GATE – CIVIL ENGINEERING

TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING
Online Lecture: 4 (14.06.2020)

Prof.B.Jayarami Reddy
Professor and Head
Department of Civil Engineering
Y.S.R. Engineering College of
Yogi Vemana University,
Proddatur, Y.S.R.(Dt.), A.P-516360.
E.mail : bjrcivilgate@gmail.com
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 v2 V2
SD  v.t  , v is in m/s SD  0.278 V .t  , V is in Km/h
2g f 254 f

v2 V2
SD  v.t  SD  0.278 Vt 
2 g  f  0.01n  254( f  0.01n)
OSD = d1 +d 2 +d 3
OSD  vb .t  (vb .T  2s)  vT
. f 
b
Skidding occurs
2h
4s
T  s  0.7 vb  6 f 
b
Overturning occurs
a
2h
4  3.6S 14.4S
OSD=0.278Vb .t+0.278Vb .T+ 0.278V.T T 
A A

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR 3
14-06-2020
 v2 V 2
V2 nl 2 V 2 2.7V 2
e f  e f  e We   S
L s Ls 
gR 127 R 225R 2 R 9.5 R 24 R R
V2
80 Ls 
v3 0.0215V 3 C R
LS  Ls  EN eN
CR CR 75  V LS   (W  We )
2 2 LS  EN  eN (W  We )
30  R 75

m  R  R cos R R L
NS 2 NS 2
L
 
2 2
2 H  2h 4.4
m '  R   R  d  cos


 S  L 
sin  
2
2 H  2h 4.4
2 2 2 L  2S  L  2S 
N N

2
NS 2 NS
m  R   R  d  cos L L L
NS 2
2  2h1  2S tan   1.5  0.035 S  9.6
     S  L    2h1  2S tan      9.6
m '  R 1  cos   sin L  2S  L  2S 
1.5 0.035 S L  2S 
 2 2 2 N N N
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR 4
14-06-2020
1. The stopping sight distance on a highway at an ascending gradient of 3% for a design
speed of 60 kmph is ………..
V2
SSD  0.278Vt 
254  f  0.01n 
V  60 kmph, n  3, f  0.35, t  2.5 sec
602
SSD  0.278  60  2.5+  41.7  37.3  79.0 m
254  0.35  0.01 3

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 5
2. A car is moving with a speed of 80 kmph on a highway at a descending gradient of 4%.
The coefficient of friction between the road surface and the tyres is 0.35. The required
minimum stopping sight distance is …….
V  80 kmph, n  4, f  0.35, t  2.5 sec
V2
SSD  0.278Vt 
254  f - 0.01 n 
802
 0.278  80  2.5   55.6  81.3  136.9 m
254  0.35  0.01 4 

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 6
3. In a single lane load, two way traffic is allowed with a design speed of 60 kmph. The
reaction time of the driver is 2.5 sec and the coefficient of friction between the road
surface and the tyres is 0.36. The safe stopping sight distance is ………
V2
SSD  0.278Vt 
254 f

V  60 kmph, t  2.5 sec, f  0.36

602
SSD  0.278  60  2.5   41.7  39.4  81.1 m
254  0.36
Stopping sight distance for two way traffic with single lane = 2 × stopping distance
= 2 × 81.1 = 162.2 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 7
4. A two lane road is used for two way traffic for design speed of 80 kmph. If the
coefficient of friction between the road surface and the tyres is 0.37, the safe stopping
sight distance is ………
V  80 kmph, f  0.36, t  2.5 sec
V2
SSD  0.278Vt 
254 f
802
 0.278  80  2.5   55.6  70.0  125.6 m
254  0.36

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 8
5. A vehicle is moving on a highway at a speed of 80 kmph. If the coefficient of friction
between the road surface and the tyres is 0.35 and the reaction time of the driver is 2.5
sec, then the lag distance is ……….
V  80 kmph, f  0.35, t  2.5 sec
Lag distance  0.278  V .t  0.278  80  2.5  55.6 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 9
6. In a single lane road, two cars are approaching from the opposite directions at a speed of
60 kmph and 80 kmph. If the coefficient of friction between the road surface and the
tyre is 0.35, then the minimum sight distance required to avoid a head-on-collision of
two cars is ……..
For car 1,
V  60 kmph, t  2.5 sec, f  0.35
V2 602
SD1  0.278Vt   0.278  60  2.5   41.7  40.5  82.2 m
254 f 254  0.35
For car 2,
V  80 kmph, t  2.5 sec, f  0.35
V2 802
SD2  0.278Vt   0.278  80  2.5   55.6  72.0  127.6 m
254 f 254  0.35
The minimum sight distance required to avoid head on collision,
SD  SD1  SD2  82.2  127.6  209.8 m
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 10
7. A vehicle is moving on a highway at a speed of 80 kmph. The reaction time of the driver
is 2.5 sec. The coefficient of friction between the road surface and the tyres is 0.4 and
brake efficiency is 50%. The minimum stopping sight distance is ………

As the brake efficiency is 50%, the wheels will skid through 50% of the braking
distance. Therefore, the value of coefficient of friction developed may be taken as 50%
of the coefficient of friction.
f = 0.5 × 0.4 = 0.2
V  80 kmph, t  2.5 sec.
V2 802
SSD  0.278Vt   0.278  80  2.5   55.6  126.0  181.6 m
254 f . 254  0.4  0.5

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 11
8. The intermediate sight distance required for a highway with a design speed of 80 kmph
and coefficient of friction between the road surface and tyre is 0.36, is ……..
Intermediate sight distance = 2 × SSD
V2 802
SSD  0.278Vt   0.278  80  2.5 
254 f 254  0.36
= 55.6 +70=125.6 m
ISD = 2 × 125.6 = 251.2 m.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 12
9.The speed of overtaking and overtaken vehicles are 80 kmph and 60 kmph respectively
on a two way traffic road. If the acceleration of the overtaking vehicle is 0.9 m/sec2, the
safe overtaking sight distance is …….
Overtaking sight distance (OSD) = d1 + d2 + d3
 0.278 Vbt   0.278 Vb .T  2 S   0.278 V .T .
V  80 kmph a  0.9 m/sec2
3600
Vb  60 kmph A  0.9  kmph/sec
1000
T  2 sec  3.24 kmph/sec.
S   0.2Vb  6   0.2  60  6  18 m
14.4 S 14.4 18
T   8.94sec.
A 3.24

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 13
 d1  0.278  60  2  33.4 m
d 2  0.278  60  8.94  2 18  185.1m
d3  0.278  V .T  0.278  80  8.94  198.8 m
OSD  33.4  185.1  198.8  417.3 m
(OR)
OSD  vb .t   vb .T  2S   v.T
60 80
vb   16.67 m/sec, v  22.22 m/sec.
3.6 3.6
m
a  0.9 2
, t  2 sec.
sec
s  0.7 vb +6  0.7 16.67  6  17.7m
4S 4 17.7
T   8.86sec
a 0.9
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 14
 d1  16.67  2  33.3 m
d 2  16.67  8.86  2 17.7  183.1 m
d3  22.22  8.86  196.9 m
OSD  33.3  183.1  196.9  413.3 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 15
10.The overtaking sight distance for a two way traffic road is 280 m. The minimum and
desirable lengths of overtaking zones respectively are …………
OSD = 280 m
Minimum length of overtaking zone = 3 (OSD) = 3 × 280=840 m
Desirable length of overtaking zone = 5 (OSD) = 5 × 280 = 1400 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 16
11.A major district road of WBM is to be constructed for a width of 3.8 m in a heavy
rainfall region. The height of the crown with respect to the edges is ……..
For WBM road, a camber of 1 in 33 is provided in the heavy rainfall region.
3.8 1
Height of crown with respect to edges    0.058m  5.8cm
2 33

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 17
13.Bituminous pavement of width 7.0 m is to be provided for a state highway in a heavy
rainfall region. The rise of crown with respect to edges is …….

