Scribd
Upload
84 views7 pages

Pavement Materials - CENG 6305: Instructor: DR - Robeam.S

Pavements are typically built to support loads, provide smoothness for vehicle travel, and allow for drainage. Early paved roads included those built by the Romans using layered structures of stone and mortar. Thomas Telford and John Loudon McAdam improved on road design in the late 1700s/early 1800s by specifying flatter grades, angular stone aggregates, and compaction. The introduction of bituminous binders in the 1800s led to innovations like tar macadam and early hot mix asphalt pavements. Portland cement concrete was first used in roadways in the late 1800s and became more common by the early 1900s.

Uploaded by

habtom
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
84 views7 pages

Pavement Materials - CENG 6305: Instructor: DR - Robeam.S

Pavements are typically built to support loads, provide smoothness for vehicle travel, and allow for drainage. Early paved roads included those built by the Romans using layered structures of stone and mortar. Thomas Telford and John Loudon McAdam improved on road design in the late 1700s/early 1800s by specifying flatter grades, angular stone aggregates, and compaction. The introduction of bituminous binders in the 1800s led to innovations like tar macadam and early hot mix asphalt pavements. Portland cement concrete was first used in roadways in the late 1800s and became more common by the early 1900s.

Uploaded by

habtom
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 7

12/2/2020

Addis Ababa Institute of Technology (AAiT), 2010

Pavement Materials – CENG 6305

Chapter 1:
INTRODUCTION

Instructor: Dr.Robeam.S

PAVEMENT PURPOSE

Typically, pavements are built for three main purposes:


 Load support. Pavement material is generally stiffer than the

material upon which it is placed, thus it assists the in situ material


in resisting loads without excessive deformation or cracking.
 Smoothness. Pavement material can be placed and maintained

much smoother than in situ material. This helps improve ride


comfort and reduce vehicle operating costs.
 Drainage. Pavement material and geometric design can effect

quick and efficient drainage thus eliminating moisture problems


such as mud and ponding.

1
12/2/2010

PAVEMENT HISTORY: Roman Roads

 Some of the oldest paved roads still


in existence were built by the Roman
Empire.
 The oldest road, Via Appia, was built
in Rome back in 312 B.C.
 The Roman road network consisted of
over 100,000 km of roads, which is
about equal to the length of the U.S.
interstate system.
 The superior quality and structure of Via Appia in Rome
its pavements have allowed many
Roman roads to survive to this day.

Roman Roads

A typical Roman road structure consisted


of four layers (Collins and Hart, 1936):
 Summa Crusta (surfacing). Smooth,
polygonal blocks embedded in the
underlying layer.
 Nucleus. A kind of base layer
composed of gravel and sand with
lime cement.
 Rudus. The third layer was composed
of rubble masonry and smaller stones
also set in lime mortar.
Thickness ≈ 0.9m
 Statumen. Two or three courses of
Updated estimates ≈
flat stones set in lime mortar.
$ 2 million per km

2
12/2/2010

Telford Pavements
 The first insight into today's modern pavements can be seen in the
pavements of Thomas Telford (born 1757).
 Telford attempted to build roads on relatively flat grades (no more
than a 1 in 30 slope) to reduce the number of horses needed to
haul cargo.
 Telford's pavement section was about 350 to 450 mm in depth and
generally specified three layers:
 Bottom layer: large stones 100 mm wide and 75 to 180 mm in depth.
 Middle layer: two layers of stones of 65 mm maximum size
 Wearing course: gravel about 40 mm thick.
 It was estimated that this system would support a load
corresponding to about 88 N/mm.

Telford Pavements

Typical Telford Road

3
12/2/2010

Macadam Pavements
 John MacAdam (born 1756) used angular
aggregate over a well-compacted subgrade
for improved performance.
 He used a sloped subgrade surface to
improve drainage (unlike Telford who used a
flat subgrade surface).
 The angular aggregate (hand-broken with a Macadam Pavement Core
maximum size of 75 mm) were placed in two
layers for a total depth of about 200mm.
 The wearing course was about 50 mm thick Estimated Permissible load
to be 158 N/mm
with a maximum aggregate size of 25 mm
for a smooth wagon ride. Total depth of a typical
MacAdam pavement was
 By 1850, 2,200km of macadam pavements about 250 mm
were in use in urban areas of UK.

