PHILIPPINE

HISTORY o How did barangays form nations

NATION (Benedict Anderson) o Towns/villages –> Barangays –> Regions
–> Nation
v Nations have a definite starting point (Anderson)
v Philippines has always “been there” and
v Cultural artefacts (*origin) of a “particular kind”
Filipinos has always “been around”
o Made up by history
v The inhabitants of the Philippine islands were
o Alffected by politics
already a nation even before the Spaniards
o Influenced by ideals (theories and
arrived
policies)
v Imagined political community as both inherently
limited and sovereign Tausugs, Maguindanaos, and Maranaos
o Imagined because members of even the • Philippines and the Filipinos had precise
smallest nation will never know most of beginnings in time
their fellow members • Not late entrants into the Philippine nation
v “Nationalism is not the awakening of nations to
• Arrived in time to contribute to the formation of
self-consciousness: it invents nations where they
the Philippine nation (with the Cordilleras)
do not exist” – Gellner


New Narrative
FOUR ASPECTS OF A NATION
• “If there was no nation to invade, then what did
1) IMAGINED
the Spaniards invade?”
• Tombs of Unknown Soldiers
• Rizal insisted that the Philippine inhabitants
o Imagined
were never conquered by the Spaniards
o Either empty or no one knows
o Spaniards made peace pacts, treaties,
who’s inside them
and alliances
o Symbolizes nationalism
o Ruled the Philippines due to divid et
2) LIMITED
empera (divide & conquer)
• Limited in the sense of geographical –> *What was there to divide if ethnic
boundaries and political jurisdiction
groups and villages within the same
• Even the largest one has finite ethnic group were independent of one
boundaries
another?
3) SOVEREIGN

• Power entails the power to influence
o Organize laws CHAPTER 1 – The Importance of Primary Sources in
o Hierarchal dynasty rulers History
4) COMMUNITY KINDS OF HISTORICAL SOURCES
• All equal because we are all Filipinos 1) PRIMARY SOURCE
• Regardless of conflict,
• A piece of evidence written or created
inequality/differences, a nation has
during the period under investigation
deep comradeship (friendship through
• Limited –> needs secondary sources to
common aims)
understand the context of a primary
source
NATION (Paul Dumol) • Record left by a person who witnessed
the event
v Nations are ultimately formed in history
o Objectively modern to historians • Can be wriiten or non-written (e.g.
§ “objective madness but Manunggul Jar, edifices: churches,
subjectively ancient” clothes, jewelry, paintings, etc.)
o
v * ORIGIN (from Anderson – cultural artefacts)
 2) SECONDARY SOURCE 2. When was the account made?
• Works produced after the event has § Time – the period
taken place 3. Who was the recipient of the
• Uses a primary source account?
• Assessment or commentary of events, § Mindful of the purpose
people or institutions of the past § Personal or not
• E.g. books, monographs, articles in 4. Is there bias to be accounted
scholarly journals, disserations, papers for?
read in conferences, etc. § Compare it to other
sources

§ Vis-à-vis biased
*Why should we read both? § Objective –> look at a
Ø In order for us to give our interpretation other different POV
than the information given by the secondary 5. Does informed common sense
source make the account probable?
Ø Verify the data in the primary source § Inherent probability
Ø Look at the source in order to write commentary § Conclude as it is
probable given the
context of time or
ANALYZING PRIMARY SOURCES
because of a current
Historical Methods (Criticism) context
1) EXTERNAL CRITICISM § It is probable in
• Aims to check the authenticity of the commonsensical given
primary source the context during that
• Some historians: time
o Paleographer – checks the § It may be probable now
handwriting of the document if but it can be not
it belongs to the handwriting of probable before
the period 6. Is the account corroborated by
o Philologist – studies the style other accounts?
and language of the text in a Primary source – insert letter of Bonifacio
document AUSTRONESIAN MIGRATION
o Know Numismatics – studies
coins and medals • Austronesian Migration Theory propounds on
o Know Epigraphy – studies the expansion of a group of people called the
inscriptions in monuments Austronesians from Asia into the Pacific by
means of Taiwan 6,000 years ago.