For bituminous surface a camber of 1 in 40 is to be provided in a region of heavy

rainfall.
7.0 1
Rise of crown with respect to edges    0.0875m  8.75cm
2 40

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 18
14.A horizontal curve is to be designed for a National highway in plain terrain with a
design speed of 80 kmph. The maximum superelevation is 0.07 and the lateral
coefficient of friction is 0.15. The ruling minimum radius of the curve is ……..
2
The radius of the curve is given by e  f  V
127 R
e  0.07, f  0.15, V  80 kmph
802
R  229 m
127  0.07  0.15 

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 19
15.The superelevation to be provided for a horizontal curve with a radius of 300 m for a
design speed of 80 kmph in plain terrain is ……..
As per IRC, the computation of superelevation is based on the assumption that it should
counteract the centrifugal force developed at 0.75 times of the design speed.
 0.75V 
2
V2
e 
127 R 225R
V  80 kmph, R  380 m
802
e  0.095
225  300
The allowable maximum, e  0.07
Hence, e  0.07

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 20
16.The lateral friction mobilized to counteract the balance centrifugal force developed in a
horizontal curve of radius 400 mm for a design speed of 100 kmph is ……..
V2
As per IRC, e  f 
127 R
1002
0.07 + f   f  0.13
127  400

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 21
17.A horizontal curve of radius 250 m is to be provided on a state highway in plain terrain
with a superelevation of 0.07 and lateral coefficient of friction is 0.15. The ruling
design speed for the curve is …………
V2
e f 
127 R
e  0.07, f  0.15, R  400 m
V2
(0.07  0.15)   V  83.6 kmph
127  250

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 22
18.The radius of circular horizontal curve is 200 m and the design speed is 60 kmph for a
highway with no superelevation. The coefficient of friction needed is ……..
V2
e f  e0 R  200 m V  60 kmph
127 R
602
f   0.142
127  200

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 23
19.A horizontal curve is to be provided on a National highway with a design speed of 60
kmph. The radius of the curve is 300 m. If the pressure on inner and outer wheels are
equal, then the equilibrium superelevation is ……

For the pressure on inner and outer wheels to be equal or for equilibrium superelevation
counteracting centrifugal force fully,
V2
f  0 and e 
127 R
602
e  0.094 e  0.07
127  300

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 24
20.While driving the vehicle at a speed of 40 kmph in descending grade, the driver requires
a braking distance equal to 1.5 times that required for stopping the vehicle when
travelling the ascending grade. If the coefficient of friction is 0.35, then the grade of the
road is ……….
Braking distance in down grade = 1.5 × Braking distance in up grade
S1  1.5S2
V2 V2
 1.5 
254  f  0.01n  254  f  0.01n 
1 1
 1.5   f  0.01n  1.5( f  0.01n)
f  0.01n f  0.01n
0.5 f  0.025n  0.5  0.35  0.025n n  7%

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 25
21.A two lane road is used for mixed traffic with design speed 80 kmph has horizontal
curve of radius 450 m. The width of the pavement is 7.5 m. If the pavement is rotated
with respect to the centre line, the rise of outer edge with respect to the centre is …..

For mixed traffic conditions, the superelevation should fully counteract the centrifugal
force for 75% of design speed.
V2 802
e   0.0632
225R 225  450

Since e is less than 0.07, e may be adopted as 0.0632.

Rise of outer edge with respect to centre,
B.e 7.5  0.0632
E   0.237m  23.7cm
2 2

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 26
22.The ruling design speed and minimum design speed on a national highway are 100
kmph and 80 kmph respectively. The values of Ruling minimum and absolute minimum
radius of the horizontal curve in plain terrain is ………

Ruling minimum radius is computed by considering the maximum values of

e  0.07 and f  0.15
V2 1002
Rruling    357.9m
127  e  f  127  0.07  0.15 
V12 802
Rmin    229.1m
127  e  f  127  0.07  0.15 

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 27
23.A horizontal curve of radius 200 m is to be provided on a highway of width 7 m with
design speed of 60 kmph. The length of the longest wheel base of vehicle expected in
the road is 6.0 m. The extra widening required for pavement is ……….

Extra widening required, We  Wm  W ps

nl 2 V
 
2 R 9.5 R
n  2, l  6.0m, R  200 m, V  60 kmph

2  62 60
We    0.18  0.45  0.63m
2  200 9.5 200

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 28
24.A two lane pavement of width 7.0 m on a national highway has a curve of radius 400 m.
If the design speed is 80 kmph, then the length of the transition curve as per allowable
rate of centrifugal acceleration is ……….
C: Allowables rate of change of centrifugal acceleration
80 80
C   0.516 m/sec3
75  V 75  80
0.0215V 3 0.0215  803
Length of the transition curve, L    53.3m
CR 0.516  400
The minimum value of transition curve as per IRC on plain and rolling terrain is
2.7V 2 2.7  802
L   43.2m
R 400
L=53.3 m
L2 53.32
Shift of the curve, S    0.3 m
24 R 24  400
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 29
25.A two lane pavement of width 7.0 m on steep terrain of national highway with design
speed of 80 kmph has a horizontal curve of radius 400 m. The minimum length of
transition curve required as per IRC is ………

V 2 802
L   16 m
R 400

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 30
26.A horizontal curve of 480 m radius for 7.5 m two-lane road is to be designed for a
speed of 80 kmph. The raising of the outer edge of the pavement with respect to the
inner edge to cater to the mixed traffic condition is ……….
a. 0.14 m b. 0.22 m c. 0.24 m d. 0.44 m
Design speed, V= 80 kmph
Radius of the curve, R = 480 m
Width of road, B = 7.5 m
For mixed traffic condition, the super elevation should fully counteract the
centrifugal force for 75% of design speed.
V2 802
e   0.0592
225R 225  480
Raising of the outer edge of the pavement with respect to the inner edge,
E  e.B =0.0592 × 7.5 = 0.44 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 31
27. A vehicle was stopped in two seconds by fully jamming the breaks. The skid
marks measured 9.8 meters. The average skid resistance co efficient will be
a. 0.7 b. 0.5 c. 0.4
d. 0.25
Initial speed of vehicle, v  f .g.t
 fgt 
2 2
fgt 2
Skid distance , S  v  
2 gf 2 gf 2
2S 2  9.8
The skid resistance coefficient, f  2   0.5
gt 9.8  2 2

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 32
28. A horizontal curve of 480m for 7.5m two lane road is to be designed for a speed
of 80kmph. The raising of the outer edge of the pavement with respect to the
center to cater to the mixed traffic condition is ……..
a. 014m b.0.22m c.0.24m d.0.27m
Radius of the curve, R=480m
Width of road, B = 7.5m
Design speed, V = 80 kmph
Number of lanes=2 V2
Equilibrium super elevation for mixed traffic condition, e =
2 225 R
80
e=  0.0593  0.07
225  480
Raising of outer edge with respect to inner edge, E=e. B =0.0593
Raising of outer edge with respect to center, E  0.44  0.22 m
2 2
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 33
 Geometric Design of Highways
Previous GATE Questions

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 15.2 Geometric Design of Highways
01. In an urban area, a median is provided to separate the opposing streams of traffic. As
per IRC: 86-1983, the desirable minimum width (in m, expressed a integer) of the median,
is……. GATE CE 2020

01. 5
As per 1RC:86, the absolute minimum width of median in urban area is 1.2 m and
desirable minimum is 5.0 m.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 35
02. The design speed of a two-lane two-way road is 60 km/h and the longitudinal
coefficient of friction is 0.36. The reaction time of a driver is 2.5 seconds. Consider
acceleration due to gravity as 9.8 m/s2. The intermediate sight distance in m, round off to
the nearest integer) required for the road is…. GATE CE 2020
02.162
Design speed, V = 60 Km/h
Longitudinal coefficient of friction, f = 0.36
Reaction time of driver, t = 2.5 sec
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.8 m/s2
Intermediate sight distance, ISD = ?
SSD : stopping sight distance
V2 602
S  0.278V .t   0.278  60  2.5   41.7  39.4  81.1 m
254 f 254  0.36
ISD = 2 × SSD = 81.1 × 2 = 162.2m 162 m.
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
6/14/2020 36
 03.A vehicle is moving on a road of grade +4% at a speed of 20 m/s. Consider the
coefficient of rolling friction as 0.46 and acceleration due to gravity as 10 m/s2.
On applying brakes to reach a speed of 10 m/s, the required braking distance (in
m, round off to nearest integer) along the horizontal, is ….… CE2 2019
03. 30
Gradient of road =+4% (upward gradient)
Speed of vehicle, V1 =20 m/s
Coefficient of rolling friction, f =0.46
Acceleration due to gravity, g =10 m/s2
Speed of vehicle after applying brakes, V2 =10 m/s
Breaking distance, S =?

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 V12 V22 V12  V22 202  102
S   
2 g ( f  0.01n) 2 g ( f  0.01n) 2 g ( f  0.01n) 2 10(0.46  0.01 4)
=30 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 04.A parabolic vertical curve is being designed to join a road of grade +5% with a
road of grade -3%. The length of the vertical curve is 400 m measured along the
horizontal. The vertical point of curvature (VPC) is located on the road of grade
+5%. The difference in height between VPC and vertical point of intersection
(VPI) (in m, round off to the nearest integer) is….. CE1 2019
04. 10
Given n1 = +5%, n2 = -3%
Horizontal length of vertical curve, L =400m
5 x
Tan =5%    x =10m
100 200

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 05.The coefficient of average rolling friction of a road is f r and its grade is + G%. If
the grade of this road is doubled, what will be the percentage change in the
braking distance (for the design vehicle to come to a stop) measured along the
horizontal (assume all other parameters are kept unchanged)? CE1 2019
0.01G Fr
a. 100 b. 100
f r  0.02 G f r  0.02 G
0.02G 2 fr
c. 100 d. 100
f r  0.01G f r  0.01G
05.a
V2 V 2
Braking distance, S  
254( f  0.01 n) 254( f r  0.01G )
f r : Coefficient of average rolling friction of a road
G : Gradient of the road G1=G and G2= 2G
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 V2 V2
S1  , S2 
254( f r  0.01G ) 254( f r  0.02G )
S1  S2
Percentage change in breaking distance  100
S1
V2 V2

254( f r  0.01G ) 254( f r  0.02G )
 2
100
V
254( f r  0.01G )
f r  0.02G  ( f r  0.01G ) 0.01G
  ( f r  0.01G ) 100  100
( f r  0.01G )( f r  0.026G ) f r  0.02G

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 06. A 7.5 m wide two-lane road on a plain terrain is to be laid along a horizontal
curve of radius 510 m. For a design speed of 100 kmph, super-elevation is
provided as per IRC : 73-1980. Consider acceleration due to gravity as 9.81 m/s2.
The level difference between the inner and outer edges of the road (in m, up to
three decimal places) is… CE2 2018
06. 0.525
Width of two lane road, W = 7.5 m
Radius of horizontal curve, R = 510 m
Design speed, V = 100 kmph.
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2.
Level difference between inner and outer edge of road, E = ?

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 Superelevation, e  tan   E E  eW
.
W
V2 1002
For mixed traffic flow, e   =0.087  0.07
225R 225  510
E  eW
. = 0.07  7.5 = 0.525 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 07. A car follows a slow moving truck (travelling at a speed of 20 m/s) on a two-
lane two-way highway. The car reduces its speed to 10 m/s and follows the truck
maintaining a distance of 16 m from the truck. On finding a clear gap in the
opposing traffic stream, the car accelerates at an average rate of 4 m/s2, overtakes
the truck and returns to its original lane. When it returns to its original lane, the
distance between the car and the truck is 16 m. The total distance covered by the
car during this period (from the time it leaves its lane and subsequently returns to
its lane after overtaking) is CE2 2018
a. 64 m b. 72 m c. 128 m d. 144 m
07. b
Speed of slow moving truck, v b = 10 m/s
Space head way S1 = 16 m, S 2 = 16 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 2(16  16)
Overtaking time, T  2( S1  S2 )   4sec
a 4
Distance covered by car, d 2  vb .T  S1  S2 = 10  4 + 16 + 16 = 72 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 08. A priority intersection has a single-lane one-way traffic road crossing an
undivided two-lane two-way traffic road. The traffic stream speed on the single-
lane road is 20 kmph and the speed on the two-lane road is 50 kmph. The
perception-reaction time is 2.5s, coefficient of longitudinal friction is 0.38 and
acceleration due to gravity is 9.81 m/s2. A clear sight triangle has to be ensured at
this intersection. The minimum lengths of the sides of the sight triangle along the
two-lane road and the single-lane road, respectively will be CE1 2018
a. 50 m and 20 m b. 61 m and 18 m
c. 111 m and 15 m d. 122 m and 36 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 08. b

For single lane road, V1 = 20 kmph

For two lane road, V2 = 50 kmph
Perception – reaction time, t = 2.5 sec
Coefficient of longitudinal friction, f = 0.38
Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/s2.
V2 202
SSD1  0.278Vt   0.278  20  2.5  = 13.9 + 4.14= 18.04 m
254 f 254  0.38
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 502
SSD2  0.278  50  2.5  = 34.75 + 25.9 = 60.65 m = 61 m
254  0.38

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 09. While aligning a hill road with a ruling gradient of 6%, a horizontal curve of
radius 50 m is encountered. The grade compensation (in percentage, up to two
decimal places) to be provided for this case would be … CE2 2017
09. 1.5
Ruling gradient = 6%
Radius of horizontal curve, R = 50 m
30  R 30  50
Grade compensation    1.6%
R 50
75 75
Maximum grade compensation    1.5%
R 50
The compensated gradient should be greater than 4%
Compensated gradient = 6-1.5 = 4.5%
 Grade compensation = 1.5%
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 10. The VPI (vertical point of intersection) is 100 m away (when measured along the
horizontal) from the VPC (vertical point of curvature). If the vertical curve is
parabolic, the length of the curve (in meters and measured along the horizontal)
is. CE2 2017
10. 200

For vertical curve, L1  L2 = 100 m

Horizontal length of the curve, L  L1  L2
L  100  100 = 200 m.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 11. The radius of a horizontal circular curve on a highway is 120 m. The design
speed is 60 km/hour, and the design coefficient of lateral friction between the tyre
and the road surface is 0.15. the estimated value of superelevation required (if full
lateral friction is assumed to develop), and the value of coefficient of friction
needed (if no superelevation is provided) will, respectively, be CE1 2017

c. 1 and 0.24 1 and 0.24

a. 1 and 0.10 b. 1 and 0.37 d.
11.6 10.5 11.6 12.9
11. c
Radius of horizontal circular curve, R = 120 m
Design speed, V = 60 km/hour
Coefficient of lateral friction, f  0.15

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 If f  0.15 , e  ?
If e  0, f  ?
V2 602 1
e f   e  0.15  e  0.0862
127 R 127 120 11.6
602
0 f   f  0.236  0.24
127 120

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 12. A super-elevation e is provided on a circular horizontal curve such that a vehicle
can be stopped on the curve without sliding. Assuming a design speed v and
maximum coefficient of side friction f max , which one of the following criteria
should be satisfied? CE1 2017
a. e  f max b. e  f max
1  ( f max ) 2
c. no limit one can be set d. e 
f max
12. a
e : Superelevation
v : Design speed
f max : Maximum coefficient of friction

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 v2
For no sliding, e  f 
gR
For stopped vehicle, v  0
e f  0e   f e  f

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 Stopped vehicle does not slide inwards in the radial direction
F  mg sin 
f .mg cos  mg sin  f  tan  f e

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 13. A motorist traveling at 100 km/h on a highway needs to take the next exit, which
has a speed limit of 50 km/h. The section of the roadway before the ramp entry
has a downgrade of 3% and coefficient of friction ( f ) is 0.35. In order to enter
the ramp at the maximum allowable speed limit, the braking distance (expressed
in m) from the exit ramp is ……... CE2 2016
13. 92.27

Downgrade, n = -3%
Coefficient of friction, f = 0.35

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 SSD = Lag distance + Breaking distance
V2
 0.278V .t 
254( f  n)
2 2
Breaking distance from P to Q  V V
1
 2
254( f  n) 254( f  n)

1002  502
S  92.27 m
 3 
254  0.35  
 100 

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 14. A two lane, one-way road with radius of 50 m is predominantly carrying lorries
with wheelbase of 5 m. The speed of lorries is restricted to be between 60 kmph
and 80 kmph. The mechanical widening and psychological widening required at
60 kmph are designated as Wme ,60 and W ps ,60 , respectively. The mechanical
widening and psychological widening required at 80 kmph are designated as
Wme ,80 and W ps ,80 respectively. The correct values of Wme ,60 ,W ps ,60 ,W
me ,80 ,W ps ,80 ,

respectively are CE1 2016

a.0.89 m, 0.50 m, 1.19 m, and 0.50 m b.0.50 m, 0.89 m, 0.50 m, and 1.19 m
c. 0.50 m, 1.19 m, 0.50 m, and 0.89 m d.1.19 m, 0.50 m, 0.89 m, and 0.50 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 14. b
Number of lanes, n = 2
Radius of the curve, R = 50 m
Length of wheel base, l = 5m
nl 2
Mechanical widening , Wm 
2R
V
Psychological widening, W ps 
9.5 R
60
25 2
Wps ,60   0.89 m
For V = 60 kmph Wme ,60   0.5 m 9.5 50
2  50

2  52 80
For V = 80 kmph Wme,80   0.5 m Wps ,80  = 1.19m
2  50 9.5 50
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 15. A superspeedway in New Delhi has among the highest super elevation rates of
any track on the Indian Grand Prix circuit. The track requires drivers to negotiate
turns with a radius of 335 m and 33° banking. Given this information, the
coefficient of side friction required in order to allow a vehicle to travel at 320
km/h along the curve is: CE2 2015
a. 1.761 b. 0.176 c. 0.253 d. 2.530
15. a
Radius of the curve, R = 335 m
Angle of banking,   330
Coefficient of side friction, f =?
5
Speed of the vehicle, V  = 320 kmph  320   88.89 m/sec
2 2 18
V 320
e f   tan 33  f 
0
 0.649  f  2.407  f  1.758
127 R 127  335
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 16. A sign is required to be put up asking drivers to slow down to 30 km/h before
entering zone Y (see figure). On this road, vehicles require 174 m to slow down
to 30 km/h (the distance of 174 m includes the distance travelled during the
perception-reaction time of drivers). The sign can be read by 6/6 vision drivers
from a distance of 48 m. The sign is placed at a distance of x m from the start of
zone Y so that even a 6/9 vision driver can slow down to 30 km/h before entering
the zone. The minimum value of x is …… m. CE1 2015

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 16.142
For a 6/6 vision driver can see sign from a distance of 48 m
6
For a 6/9 vision driver can see sign from a distance of 48  = 32 m
9
The vehicle required 174 m to slow down to 30 kmph
Therefore, the minimum distance, x = 174-32=142 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 v2
Stopping sight distance on slopes, SD  v.t 
2 g  f  0.01n 

v2
Therefore, Braking distance 
2g  fr  G 

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 17. On a circular curve, the rate of superelevation is e. While negotiating the curve a
vehicle comes to a stop. It is seen that the stopped vehicle does not slide inwards
(in the radial direction). The coefficient of side friction is f . Which of the
following is true. CE1 2015
a. e  f b. f  e  2 f c. e  2 f d. none of the above
17. a
Let e : Rate of super elevation
f : coefficient of side friction
v2
For nosliding, e  f 
gR
For stopped vehicle, v  0
e f  0e   f e  f
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 Stopped vehicle does not slide inwards in the radial direction
F  mg sin 
f .mg cos  mg sin  f  tan  f e

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 18. The acceleration-time relationship for a vehicle subjected to non-uniform
dv
acceleration is     v0  e  t
dt
Where, v is the speed in m/s, t is the time in s, α and ß are parameters, and v0 is
the initial speed in m/s. If the accelerating behavior of a vehicle, whose driver
intends to overtake a slow moving vehicle ahead, is described as,
dv
    v 
dt
dv
Considering  =2 m/s2,  =0.05 s-1 and = 1.3 m/s2 at t = 3 s, the distance
dt
(in m) travelled by the vehicle in 35 s is ………….. CE1 2015

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 18. 900.96
dv
The acceleration time relationship for a vehicle is given by  (  V0 )e  t
dt
V : Speed, m/s
x : distance travelled by the vehicle in time t1 = 35 sec
t : Time, sec
 and  : Parameters
 = 2 m/s2,  =0.05 s-1
dv
V0 : Initial speed, m/s = 1.3 m/s2 at t = 3s
dt
dv
The acceleration of slow moving vehicle,  (   v)
dt

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 Integrating
(   V0 ) e  t
 dv   (   V )e
t
. dt V C

0

   V0    V0 
At t  0, V  V0 V0    C  C  V0  
  
(   V0 ) e  t 
V  
 
dx (   V0 ) e  t 
V  
dt  
t
 t
    

0
dx    

( V

0 ) e
  dt

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
    V0   t 
t1 t1
    V0   t   
x
 
2
e    .t 
0  0
x
 2  e  1  .t1
1

 dv 
       V  e 3 
 1.3
 dt t 3
0

1.3
   V0  3  1.3 e30.05  1.51
e

x
1.51
(0.05) 2
e 
0.0535
 1   2
0.05
 35 = - 499.04 + 1400= 900.96 m

Distance travelled by vehicle in 35 S, x = 900.96 m.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 19. A road is being designed for a speed of 110 km/h on a horizontal curve with a
superelevation of 8%. If the coefficient of side friction is 0.10, the minimum
radius of the curve (in m ) required for safe vehicular movement is
a. 115.0 b. 152.3 c. 264.3 d. 528.5 CE1 2014
19. d.
Design speed, V  110 km/h
Super elevation, e  8%
Coefficient of side friction, f  0.10
Minimum radius of the curve, R  ?
V2
Ruling minimum radius of the curve is given by e  f 
127 R
1102
0.08  0.1  R  529.3m
127 R

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 20. The perception-reaction time for a vehicle travelling at 90 km/h, given the
coefficient of longitudinal friction of 0.35 and the stopping sight distance of
170 m (assume g = 9.81 m/s2), is ------seconds. CE1 2014
20. 3.15
Perception - Reaction time of the driver, t  ?
Speed of the vehicle,V  90km/h
Coefficient of longitudinal friction, f  0.35
Stopping sight distance, SSD  170m
Acceleration due to gravity, g  9.81m/sec2
V2 902
SSD  0.278V .t  170  0.278  90  t  t  3.15 sec
254 f 2540  0.35

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 Common Data for Questions 21 and 22:
For a portion of national highway where a descending gradient of 1 in 25 meets with
an ascending gradient of 1 in 20, a valley curve needs to be designed for a vehicle
travelling at 90 kmph based on the following conditions. GATE 2013
i. headlight sight distance equal to the stopping sight distance (SSD) of a level
terrain considering length of valley curve > SSD.
ii. comfort condition with allowable rate of change of centrifugal acceleration = 0.5
m/sec3.
Assume total reaction time = 2.5 seconds; coefficient of longitudinal friction of the
pavement = 0.35; height of head light of the vehicle = 0.75 m; and beam angle = 1°.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 21. What is the length of valley curve (in m) based on the head light sight distance
condition?
21. 308.96

Design speed of the vehicle, V  90 kmph

Head light sight distance = Stopping Sight Distance (SSD)
Length of valley curve  L   SSD
Allowable rate of change of centrifugal acceleration, C  0.5 m/sec2
Total reaction time, t  2.5 sec
Coefficient of longitudinal friction of the pavement, f  0.35
Height of head light of vehicle, h1  0.75m . Beam angle,   10
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 NS 2
L  SSD, L
 2h1  2S tan  
V2 902
S  0.278 V .t   0.278  90  2.5   62.55  91.11  153.66 m
254 f 254  0.35

1 1 9
Deviation angle, N    
25 20 100
NS 2 9  (153.66) 2
L   308.96 m
(1.5  0.035 S ) 100(1.5  0.035 153.66)

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 22. What is the length of valley curve (in m) based on the comfort condition
22. 106.1 1/ 2
 Nv3 
Length of valley curve for comfort condition, L  2 
 C 
90
v  25 m/sec
3.6
1/ 2
 9  25 
3
L  2   106.1 m
100  0.5 

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 23. The following data are related to a horizontal curved portion of a two-lane
highway: length of curve = 200 m, radius of curve = 300 m and width of
pavement = 7.5 m. In order to provide a stopping sight distance (SSD) of 80 m,
the set back distance (in m) required from the center line of the inner lane of the
pavement is …… GATE 2012
a. 2.54 b. 4.55 c. 7.10 d. 7.96
23. b
Length of curve, L = 200m
Radius of curve, R = 300m
Width of pavement, B = 7.5m
Stopping sight distance, S = 80m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 When L  S , set back distance, m  R  ( R  d ) cos  
.
2
Distance between the centre line of the road and the centre line of the inside lane,
7.5
d  1.875 m
4
  180 S   180 80 
 .   .   7.69
2  2( R  d ) 2  2(300  1.875) 2
m  300  (300  1.875) cos 7.690  4.56 m
Set back distance from centre of inner lane=4.56-1.875=2.685 m
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 24. If v is the initial speed of a vehicle, g is the gravitational acceleration, G is the
upward longitudinal slope of the road and f r is the coefficient of rolling friction
during braking, the braking distance (measured horizontally) for the vehicle to
stop is GATE 2011
2
v2 v2 vg d. v fr
a. b. c.
g (G  f r ) 2 g (G  f r ) (G  f r ) (G  g )
24. b
v : Initial speed of the vehicle
g : Gravitational acceleration
G : Upward longitudinal slope of the road
f r : Coefficients of rolling friction during braking

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 25. The design speed for a two-lane road is 80 kmph. When a design vehicle with a
wheel base of 6.6 m is negotiating a horizontal curve on that road, the off-
tracking is measured as 0.096 m. The required widening of carriageway of the
two-lane road on the curve is approximately GATE 2010
a. 0.55 m b. 0.65 m c. 0.75 m d. 0.85 m
25. c
Design speed of a road, V = 80 kmph.
Wheel base, l = 6.6 m
Off tracking = 0.096 m
Number of lanes, n = 2
2
Extra widening of carriage way, We  n.l V

2 R 9.5 R

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 l2 6.62
Off tracking =  = 0.096 R =226.88m
2R 2R
80
We = 2×0.096 + = 0.192+0.56 = 0.752m
9.5 226.88

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 26. Consider the following statements in the context of geometric design of
roads. GATE 2010
I. A simple parabolic curve is an acceptable shape for summit curves
II. Comfort to passengers is an important consideration in the design of
summit curves
The correct option evaluating the above statements and their relationship is
a. I is true, II is false
b. I is true, II is true, and II is the correct reason for I
c. I is true, II is true, and II is NOT the correct reason for I
d. I is false, II is true

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 26. a
When a fast moving vehicle travels along a summit curve, the centrifugal force
will act upwards against gravity and hence a part of the pressure on the tyres and
spring of the vehicle suspension is relieved. So there is no problem of discomfort to
passengers on summit curves. The only problem in designing summit curves is to
provide adequate sight distances.
Circular summit curve is ideal as the sight distance available throughout the
length of a circular curve is constant. The deviation angles in vertical curves of
highways are very small and so between the same tangents points, a simple
parabola is nearly congruent with a circular arc. Also a parabola is very easy for
arithmetical manipulation for computing ordinates. The use of simple parabola as
summit curve is found to give good riding comfort too. Because of these reasons in
actual practice a simple parabola curve is used as summit curve instead of the
circular arc.
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 27. A crest vertical curve joins two gradients of +3% and -2% for a design speed of
80 km/h and the corresponding stopping sight distance of 120 m. The height of
driver’s eye and the object above the road surface are 1.20 m and 0.15 m
respectively. The curve length (which is less than stopping sight distance) to be
provided is GATE 2009
a. 120 m b. 152 m c. 163 m d. 240 m
27. b

Deviation angle, N = 3 - (-2) = 5%

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 Design speed, V = 80 km/h
Stopping sight distance, S = 120 m
Height of eye level of driver above roadway surface, H = 1.2 m
Height of object above the pavement surface, h = 0.15m
The curve length is less than stopping sight distance.
When L < SSD
 
2
2 H  2h
Length of curve, L  2S 
N
If H = 1.2m, h = 0.15m
4.4 4.4
L  2S  = 2  120  =152 m
N 0.05

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 28. The value of lateral friction or side friction used in the design of horizontal curve
as per India Roads Congress guidelines is GATE 2009
a. 0.40 b. 0.35 c. 0.24 d. 0.15

28. d
The value of lateral friction used in the design of horizontal curve is 0.15
f = 0.15

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 Statement for Linked Answer Questions 29 and 30 :
A horizontal circular curve with a centre line radius of 200 m is provided on a 2-
lane, 2-way SH section. The width of the 2-lane road is 7.0 m. Design speed for this
section is 80 km per hour. The brake reaction time is 2.4s and the coefficients of
friction in longitudinal and lateral directions are 0.355 and 0.15, respectively.
GATE 2008
29. The safe stopping sight distance on the section is
a. 221 m b. 195 m c. 125 m d. 65 m
29. c
Radius of the circular curve, R = 200 m
Design speed, V = 80 km per hour
Brake reaction time, t = 2.4 sec
Coefficient of friction in longitudinal direction, f = 0.355

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 V2
Safe stopping sight distance, SSD  0.278Vt 
254 f
802
SSD  0.278  80  2.4  = 124.35 =125 m
254  0.355

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 30. The set-back distance from the centre line of the inner lane is
a. 7.93 m b. 8.10 m c. 9.60 m d. 9.77 m
30. d


Set back distance from the centre of inner lane m  R  ( R  d ) cos
2
Distance between the center line of the road and the center line of the inside
3.5
Lane, d   1.75m
2