The Rise of Bitumen

 Up through the time of Macadam pavements, bituminous


binders had not been used.
 Although Roman roads used basic lime cements to hold
their large stones together, roads of the late 1700s and
early 1800s did not use a binder material and usually
relied on aggregate interlock to provide cohesion.
 Bituminous binding materials and surface layers began
to show up in pavements in the early 1800s.

4
12/2/2010

Tar Macadam Pavements

 Consists of a basic macadam road with a tar-bound surface.


 The first tar macadam pavement was placed outside of
Nottingham in 1848.
 Coal tar, the binder, had been available in the U.K. from about
1800 as a residue from coal-gas lighting.
 Sulfuric acid was used as a hardening agent and various
materials such as sawdust, ashes, etc. were used in the mixture.
 Due to lack of attention in specifying the tar, most of these
streets failed within a few years of construction. This resulted in
tar being discredited, thereby boosting the asphalt industry.

Road Mix Surfaces

 Often known as "retread", "oil processed", "surface mix" or "mixed-in-


place" roads, refer to the mechanical mixing of asphalt and aggregate
directly on the road bed to form a thin 25-100 mm wearing course.
 Typical construction process was as follows (Urquhart, 1934):
 Place, grade and compact the aggregate road bed.
 Place the asphalt binder.
 Mix the asphalt binder and aggregate together and smoothly distribute.
 Compact the resultant wearing course until no movement is discernible.
 After a few weeks to several months, spread a cover coat of fine
aggregate over the surface and apply a seal coat.
 These pavements were not true hot mix asphalt pavements because the
asphalt was often applied as an emulsion and the mixing was done directly
on the road.

5
12/2/2010

Sheet Asphalt Pavements

 The first pavements made from true hot mix asphalt (HMA).
 The HMA layers in this pavement were premixed and laid hot.
 Baker (1903) describes this pavement system as:
 A wearing course 40 to 50 mm composed of asphalt cement and
sand.
 A binder course about 40 mm composed of broken stone and
asphalt cement.
 A base layer of hydraulic cement concrete or pavement rubble (old
granite blocks, bricks, etc.). Generally, this layer was 100 mm thick
for "light" traffic and 150 mm thick for "heavy" traffic.
 Sheet asphalt became popular during the mid-1800s with the
first ones being built in Paris in 1858. They are no longer built.

Bitulithic Pavements

 The final steps towards modern HMA were taken by Frederick J.


Warren.
 Contained about 6% "bituminous cement" and graded aggregate
proportioned for low air voids.
 In 1910, Edwin C. Wallace invented Warrenite-Bitulithic. It consisted of
25 mm thick layer of "Finely divided mineral matter coated with bitumen
rolled into a lower layer of large stone, small stone, stone dust and
bitumen“.
 This was basically a sheet asphalt wearing course over hot, uncompacted
bitulithic. By adding the thin wearing course, the large aggregate of the
Bitulithic mixes were not exposed directly to heavy, steel rimmed wheels
that could crack the aggregate and result in mix degradation.

6
12/2/2010

The Rise of Portland Cement Concrete

 Although portland cement has been around since 1824, it was not
directly used in roadway pavements until the late 1800s.
The Original PCC Pavement
 Portland cement concrete (PCC) was essentially invented in 1824.
 In 1891, the first truly rigid pavement was mixed on site and
placed in 5 ft. square forms.
 In order to match the performance and appearance of the
standard cobblestone pavements of the day, 100 mm squares
were scored into the PCC surface to give better footing for horses.
 By 1914, portland cement had been used to pave 2,348 miles of
roadway.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy