage:

 “The number of foreign and domestic tourists in the Netherlands rose above 42 million in
2017, an increase of 9% and the sharpest growth rate since 2006, the national statistics
office CBS reported on Wednesday” (DutchNews.nl, 2018).

Paraphrased version:

 According to the national statistics office, the Netherlands experienced dramatic growth
in tourist numbers in 2017. More than 42 million tourists travelled to or within the
Netherlands that year, representing a 9% increase – the steepest in 12 years (Dutch
News.nl, 2018).

Exercise 1:

“The number of foreign and domestic tourists in the Netherlands rose above 42 million in 2017,
an increase of 9% and the sharpest growth rate since 2006, the national statistics office CBS
reported on Wednesday” (DutchNews.nl, 2018).

Answer:

According to the national statistics office, the Netherlands experienced dramatic growth in
tourist numbers in 2017. More than 42 million tourists travelled to or within the Netherlands that
year, representing a 9% increase—the steepest in 12 years (DutchNews.nl, 2018).

Exercise 2:

"The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our heat,
and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. "The cold
ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its
upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this
regulating system is now threatened by human activity." From "Captain Cousteau," Audubon
(May 1990).

Answer:

"The Antarctic is the vast source of cold on our planet, just as the sun is the source of our heat,
and it exerts tremendous control on our climate," [Jacques] Cousteau told the camera. "The cold
ocean water around Antarctica flows north to mix with warmer water from the tropics, and its
upwellings help to cool both the surface water and our atmosphere. Yet the fragility of this
regulating system is now threatened by human activity." From "Captain Cousteau," Audubon
(May 1990)

*****************
 3

ROOT WORDS

Common Latin Roots

Latin Root Definition Examples

ambi both ambiguous, ambidextrous

aqua water aquarium, aquamarine

aud to hear audience, audition

bene good benefactor, benevolent

cent one hundred century, percent

circum around circumference, circumstance

contra/counter against contradict, encounter

dict to say dictation, dictator

duc/duct to lead conduct, induce

fac to do; to make factory, manufacture

form shape conform, reform

fort strength fortitude, fortress

fract to break fracture, fraction

ject throw projection, rejection

jud judge judicial, prejudice

mal bad malevolent, malefactor

mater mother material, maternity

mit to send transmit, admit

mort death mortal, mortician

multi many multimedia, multiple

pater father paternal, paternity

 4

port to carry portable, transportation

rupt to break bankrupt, disruption

scrib/scribe to write inscription, prescribe

sect/sec to cut bisect, section

sent to feel; to send consent, resent

spect to look inspection, spectator

struct to build destruction, restructure

vid/vis to see video, televise

voc voice; to call vocalize, advocate

Common Greek Roots

Greek Root Definition Examples

anthropo man; human; humanity anthropologist, philanthropy

auto self autobiography, automobile

bio life biology, biography

chron time chronological, chronic

dyna power dynamic, dynamite

dys bad; hard; unlucky dysfunctional, dyslexic

gram thing written epigram, telegram

graph writing graphic, phonograph

hetero different heteronym, heterogeneous

homo same homonym, homogenous

hydr water hydration, dehydrate

hypo below; beneath hypothermia, hypothetical

logy study of biology, psychology

 5

meter/metr measure thermometer, perimeter

micro small microbe, microscope

mis/miso hate misanthrope, misogyny

mono one monologue, monotonous

morph form; shape morphology, morphing

nym name antonym, synonym

phil love philanthropist, philosophy

phobia fear claustrophobia, phobic

phon sound phone, symphony

photo/phos light photograph, phosphorous

pseudo false pseudonym, pseudoscience

psycho soul; spirit psychology, psychic

scope viewing instrument microscope, telescope

techno art; science; skill technique, technological

tele far off television, telephone

therm heat thermal, thermometer

AFFIXES
Many new words are formed by adding an affix to the beginning or end of a Latin or
Greek root or root word. When affixes are added to the beginning of roots or root words, they are
called prefixes . For example, the most common prefix is un-, which meant not or opposite of. If
you add un- to the word happy, the new word becomes unhappy, which means not happy. When
affixes are added to the end of roots or root words, they are called suffixes. The most common
suffixes are -s and -es, which mean more than one (or the plural) of the word. Adding -es to wish,
changes the meaning o the word to more than one wish.
 6

Common Prefixes

Prefix Definition Examples

anti- against Anticlimax

de- opposite Devalue

dis- not; opposite of Discover

en-, em- cause to enact, empower

fore- before; front of foreshadow, forearm

in-, im- in income, impulse

in-, im-, il-, ir- not indirect, immoral, illiterate, irreverent

inter- between; among Interrupt

mid- middle Midfield

mis- wrongly Misspell

non- not Nonviolent

over- over; too much Overeat

pre- before Preview

re- again Rewrite

semi- half; partly; not fully Semifinal

sub- under Subway

super- above; beyond Superhuman

trans- across Transmit

un- not; opposite of Unusual

under- under; too little Underestimate

 7

Common Suffixes

Suffix Definition Examples

-able, -ible is; can be affordable, sensible

-al, -ial having characteristics of universal, facial

the dog walked,

-ed past tense verbs; adjectives
the walked dog

-en made of golden

one who;
-er, -or teacher, professor
person connected with

-er more taller

-est the most tallest

-ful full of helpful

-ic having characteristics of poetic

verb forms;
-ing sleeping
present participles

-ion, -tion, -ation, submission, motion,

act; process
-tion relation, edition

-ity, -ty state of activity, society

-ive, -ative, active, comparative,

adjective form of noun
-itive sensitive

-less without hopeless

-ly how something is lovely

-ment state of being; act of contentment

-ness state of; condition of openness

riotous, courageous,
-ous, -eous, -ious having qualities of
gracious

-s, -es more than one trains, trenches

-y characterized by gloomy
 8

EXERCISE ON ROOT WORDS:

Answers:

1.micro 2.snow 3.flash 4.fore 5.fire 6.back

**********************