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
  180 S
 .
2  2( R  d )
 180 180 
 .   18.06o
2  2(200  175) 2

m: 200   200  1.75  cos18.06 0

= 11.52 m

Set back distance from centre of inner lane = 11.52 – 1.75 = 9.77 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 31. A road is provided with a horizontal circular curve having deflection angle of 550
and centre line radius of 250 m. A transition curve is to be provided at each end
of the circular curve of such a length that the rate of gain of radial acceleration is
0.3 m/s3 at a speed of 50 km per hour. Length of the transition curve required at
each of the ends is GATE 2008
a. 2.57 m b. 33.33 m c. 35.73 m d. 1666.67 m
31. c
Deflection angle of the horizontal circular curve,  = 550
Radius of the curve, R = 250 m
Rate of change of centrifugal acceleration, C = 0.3 m/sec2
Design speed, V = 50 km per hour

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 0.0215V 3 0.0215(50)3
Length of the transition curve, L   = 35.83 m
CR 0.3  250
(or)
50  1000
Design speed, v  = 13.89 m/sec
60  60
3 3
v (13.89)
Length of the transition curve, L    35.73m
CR 0.3  250

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 32. The design speed on a road is 60 kmph. Assuming the driver reaction time of 2.5
seconds and coefficient of friction of pavement surface as 0.35, the required
stopping distance for two-way traffic on a single lane road is GATE 2007
a. 82.1 m b. 102.4 m c. 164.2 m d. 186.4 m
32. c
Design speed, V = 60 kmph
Reaction time of driver, t = 2.5 sec
Coefficient of friction of pavement surface, f = 0.35
Number of lanes, n = 1

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 Traffic direction : two way
Stopping distance = Lag distance + Breaking distance
V2 602
 0.278Vt   0.278  60  2.5  = 41.7 + 40.5 = 82.2 m
254 f 254  0.35
Stopping sight distance for two way traffic with single lane
= 2  Stopping distance
= 2  82.2 = 164.4 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 33. While designing a hill road with a ruling gradient of 6%, if a sharp horizontal
curve of 50 m radius is encountered, the compensated gradient at the curve as
per the Indian Road Congress specifications should be GATE 2007
a. 4.4% b. 4.75% c. 5.0% d. 5.25%
33. a
Ruling gradient = 6%
Radius of horizontal curve, R = 50 m
30  R 30  50
Grade compensation    1.6%
R 50
75 75
Maximum Grade compensation    1.5%
R 50
Compensated gradient = Ruling gradient - Grade compensation
= 6 –1.5 = 4.5%
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 34. The extra widening required for a two-lane national highway at a horizontal
curve of 300 m radius, considering a wheel base of 8 m and a design speed of
100 kmph is GATE 2007
a. 0.42 m b. 0.62 m c. 0.82 m d. 0.92 m
34. c
Radius of the curve, R = 300m
Wheel base, L = 8m
Design speed, V = 100 kmph
Number of traffic lanes, n = 2
nl 2 V 2  82 100
Extra widening, We     = 0.213 + 0.607 = 0.82 m
2 R 9.5 R 2  300 9.5 300

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 35. At a horizontal curve portion of a 4 lane undivided carriageway, a transition
curve is to be introduced to attain required superelevation. The design speed is
60 kmph and radius of the curve is 245 m. Assume length of wheel base of a
longest vehicle as 6 m, superelevation rate as 5% and rate of introduction of this
superelevation as 1 in 150. The length of the transition curve (m) required, if the
pavement is rotated about inner edge is. GATE 2006
a. 81.4 b. 85.0 c. 91.5 d. 110.2
35. d.
Number of lanes, n = 4
Design speed, V = 60 kmph
Radius of the curve, R = 245 m.
Length of the wheel base, l = 6m
Superelevation rate, e = 5%
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 Rate of introduction of superelevation = 1 in 150 ie. N = 150
Length of the transition curve = Ls
Width of each lane = 3.5 m
Width of carriage way, W = 3.5 × 4 = 14 m
n.l 2 V
Extra widening required, We  
2 R 9.5 R
4×62 60
We = +
2×245 9.5 245
= 0.294 + 0.404 = 0.698 m

Total width of carriage way = 14 + 0.698 = 14.698 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 When the pavement is rotated about the inner edge,
Total superelevaation, E  (W  We ) e  14.698  5
100
Length of transition curve as per rate of introduction of superelevation,
Ls  E.N = 0.735 × 150 = 110.2 m
2.7 V 2 2.7  602
From IRC formula, Ls  Ls   39.7 m
R 245
Length of the transition curve for the design should be highest of the above.
Therefore, Length of transition curve, Ls = 110.2 m
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 36. A vehicle moving at 60 kmph on an ascending gradient of a highway has to
come to stop position to avoid collision with a stationary object. The ratio of lag
to brake distance is 6:5. Considering total reaction time of the driver as 2.5
seconds and the coefficient of longitudinal friction as 0.36, the value of
ascending gradient (%) is GATE 2006
a. 3.3 b. 4.8 c. 5.3 d. 6.8
36. b
Speed of the vehicle, V = 60 kmph.
Total reaction time of the driver, t = 2.5 sec
Coefficient of longitudinal friction, f = 0.36
Highway is with ascending gradient n %
The ratio of lag to brake distance = 6:5

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 Lag distance = 0.278 Vt = 0.278 × 60 × 2.5 = 41.7 m
5
Brake distance = ×41.7=34.35 m
6
V2
Brake distance =
254  f  0.01 n 
602
34.75 
254  0.36  0.01n 
n = 4.8%

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 37. A road is having a horizontal curve of 400 m radius on which a super-elevation
of 0.07 is provided. The coefficient of lateral friction mobilized on the curve
when a vehicle is travelling at 100 kmph is GATE 2005
a. 0.07 b. 0.13 c. 0.15 d. 0.4
37. b
Radius of the curve, R = 400 m
Super elevation, e = 0.07
Speed of the vehicle, V = 100 kmph
Coefficient of friction: f
V2 1002
ef  0.07  f  f = 0.126  0.13
127 R 127  400

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 38. The length of Summit curve on a two lane two way highway depends upon
a. allowable rate of change of centrifugal acceleration
b. coefficient of lateral friction
c. required stopping sight distance
d. required overtaking sight distance GATE 2005

38. d
Length of summit curve depends on
i. SSD for single lane two way highway
ii. OSD for two lane two way highway.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 39. Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojna (PMGSY) launched in the year 2000, aims to
provide rural connectively with all-weather roads. It is proposed to connect the
habitations in plain areas of population more than 500 persons by the year
a. 2005 b. 2007 c. 2009 d. 2012 GATE 2005

39. b
Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojan (PMGSY) launched in the year 2000, to
connect the habitations of plain areas of population more than 500 persons by
the year 2007.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 40. The co-efficient of friction in the longitudinal direction of a highway is
estimated as 0.396. The breaking distance for a new car moving at a speed of 65
km/h is GATE 2004
a. 87 m b. 45 m c. 42 m d. 40 m
40. c
Coefficient of friction in longitudinal direction, f = 0.396
Speed of vehicle, V = 65 km/h
V2 652
Braking distance   = 42 m
254 f 254  0.396

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 41. For a road with camber of 3% and the design speed of 80 km/h, the minimum
radius of the curve, beyond which no superelevation is needed, is
a. 1680 m b. 948 m c. 406 m d. 280 m GATE 2004
41. d.
Superelevation (camber) = 3% , e = 0.03
Design speed, V = 80 km/h
V2
Minimum radius of the curve is given by Rmin 
127(e  f )

Coefficient of friction, f = 0.15

 80 
2

Rmin  = 279.96 m  280m

127  0.03  0.15 

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 42. The Star and Grid pattern of road network was adopted in GATE 2003
a. Nagpur Road Plan b. Lucknow Road Plan
c. Bombay Road Plan d. Delhi Road Plan

42. a
Nagpur Road plan is based on Star and Grid pattern.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 43. A traffic stream in a particular direction of a two lane road is moving with a
constant speed of 50 kmph, with an average headway of 2.52 seconds. The
longitudinal distance between two consecutive vehicles is GATE 2003
a. 30 m b. 35 m c. 38 m d. 42 m

