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What is History

• History is Interpretation

• History is Reconstruction

• Historical Sources

• Categories of Primary Sources

• Internal and External Criticism of Historical Sources

• The Tejeros Convention

• - Memoirs of the General

• - Seeds of Discontent ( Revolt of the Masses)

What is History?

 Traditionally defined as the study of the records of the past…

 In its broadest meaning – defined as the study of past events

 The study of past human activities based on written records, oral history, cultural artifacts and folk traditions

History is interpretation..E.H. Carr

 History as reconstruction… Louis Gottschalk, Understanding History

 “Only a part of what was observed in the past was remembered by those who observed it; only a part of what was
remembered was recorded; only a part of what was recorded has survived; only a part of what has survived has come to
the historian’s attention.”

 “Only a part of what is credible has been grasped, and only a part of what has been grasped can be expounded or
narrated by the historian.”

Sources of history

- A historical source is anything that has been left behind by the past…

- Document

- Building/ruins

- Picture

- Piece of an ephemeral activity

- Artifacts

- They are called sources because they provide us with information which can add to the sum of our knowledge of the
past….

- However, sources only become historical evidences when they are used by the historian to make a point

Kinds of historical sources..

 Historical sources are materials used by the writer to gather information about the subject

- Written sources
 - Non-Written

types of historical sources:

- Primary

- Secondary

- Tertiary/General references

Primary Sources

 A document or physical object which was written or created during the time under study

 Sources present during an experience or time period

 Contemporaneous to the subject being studied

Four main categories of primary sources

 Written sources - ex. Diaries, speeches, manuscript, letters

 Images- Ex. Photographs

 Artifacts - Ex. Pottery, tools

 Oral testimonies- oldest type of evidence

Philippine Prehistory

 “Filipino prehistoric heritage is a culture preserved in artifacts, buried in the ground and retrieved in fragments…

 What these artifacts tell us is a collage of events long forgotten…

 They allow us to glimpse the past, however fragmentary this may be…

 To know the past is to acquire a sense of pride in the fact that our ancestors did not lack the wisdom and the resolve to
carve a civilization out of their precarious prehistoric environment…”

F. Landa Jocano

The golden Tara

The Agusan image is a

2 kg, 21-karat gold statuette, found in 1917 on the banks of the Wawa River near Esperanza, Agusan del Sur, Mindanao in the
Philippines, dating to the 9th–10th centuries.
  The Golden Tara was discovered in 1917 along the banks of Wawa River in Agusan.  It was kept in the Field Museum
of Natural History in Chicago, Illinois since 1922. Henry Otley Beyer, the Philippines’s pioneer anthropologist-
archaeologist, and some experts have agreed on its identity and have dated it to 900-950 A.D.  They cannot, however,
place its provenance because of its distinct features.

Pre-colonial gold and potteries

 Excavations all over the Philippines have turned up fine pottery and gold pieces in sites such as Batangas and Mindoro
in Luzon, Samar in Visayas, and Butuan and Surigao in Mindanao.

 The technology used in making these artifacts is an enduring evidence of the high level of technology during the pre-
colonial period.

 They are now a national heritage, part of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas' Gold and Pottery Collection.

 pinoykollector.blogspot.com

the Manunggul Jar –late Neolithic period (around 710 B.C)

 one of the numerous jars found in a cave believed to be a burial site (Manunggul, was part of the archaeologically
significant Tabon Cave Complex in Lipuun Point, Quezon, Palawan) that was discovered on March 1964 by Victor
Decalan, Hans Kasten and other volunteer workers from the United States Peace Corps.

 DR. ROBERT FOX described the jar in his landmark work on the Tabon Caves:

 “The burial jar with a cover featuring a ship-of-the-dead is perhaps unrivalled in Southeast Asia; the work of an artist
and master potter. This vessel provides a clear example of a cultural link between the archaeological past and the
ethnographic present. The boatman is steering rather than padding the "ship." The mast of the boat was not recovered.
Both figures appear to be wearing a band tied over the crown of the head and under the jaw; a pattern still encountered
in burial practices among the indigenous peoples in Southern Philippines. The manner in which the hands of the front
figure are folded across the chest is also a widespread practice in the Islands when arranging the corpse. 