• Theory proposed by Peter Bellwood, a professor
2) INTERNAL CRITICISM of Archeology.
• Checks on the reliability of the source • The Austronesian migrations began from the
• Skepticism in accepting the source Chinese mainland, reaching Taiwan first in 3500
• What does it involve and why is it BC then the Philippines by 3000 BC. They
necessary? reached Sumatra and Java by 2000 BC, Northern
1. How close was the author to the New Guinea by 1600 BC, Samoa by 1200 BC,
event being studied? Hawaii, Easter Island, and Madagascar by 500
§ Proximity – perspective; AD, etc.
who was present in the • The theory largely explains the similarities in
event to give an culture, language and physical attributes in
accurate account
 different countries in the most Asian countries linguistic artistry –> enable all to
and even Madagascar. understand each other
• Austronesian speaking peoples came by boat
from Taiwan through Batanes (north edge of the

Philippines)
o Entry to the tropical part of the world CHAPTER 4 – The Philippines Becomes a Spanish Colony
o Expert seafarers FACTORS THAT BROUGHT THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
• Austronesians developed the technology to AND EXPANSION (Europe 15th-16th century)
navigate and cross the open seas to distant 1) Economic motive of finding a direct access to
islands the profitable Oriental trade luxury goods such
o They invented the outriggers canoe and as silk and spices
precursor of the catamaran (double- 2) Scientific and technological progress specifically
hulled sailing canoe) in shipbuilding, cartography, and navigational
o Over large seas and technology to instruments significantly contributed to the
improve like Polynesia success of the exploratory expeditions
• Textbooks showed that the ancestors used land 3) The quest to explore unknown and distant lands
bridges to reach the Philippines, but evidence also involved the religious mission of spreading
show that they came from Southern China to the Christian faith
Taiwan