43. b
Speed of vehicles, V = 50 Kmph
Time, t = 2.52 sec
Longitudinal distance between two vehicles = 0.278Vt
= 0.278×50×2.52 = 35.03 m  35m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 44. The design speed for a National Highway is 100 kmph. If the maximum
permissible superelevation is 0.10 and the coefficient of lateral friction is 0.15,
the ruling minimum radius of horizontal curve on the highway should be
a. 260 m b. 315 m c. 380 m d. 410 m GATE 2003
44. b
Design speed, V =100 kmph
Maximum permissible superelevation, e = 0.10
Coefficient of lateral friction, f = 0.15
V2
The ruling minimum radius on horizontal curve, Rmin 
127(e  f )

1002
  314.9m  315m
127(0.1  0.15)

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 45. A car is moving at a speed of 72 km/h on a road having 2% upward gradient.
The driver applies brakes when he sees an obstruction. If his reaction time is 1.5
seconds, assuming that the co-efficient of friction between the pavement and tyre
as 0.15, calculate the distance traversed before the car finally stops.
a. 24 m b. 105 m c. 1056 m d. 324 m GATE 2002
45. b
Speed of the vehicle, V  72 km/h
Upward Gradient of the road, n  2%
Reaction time of driver, t  1.5 sec
Coefficient of friction, f  0.15

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 Stopping sight distance, V2
SSD  0.278Vt 
254 f  0.01n 

722
SSD  0.278 72 1.5   30.02  120.06  150.08 m
2540.15  0.01 2

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 46. Stopping sight distance and frictional co-efficients are GATE 2002
a. directly proportional to each other
b. inversely proportional to each other
c. unrelated
d. either directly or inversely proportional to each other depending on the nature
of pavement.
46. b
V2
Stopping sight distance (SSD)  0.278V .t 
254 f
SSD = Lag distance + Braking
f : Coefficient of friction between the tyre and road surface
Braking distance is inversely proportional to the coefficient of friction. ie., SSD is
inversely proportional to f .
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 47. A valley curve has a descending gradient of 1 in 40 followed by an ascending
gradient of 1 in 50. The length of the valley curve required for a design speed of
80 km/hour for comfort condition is GATE 2001
a. 199 m b. 116 m c. 58 m d. 37 m
47. c
1
Valley curve: N1   1 , N 2 
40 50
Design speed,V  80 km/h
3 1/ 2
Length of the valley curve, L  0.38  N .V 
1 1
Deviation angle, N     0.045
40 50
3 1/ 2
L  0.38 0.045  80  =57.68 m  58 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 48. Camber on highway pavement is provided to take care of GATE 2001
a. Centrifugal Force b. Drainage.
c. Sight Distance d. Off- Tracking

48. b
Centrifugal force Superelevation
Drainage Camber
Sight distance Length of the road visible ahead to the driver
at any instance.
Off tracking Widening of pavement on horizontal curves

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 49. The design value of lateral friction coefficient on highway is GATE 2001
a. 1.5 b. 0.50 c. 0.35 d. 0.15

49. d
The design value of lateral friction coefficient on highway, f  0.15

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 50. Design rate of superelevation for horizontal highway curve of radius 450 m for
a mixed traffic condition, having a speed of 125 km/hour is GATE 2000
a. 1.0 b. 0.05 c. 0.07 d. 0.154
50. c
Radius of horizontal curve, R  450 m
Design speed, V  125 km/hour
Rate of super elevation for mixed traffic condition is given by
V2 1252
e   0.154  0.07
225 R 225  450
Therefore, e  0.07

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 51. The ruling minimum radius of horizontal curve of a national highway in plain
terrain for a ruling design speed of 100 km/hour with e  0.07 and f  0.15 is
close to GATE 2000
a. 250 m b. 360 m c. 36 m d. 300 m
51. b
V2
Ruling minimum radius of horizontal curve, Rruling 
127(e  f )
Design speed, V  100 km/hour
Superelevation rate, e  0.07
Lateral friction coefficient, f  0.15
1002
Rruling   357.9 m
127(0.07  0.15)

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 52. Stopping sight distance is the minimum distance available on a highway which
is the GATE 2000
a. distance of sufficient length to stop the vehicle without collision.
b. distance visible to a driver during night driving
c. height of the object above the road surface.
d. distance equal to the height of the driver’s eye above the road surface.

52. a
Stopping sight distance (SSD) is the minimum sight distance available on a
highway at any spot to stop a vehicle travelling at design speed, safely without
collision with any other obstruction.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 53. Width of carriage way for a single lane is recommended to be GATE 2000
a. 7.5 m b. 7.0 m c. 3.75 m d. 5.5 m

53. c
Type of carriage way Width of carriage way
Single lane 3.75 m
Two lanes without raised kerbs 7.0 m
Two lanes with raised kerbs 7.5 m
Intermediate carriage way 5.5 m
Multilane pavements 3.5 m per lane

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 54. A parabolic curve is used to connect a 4% upgrade with 2% downgrade as
shown in the figure. The highest point on the summit is at a distance of
(measured horizontally from the first tangent point-FTP) GATE 1999

a. 50 m b. 60 m c. 75 m d. 100 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 54. a
Upgrade on summit curve, n1 = 4%
Downgrade on summit curve n2 = - 2%

Horizontal distance of highest point on the summit curve from FTP on the first
L.n2 150  2
Grade, L1  L1  = 50 m
N 6
(or)
L1  L2 =150
h  n1.L1  n2 .L2  4  L1  2  L2  L2  2L1
L1  2L1  150  3L1  150  L1  50m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 55. The relationship between the length ( I ) and radius (r ) of an ideal transition
curve is given by GATE 1999
a. I  r b. I  r 2 c. I 
1 1
d. I  2
r r
55. c
0.0215V 3 1
Length of the transition curve, Ls  Ls 
CR R
V : Design speed, kmph
R : Radius of transition curve
C : Allowable rate of change of centrifugal acceleration, m/s3.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 56. The total length (in km) of the existing National Highways in India is in the
range of GATE 1999
a. 15,000 to 25,000 b. 25,000 to 35,000
c. 35,000 to 45,000 d. 45,000 to 55,000

56. b
Total length of National highway in India in the year 1999: 25,000 to 35,000 km
Total length of National highway in India in the year 2013: 65,000 km

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 57. For a highway with design speed of 100 kmph, the safe overtaking sight
distance is (assume acceleration as 0.53 m/sec2) GATE 1998
a. 300 m b. 750 m c. 320 m d. 470 m

57. b
Design speed of overtaking vehicle, V =100kmph
Design speed of overtaken vehicle, Vb =100 – 16 = 84 kmph
Reaction time, t = 2sec
Acceleration, a = 0.53 m/sec 2
Acceleration, A = 0.53  3.6  1.92kmph/sec

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 Overtaking Sight Distance, OSD  d1  d2  d3
= 0.278Vb .t  (0.278Vb .T  2S )  0.278V .T
S  0.2Vb  6 = 0.2  84 + 6 = 22.8 m
14.4S 14.4  22.8
T   13.11sec
a 1.92
d1  0.278  84  2  46.7 m
d2  0.278  84 13.11  2  22.8  351.7 m
d3  0.278 100 13.11  364.5m
OSD= 46.7 + 351.7 + 364.5 = 762.9 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 58. At highway stretches where the required overtaking sight distance cannot be
provided, it is necessary to incorporate in such sections the following
a. at least twice the stopping sight distance
b. half of the required overtaking sight distance
c. one third of the required overtaking sight distance
d. three times the stopping sight distance GATE 1998
58. a
Minimum length of overtaking zone = 3  OSD
Desirable length of overtaking zone = 5  OSD
At stretches of the road where required overtaking sight distance cannot be
provided, intermediate sight distance equal to twice the stopping sight distance
may be provided. The measurement of the ISD may be made assuming both the
heights of eye level of the driver and the object to be 1.2 m above the road
surface.
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 59. If an ascending gradient of 1 in 50 meets another ascending gradient of 1 in 30
then the deviation angle is GATE 1997
a. 1in 50 b. 1in 75 c. 1 in 30 d. 1 in 150