The carved prow and eye motif of the spirit boat is still found on the traditional watercraft of the Sulu Archipelago,
Borneo and Malaysia. Similarities in the execution of the ears, eyes, nose, and mouth of the figures may be seen today
in the woodcarving of Taiwan, the Philippines, and elsewhere in Southeast Asia. ”

 Anthropomorphic jars and potteries

Ayub Cave, Maitum, Province of Saranggani (1991)

 Dr. Eusebio Dizon, museum curator 1 of the Archaeology Division of the National Museum, said a paper presented at
the 14th National Conference on Local and National History in 1993 that

the Ayub Artifacts were “made of earthenware potteries designed and formed like human figures with complete facial
expressions.”

The potteries “were used as covers for secondary and/or multiple burial jars and can be associated to the Metal Age in
the Philippines, circa 500BC to AD 500,”

Dizon said. “These artifacts may have been our material evidence of the backbone of the Maguindanao prehistory and
of the course, the Filipino people in general.”

Tabon Man – 1962

The Callao Man – 2007 – Homo Luzonesis

Secondary sources
  Usually textual like books and journals

 Interprets and analyzes primary sources

 One more steps removed from event

 Example: an article written about the primary source

Tertiary sources/general references

 Rely on secondary sources

 Ex. Textbooks

Importance of Historical Evidence

use of evidence forms the bedrock of research in history

- used by historians to present significant and true events that happened in the past and not rely on the work of fiction

- enables the historians to write a more objective interpretation of facts

- helps the historian to come to a balanced judgment on issues

External and Internal Criticisms

All historical data must be subjected to scientific analysis to determine both their accuracy and authenticity through
external and internal criticisms

( Gottchalk, 1969)

External- to establish authenticity, to ensure that documents are not mere forgeries or inventions

(ex. Code of Kalantiao- Dr. Henry Scott)

Internal – to establish accuracy, worth of the data. Four factors:

1. Author’s knowledge and competence

2. Time delay

3. Motives and biases of the author

4. Consistency of the data

(Grey and Biong, 2017)

Facts about the Philippines…

officially known as the

Republic of the Philippines

 Dialing code: +63

 Population: 100.981 million (2015) World Bank

 President:  Rodrigo Roa Duterte

 Government: Unitary state, Presidential system, Constitutional republic, Republic

is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean.

It consists of 7,107 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions: Luzon, Visayas,
and Mindanao.

Its capital city is Manila while its most populous city is Quezon City; both are part of Metro Manila.

 Ethnic groups:

Visayans – 33.8%

Tagalog - 27.9 %

Ilocano - 9.8%

Bicolano - 6.8%

Moro - 5.1%

 Religion

Christianity – 92%

Islam - 5.57%

Others - 2.43%

 Amazing facts about the Philippines

The archipelago was named in honor of the Spanish King Philip II.

The capital city Manila derived its name from a mangrove tree with white flowers called “nilad”

The Filipinos have a different ethnic background, such as Malay, Chinese, Spanish, American, etc.

About 80% of the total population are Catholics.

The first International Grandmaster from Asia was Eugenio Torre, who won the Chess Olympiad, held in 1974 in Nice
(France).

- Paeng Nepomuceno is the first international bowling hall of famer

 University of San Carlos in Cebu City, founded by the Spanish Jesuits as Colegio de San Ildefonso in 1595, is superior
in age than Harvard University . The second-oldest institution of higher education in Asia the University of Santo
Tomas in Manila, founded in 1611.

 The highest point in the Philippines – Mount Apo, located on the Mindanao island, it reaches a height of 2,954 meters.

 In the Philippine cave complex Tabone (Tabon Cave Complex) were found fossils of Homo sapiens. According to
studies, this area was inhabited by about fifty thousand years ago.
  There are Rice Terraces on the slopes of the Philippine Cordilleras, whose history is two thousand years old. They are
considered a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Readings.

Tejeros Convention

 The Reform Movement in Spain

 Return of Dr. Jose Rizal in the Philippines

 The short-lived La Liga Filipina

 Arrest and exile of Dr. Rizal in Dapitan

 Founding of the Katipunan in 1892

 The discovery of the Katipunan and the outbreak of the Philippine revolution in 1896

September 23, 1972 – declared martial law in the Philippines 1935 – Constitution

September 21, 1972 – Proclamation 1081 1973 – New constitution

August 21, 1983 – Ninoy was assassinated December 7, 1941 – Pear harbor

Neri Colmenares – Martial Law victims representative

April 3, 1941 – Marcos Diary

September 2, 1972 – ambush

1965 – Marcos became President