• Linguists say that the sophisticated seafaring
culture was instrumental in the spread of First Voyage Around the World by Antonio Pigafetta
Austronesian languages during the Neolithic Era (Excerpt)
o Colonized the southeast Asia and the v Ferdinand Magellan
Philippines • Portuguese sailor who defected to Spain
• BOATS and the SEA plays a central role in the • Persuaded King Charles V for an
beliefs of the Austronesian speaking peoples expedition to discover a Western route
• A burial jar (Manunggul Jar) from Palawan has a to the east
carving of a boat and shows how the sea • First Voyage Around the World – name
dominated life and death of expedition (5 ships)
• Austronesian language speaking peoples had • Antonio Pigafetta – Italian who took part
their own belief system in the expedition
o Shown in architecture, shrines, v Primary source
upperworld, etc. • Pre-colonial Philippine Society
o Show cultural traits 1) Decentralized, no central
§ Wearing of clothes using the government (Sin Policia)
backstrap loom 2) Presence of ranks (social
§ Chewing of betel nut quids –> stratification – based on
reddening of teeth clothing and looks)
• Nephrite jade artifacts from Taiwan 3) Trade –> barter (trading
o Little jade earrings were found in naturally rather than fight)
Palawan (same with Malaysia and 4) Rich natural resources (first
Taiwan) signs of gold in districts)
• Austronesian – most developed language • There are different rajahs/datus in each
o Variation of an Austronesian language island/town
o Showed culture and commerce between • Not Muslims because the king (datu)
the Philippines and its neighbors offered the Spaniards (Magellan,
o Heritage shows that southeast Asian Pigafetta, etc.) swine/pork
countries share a common cultural and • Magellan went to Cebu because it was a
prominent barangay
 o Raja Humabon – ruler of Cebu • Arrived in Cebu April 27, 1565
and became a vassal of Spain o Defeated Cebuanos and
o Zulu and Lapu-Lapu conflict established a settlement
(former accepts Spaniards, o Called it Nombre de Jesus –>
latter does not) one of his men found a wooden
o Spaniards were vastly image of the holy child
outnumbered by Lapu-Lapu and • Lacked food and basic provisions, they
his men went to Panay and sent Martin de Goiti
o Spaniards used guns while the to explore North Luzon
Filipinos used bamboo spears • FIRST GOVERNOR GENERAL OF THE
tipped with iron and shields PHILIPPINES
§ *proof that pre-colonial v Primary source
Filipinos know how to • Miguel Lopez de Legazpi is instructed to:
work with metal o Do not enter any islands
o Magellan was killed by Lapu- belonging to the king of
Lapu’s men, not him (speared Portugal –> just other nearby
through the arm and ambushed) islands like “Phelipinas”
• Only the Victoria made it back to Spain o Assure a return voyage
commanded by Sebastian del Cano o Also enter other islands that has
• Ruy de Villalobos’ expedition gave the spices (not colonized)
name “Las Phelipinas” in honor of King • Legazpi’s tasks:
Philip II o Try to discover and examine
PRE-COLONIAL PHILIPPINE SOCIETY their ports
o Ascertain and learn the
Ø Lowland barangays
settlements and their wealth
Ø Sultanate – Islamized
o Learn the nature and mode of
Ø Infieles – high-land community
life of the natives
o Sultanate and Infieles were not
o Trade and barter among them
successfully colonized by the Spaniards
and with what nations
o Value and price of spices among
Instruction to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi from the Royal them (+ equivalent of each in
Audencia of New Spain merchandise and articles for
v King Philip II – decided to relinquish (give up) his exchange)
claims to Moluccas to Portugal and colonize the o Make and establish friendship
Philippines instead with the natives
v Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – laid the foundation o Other things that may be
for Spanish colonization in the Philippines advantageous
• led the expedition organized in Mexico, • If the land is so rich and of such quality,
instructed by the Royal Audencia Legazpi should establish a colony
• Goal: Philippines would be ruled from v SUMMARY
Mexico (New Spain), a viceroyalty of the 1. Philippines was ruled by Spain through
Spanish empire Mexico
• Philippines was reached through Mexico 2. Legazpi and his crew were not
welcomed by the natives
• Reached Samar on February 15, 1565
- Legazpi used the route of
• Went around the Visayan islands and
Magellan
was met with suspicion and indifference
• Bohol – Legazpi performed blood - Wasn’t as easy to land
compact with chief Sikatuna –> friendly
relationship
 - Portugese pretended to be o Have more weapons (artillery,
Spaniards after Magellan culverin)
left/died • Manilla is a Spanish city founded by
3. Established a friendly relationship with governor Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Chief Sikatuna by blood compact o Two chiefs: Laya (deceased) and
- The society values ranks Raxa Soliman
- It is essential for the people o Peaceful negotiation among the
below to follow two chiefs and master-of-camp
4. Establish a colony through (Martin de Goiti)
- Scouting • Some natives desired peace, others
- Establishing friendship desired war
- Spices o War started and Spanish
- Economic motive and religious soldiers were outnumbered by
motive (spread Christianity) the Manilla people
§ Patronato Real • De Goiti suggested burning Manilla as a
§ Spanish colonial solution to the war
government has the o Victory was obtained
right to rule over the
Philippines because
v SUMMARY
they have the task of
1. Large and very strong description
evangelization
- Information from other chiefs
- Manila was already a well-
Relation of the Conqeust of the Island of Luzon (Excerpt) known barangay
v Martin de Goiti – found the port and town of - Barangays interact with each
Maynilad along Pasig River other even though the
• Peace was negotiated among Muslim government is decentralized
chief Raja Soliman and De Goiti 2. Artillery and culverins in Manila
o Hostilities ensued and the town - Canon and weapons
was sacked by the Spaniards - Manila had better technology
with the help of their Visayan than other barangays
allies 3. Manila was located in a peninsula
• Legazpi transferred to Maynilad (1571) - Near the sea/river
and made it capital of the new colony - Good place for trading
• Pacified the surrounding lowland - Located in a place that controls
communities the flow of trade –> prestige
• Trade with China proved economically and power
crucial to the Spanish colony - Strategic location
• Manila was developed into a city within 4. Spaniards making alliances
walls or Intramuros where most Spanish - A few Spaniards
residents lived –> Muy Insigne Siempre - Need alliances –> to get access
Leal Ciudad (Eminent and Ever Loyal City to resources
v Primary source - Had to colonize 2,000 people
• Master-of-camp set sail for the port and - Need additional manpower
village of Manilla, large and very strong 5. Burning down of barangays
but not as large and strong as Nueva - To establish a strong hold of
España Manila
• Inhabitants of Manilla were very
powerful compared to the natives
CHAPTER 2 – Spiritual Beliefs of the Early Filipinos • Nagaanitos – type of worship
v Philippines – came from Ruy Lopez de Villalobos • Badhala – one of their idols; “all
when he named the Philippines, Las Islas powerful” or “maker of all things”
Filipinas after King Philip II • They worshipped the moon, stars, and
v Filipino was used to refer to any Spanish born in morning star (Tala)
the colony • To be continued
v The Pre-colonial Filipinos were decentralized
and was divided into localized settlements
Sucesos de las Islas Filipinos by Antonio de Morga
called BARANGAYS
(Excerpt)
o Term came from the word balangay, an
Austronesian sea-going vessel v Antonio de Morga – Spanish high-ranking official
o Small political entities in the Phillipines
o Economic, social, cultural, and spiritual • Oidor or Judge of the Real Audencia
institutions (position)
o Babaylan (Visayas) or Catalonan (Luzon) • Author of Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas
– local spiritual leader that led the (Events in the Philippine Islands – 1609)
spiritual life in the barangay o Covers the political, economic,
§ Usually a female, but if it’s a social and cultural life of the
male, he should act and dress Filipinos and Spaniards (from
as a female 1493 – 1603)
• Morga talks about the “ignorance” and

“stubbornness” of the non-Christian
Relation of the Worship of the Tagalogs, Their Gods, and Filipinos
Their Burials and Superstitions by Fray Juan de Plasencia v Primary source
(Excerpt) • To be continued
v Fray Juan de Plasencia – one of the first
Franciscan missionaries in the Philippines
Relacion de las Islas Filipinas by Miguel de Loarca
• Responsible for the foundation of
(Excerpt)
various towns in Luzon (Laguna and
Tayabas) v Miguel de Loarca – one of the first Spanish
• Author of Doctrina Christiana (first book conquistadores to arrive
printed in the Philippines) • Observed the native cultural traditions
• Known to be the defender of the natives before Christianity spread
from the Spanish officials which resulted • First Spaniard to conduct the colony’s
in the Manila Synod of 1582 earliest census
• Suggested the reduccion policy –> • Became one of the earliest
resettlement of the natives encomederos in the country
v Second part of Plasencia’s Costumbres de los v Relacio de las Islas Filipinas (1852) – Loarca
Tagalogs –> a report to a Spanish noble documented the customs and traditions of the
• Costumbres – Plasencia’s account of the early Filipinos
traditions, society , marriage, laws, • Layman’s POV of the natives’ affairs
dowries, and spiritual beliefs of the • Talks about the beliefs of the people
Tagalogs from Panay or Pintados
v Primary source v Primary source
• Simbahan – a temple or place of • To be continued
adoration of the Tagalogs
• Pandot (worship) – they celebrate a Relacion de las Islas Filipinas by Pedro Chirino (Excerpt)
festival in the large house of a chief
• Temple – the house they gather in
 v Pedro Chirino – a well-known and devoted Jesuit 4) Used boats for maritime migration call their
missionary communities barangay –> named after boats
• Founder of various towns and parishes • All scattered and not linked together
• Recorded the ancient Tagalog script (that they all come out in different
baybayin to Latin alphabet batches)
• Responsible for the elevation of the *How do they develop hierarchies?
Jesuit mission in the Philippines as vice-
Ø Those who acquired a lot of wealth
province, becoming independent from
Ø Captains of the boats become chiefs
the Mexican mission
Ø Customs and traditions
v Relacion de las Islas Filipinas (1604) – focused on
o Not written culture
the spiritual transformation of the colony based
o Transmitted though oral tradition or
on his experiences in the evangelical missions of
customs
the Jesuits
o Orally transmitted from one generation
• Narrates the “false religion of the
to another (e.g. epics)
pagans” and superstitions of the
Filipinos *They have a justice system
v Primary source Ø Punishments are determined by ranks –> if one
• To be continued has gold or not
Ø You have to be a part of a social status
Ø They value RANKS –> status trumps law
The Creation of the World – A Bicol Original Myth (as
o *much of our customs politically are still
told by Rosario Bonto, documented in the book the same with pre-colonial barangays
Ethnography of the Bicol People)

v Myth from the natives themselves
CHAPTER 3 – Early Philippine Society and Culture
• “Myths are the prose narratives which,
in the society which they are told, are
considered to be truthful accounts of CHAPTER 5 – Introduction of Colonial Institutions
what happened in the remote past” –
v 1571
Damiana Eugenio (Philippine Folk
• Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
Literature Series – 1981)
o Sailed to Manila with his force
• Myths are the story of mankid and other
o Adelantado –> advanced officer
creatures and their relationship with
• Natives set their houses on fire and fled
nature and the deities
when the Spaniards arrived
v Primary source
• Conquered Manila
• To be continued
o Negotiated with Raja Matanda
and Lakandula
CONNECTION OF AUSTRONESIAN MIGRATION THEORY v 1574 (3 years later)
TO EARLY SPIRITUAL BELIEFS OF THE FILIPINOS • Manila: “La insigne y siempre leal
1) Evidence: artifactss ciudad” (Distiguished and ever loyal city)
• Austronesian migration disproved the • Spaniards’ task: unify the Philippines
theory of land bridges under 1 faith under 1 colonial
2) Trade, clothing, resources, own belief system government with Manila as its center
(brought the culture) • Solution: resettle the natives (natives
3) Based on the sea were in scattered communities with no
• Lightning strike – typhoon (explanation) central government before)
• Austronesian migration also explains a v 1582
lot about their spiritual beliefs • Synod of Manila
 o Established under Dominican Fr. • Resettled villages –> have chiefs
Domingo de Salazar (first Bishop (leaders) that allied with the Spaniards
of Manila) • Filipinos who refused fled to the hills
• REDUCCION • Resettled villages –> have chiefs allied
o Plan by Franciscan Fr. Juan de with Spaniards
Plasencia
o Tame the reluctant Filipinos
through Christian indoctrination Encomiendas Assigned by Legazpi
using the plaza complex –> v Encomienda system
plaza in front of church • Distribution of land to be controlled by
v 1565 an assigned Spaniard –> grant/favor by
• Encomendia system was established the crown –> King Philip II
o Grant for a Spaniard to exercise • Helped conquer the Philippines
control over a specific place, • Collects tributes from the inhabitants
including its inhabitants (from • Obligations of encomienderos
the Spanish crown 1. Give protection to natives
o Was abolished eventually 2. Help missionaries convert
• Alcadia natives to Christianity
o Administrative division headed 3. Promote education
by alcalde mayor • Filipinas – name given to the Philippine
o Replaced encomienda archipelago in honor of King Philip II
o Political functions > economic • Ruy Lopez de Villalobos – called Samar
functions and Leyte “Las Islas Filipinas” but
• Tributes eventually became the name of the
o Annual tribute payment country
§ Vassalage to the King of
Spain
Memorial of Bishop Domingo de Salazar on the Abuses
• Cedula Personal
Committed by Spaniards
o Replaced tributes
o Personal identity paper v Fray Salazar
• Polo y servicios • Champion of the natives and disciple of
o Drafting laborers –> Filipino or Bartolome las Casas
Chinese male mestizos aged 16- • Wrote letter to the King of Spain to
60 years old for 40-day service expose different abuses by the Spanish
officials in the Philippines

v Primary source
Philippine Villages Reduced by the Spaniards (1582) • Abuses committed by the Spaniards
v Assess Spanish methods of evangelization 1. Brutal treatment of Filipinos
v REDUCCION § Death due to hunger
• “Civilizing tool” § High prices and scarcity
• Native population resettled in new 2. Forced labor
settlements where a church was § Paid small salaries for
constructed and within the hearing long hours of work
distance of church bells § Row galleys (ships) and
• Spaniards tried to gain the confidence of fragatas (warships) on
Filipinos through Christian commission –> go away
indoctrination in a settlement pattern to for 4-6 months –> DIE
make Filipinos law-abiding citizens of
the Spanish crown
 § Cutting wood in forests • According to Rada:
with no rest or chance o The spanish king should
to attend their fields § Protect and do the
3. Seizure of harvests and animals natives justice
with little to no compensation § Abolish abuses
§ Alcaldes buy from them § Aid them, instructing
for a small price and holy faith
sold again at higher
price
4. Collecting more tribute Decree Regulating Services of Filipinos
§ Crucify (lash and v Polo y Servicios
tormet) the chief if the • Drafting Chinese/Filipino male mestizos
collection is insufficient from 16-60 years old to render free and
§ Seize the wife or personal services to community projects
daughter if chief is not v Exemptions:
found • Native ruling elite and their sons
Order Issued by the Governor for Collection of the • Those able to pay the falla
Tributes by Governor general Gomez Perez Dasmariñas • Persons with disabilities
v Primary source
v “Tributo” or personal tax
• Repartimiento System
• Collected by the government officials in
o Allowed masters in colonies to
the Philippines as per Royal Decree
recruit natives to work
• Used in order to provide/pay for
o No indians allowed in the
government expenses
system (only Chinese and
• Repayment of indios to voyages and
Japanese), indians must work
colonization of the Philippines freely if occasion arises
• May be in cash or kind
• Governor assigns work
v Primary source
o Full wages and doesn’t hinder
• Instruction that the entire tribute may harvesting time of indians
be collected from the natives
• Punish those giving ill-treatment to
o Punctual and prompt
indians
o Collectors will be penalized or
executed if not complete
o No collection from areas not yet CHAPTER 6 – Early Filipino Revolts
pacified v Triggered revolts from Filipinos
o In cash or in kind 1. Imposition of the Catholic faith
o Order made in Manila 2. Forced labor or polo
3. Usurpation of land by the religious
Opinion of Fray Martin de Rada on Tributes Coming from orders
the Indians v Revolts took place in different locations
v Bancao Revolt –> inspired by the attempt to
v Fr. Martin de Rada’s letter to the King of Spain
preserve the old religion of Filipinos
v Compared the situation of the Philippines to v Sumuroy Revolt –> due to the demands of
other colonized areas of the Spaniards
forced labor or polo
• Different conditions –> payment of v Agrarian uprising (Cavite, Batangas, Laguna,
tribute Tondo and Bulacan) – rice and sugar producing
v Primary source provinces –> due to usurped land from the
• Tribute from natives natives by religious order (by Fr. Pedro Murillo
o Required natives to be friends and Fr. Casimiro Diaz)
but asked tribute
 commercial interests, except monastic interest –
CHAPTER 7 – The Propaganda Movement > under friars
v “Indifference to our Archipelago will not be good
v Emergence of native middle class
for Spain’s integrity in the Philippines”
• Acquired education (Spain)
• Integrity – whole
o UST
• If you don’t do these reforms, the
o Letran
Philippines might separate, hence Spain
o Ateneo
will not be whole
• Knowledge –> learned about Spain –>
• After assimilation –> for them to be part
they wanted to be Spanish (affinity of
of Spain
the Philippines as a part of Spain)
o To assure that the Philippines is
o Patriotism in the sense as you
a part of Spain
like the place you lived in
• They think that the reforms in the
• Realized this part of Spain is different –>
Philippines is vital to Spain’s integrity
inequality
v Philippines was already a concept (in MANILA GALLEON
comparison to barangays and pueblos)
• Because of the rise of the educated elite Manila Galleon Trade
• Began fighting for reforms for the
Philippines v Spanish ships linked the Philippines to Mexico
• Beginning of the story of the Philippines v 1-2 round-trip voyages between Manila and
as a nation Acapulco
v Sailed the pacific for 250 years