59. b
First ascending gradient, N1  1: 50
Second ascending gradient, N2  1: 30
1 1 1
Deviation angle, N  N2  N1   
30 50 75

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 60. The superelevation needed for a vehicle traveling at a speed of 60 kmph on a
curve of radius 128 m on a surface with a coefficient of friction 0.15 is
a. 0.071 b. 0.15 c. 0.22 d. 0
GATE 1997
60. a
Speed of vehicle, V = 60 kmph
Radius of curve, R = 128 m
Coefficient of friction, f = 0.15
Super elevation, e = ?
V2
Super elevation is given by, e  f 
127 R
602
e  0.15  ; e = 0.071
127 128

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 61. The reaction time for calculation of stopping distance may be assumed as
a. 5 secs b. 2.5 secs c. 0.5 secs d. 10.0 secs
GATE 1997

61. b
The reaction time for calculation of stopping distance may be assumed as 2.5 sec

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 62. The value of the camber recommended for cement concrete roads in areas of
heavy rainfall is GATE 1997
a. 1 in 25 b. 1 in 33 c. 1 in 40 d. 1 in 50

62. d
S.No Camber in Heavy
Type of Road surface
rainfall
1 Cement concrete / High type 1 in 50
Bituminous surface
2 Thin Bituminous surface 1 in 40
3 Water Bound Macadam / 1 in 33
Gravel pavement
4 Earth 1 in 25

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 63. Sliding considerations for stopped vehicles on super elevated horizontal curves
provide the following bound on the amount of super elevation, e,
a. e ≥ coefficient of rolling friction b. e ≥ coefficient of side friction
c. e ≤ coefficient of rolling friction d. e ≤ coefficient of side friction
GATE 1996

63. b
For stopped vehicles on super elevated horizontal curves, the following sliding
consideration should satisfy.
e f

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 64. Maximum allowable grades are lower for railways than for highways because
a. construction costs become prohibitive for railways at high grades
b. trains are longer than vehicles which use the highways
c. high grades causes discomfort to passengers
d. steel wheels on steel rails have lower frictional coefficient than rubber tyres on
pavements GATE 1996

64. a
Maximum allowable grades are lower for railways than for highways because
construction costs become prohibitive for railways at high grades.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 65. On sag (or valley) curves the available sight distance is determined based on
a. design speed b. height of obstacle
c. height of driver eye d. night time driving conditions GATE 1996

65. d
There is no problem of restriction to sight distance in valley curves during day
light. However, during night driving under head lights of vehicles, the sight
distance available at valley curve is decreased. The factors to be considered in the
design of valley curve are i. impact free movement of vehicles at design speed or
the comfort to the passengers and ii availability of stopping sight distance under
head lights of vehicles for night driving.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 66. Transition curves are provided on the approach to horizontal curves in order to
a. increase jerk to allowable levels
b. minimize the length of the horizontal curve
c. simplify the laying out and construction of the horizontal curve
d. reduce jerk to allowable levels GATE 1996

66. d.
Transition curves are provided on the approach to horizontal curves in order to
reduce jerk to allowable levels.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 67. The ideal form of curve for the summit curve is GATE 1995
a. spiral b. parabola c. circle d. lemniscates

67. b
Type of curve use
Spiral Ideal transition curve
Parabola Summit curve
Circular Horizontal curves
Lemniscates Transition curve
Cubic parabola Valley curves

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 68. At highway stretches where the required overtaking sight distance cannot be
provided, it is necessary to incorporate GATE 1995
a. at least twice the stopping sight distance
b. half the required overtaking sight distance
c. one third the required overtaking sight distance
d. three times the stopping sight distance

68. a
At highway stretches where the required overtaking sight distance cannot be
provided, it is necessary to incorporate intermediate sight distance (ISD) equal
to twice the stopping sight distance (SSD).

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 69. A road is passing through a hilly area with horizontal curve. If the superelevation
provided is 1 in 10 and the coefficient of lateral friction is 0.16, the minimum
radius of the horizontal curve which the vehicles can negotiate safety at a speed
of 40 kmph in meters is …….. GATE 1993
69. 48.5 m.
1
Superelevation, e   0.1
10
Coefficient of friction, f  0.16
Minimum radius of horizontal curve, R  ?
Design speed, V  40 kmph
V2 402
e f  0.1  0.16  R  48.5m
127 R 127  R
Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy
Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 70. The superelevation needed on a horizontal circular curves of 150 m radius for a
design speed of 60 kmph with a coefficient of friction 0.15 is ………
GATE 1992
70. 0.07
Radius of circular curve, R  150 m
Design speed, V  60 kmph
Coefficient of friction, f  0.15
Superelevation, e  ?

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 Superelevation is designed for 75% of design speed to counteract the centrifugal
force fully.
V2 602
e   0.106  0.07
225 R 225 150
Therefore, e  0.07
Check for the value of friction developed
V2 602
f  e   0.07  0.119  0.15
127 R 127 150
Therefore, provide superelevation, e  0.07

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 71. The important factor considered in the design of summit curves on highways
is GATE 1992
a. comfort to passenger b. sight distance
c. superelevation d. impact factor

71. b
The important factor considered in the design of summit curves on highways is
sight distance. The stopping sight distance or the absolute minimum sight
distance should invariably be provided at all sections of the road system and also
on summit curves.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 72. Given the sight distance as 120 m, the height of the driver’s eye as 1.5 m, the
height of the obstacle as 15 cm and the grade difference of the intersecting
gradients as 0.09, the required length of the summit parabolic curve is…..
GATE 1991
72. 249.4 m
Sight distance, S  120 m
Height of the driver’s eye, H  1.5 m
Height of the obstacle, h  0.15 m
Grade difference of the intersecting gradients, N  0.09
Length of the summit parabolic curve, L  ?

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 Assuming that the length of curve is greater than the stopping sight distance,
0.09 120 
2
NS 2
L   249.4 m > SSD
   
2 2
2 H  2h 2 1.5  2  0.15

The assumption is correct.

Therefore, length of summit curve, L  249.4 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 73. If the design speed is 80 kmph, perception reaction time 3 seconds and
coefficient of friction 0.5, the safe stopping sight distance is….. GATE 1991

73. 117 m
Design speed, V  80 kmph
Perception reaction time, t  3 sec
Coefficient of friction, f  0.5
V2 802
Stopping sight distance, S  0.278V .t   0.278  80  3 
254 f 254  0.5
 66.72  50.39  117.11 m

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 74. Transition curve is provided in horizontal alignment GATE 1991
a. to increase the radius of curvature
b. to facilitate the application of superelevation
c. to counteract the centrifugal force developed
d. to prevent vehicle from skidding laterally

74. b
Transition curve is provided on horizontal alignment
i. to introduce gradually the centrifugal force between the tangent point and the
beginning of the circular curve avoiding a sudden jerk of the vehicle.
ii. to enable the driver turn the steering gradually for his own comfort and
security.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020
 iii. to enable gradual introduction of the designed super elevation and extra
widening of pavement at the start of the circular curve.
iv. to improve the aesthetic appearance of the road.

Prof. B. Jayarami Reddy

Y.S.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF YOGI VEMANA UNIVERSITY, PRODDATUR
14-06-2020