• Bringing cargoes of luxury goods (spices
La Solidaridad (Excerpt) and porcelain) in exchange for silver
v Aims to advance a particular political standpoint • Route crated a cultural exchange that
• Propagandist for democracy –> advance shaped the identities and culture of the
liberal ideas countries involved
v Described the propaganda as peaceful and • Chinese merchants went to Manila to
paying attention to the Philippines as a whole (in sell goods to the Spaniards for silver
comparison to previous revolts) o Major source of revenue of the
v Wanted to expose the evils of Spaniards initially Spanish empire
v Main goal: wanted the Philippine archipelago to
be represented in the Spanish Cortes (in order THE DUTCH WARS AND BRITISH OCCUPATION
to be treated as equals)
v Friars – the specific target; hindrance Dutch Wars
• Making a reference to the current
v King Philip closed the port of Lisbon to the Dutch
situation of Spain
v Dutch went to the east to challenge Spanish
o Conflict of liberals and
control of the trade (especially the Chinese)
conservatists
v Spanish relied on native labor to defend
• Role of the friars in the Spanish
themselves
communities
v Gave up control of the Moluccas
o Leaders of the pueblos,
especially pueblos outside of Impact of Dutch Wars
Manila
o Stay in a pueblo for decades v Forced the Spaniards to a defensive position to
o Cannot be removed as they ensure the continuation of Manila-Acapulco
control the pueblos Trade
v Spain lets foreigners (merchants in merchant
houses) develop all agricultural, industrial, and
 v Spanish had to rely on native forced labor –>
influenced local revolts
v Spaniards had to give up control of Moluccas

British Occupation

v Spaniards caught by surprise

v Spanish was forced to surrender and pay ₽4m
for ransom
v British fleet arrived in Manila Bay and captured
Manila (the greatest Spanish fortress in the
Western Pacific)
v British wanted to use Manila as a port for trade
(especially with China)
v British empire occupied Manila and Cavite for 20
months (almost 2 years)

Impact of British Occupation

v Actual occupation was only in Manila and Cavite

v Invasion ruined the Philippine economy
• No galleon arrived or left for 2 years
• Led to reexamination of colonial
economic policy

CONCLUSION

v Spain prevailed due to help from natives

v Dutch wars caused hardships to natives due to
forced labor
• Tested the strength of Spanish influence
among Filipinos