21/11/2010 IEEE 802.

11 - Wikipedia, the free encycl…

IEEE 802.11
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

IEEE 802.11 is a set of standards carrying out wireless local area network (WLAN) computer communication
in the 2.4, 3.6 and 5 GHz frequency bands. They are created and maintained by the IEEE LAN/MAN
Standards Committee (IEEE 802). The base current version of the standard is IEEE 802.11-2007.

Contents
1 General description
2 History
3 Protocols
3.1 802.11-1997 (802.11 legacy)
3.2 802.11a The Linksys WRT54G contains
3.3 802.11b an 802.11b/g radio with two
antennas
3.4 802.11g
3.5 802.11-2007
3.6 802.11n
4 Channels and international compatibility
5 Frames
6 Standard and amendments
6.1 Standard or amendment?
7 Nomenclature
8 Community networks
9 Security
10 Non-standard 802.11 extensions and equipment
11 See also
12 References
13 External links

General description
The 802.11 family includes over-the-air modulation techniques that use
the same basic protocol. The most popular are those defined by the
802.11b and 802.11g protocols, which are amendments to the original
standard. 802.11-1997 was the first wireless networking standard, but
802.11b was the first widely accepted one, followed by 802.11g and
802.11n. Security was originally purposefully weak due to export
requirements of some governments,[1] and was later enhanced via the
802.11i amendment after governmental and legislative changes. 802.11n
is a new multi-streaming modulation technique. Other standards in the
family (c–f, h, j) are service amendments and extensions or corrections to
the previous specifications. A Compaq 802.11b PCI card

802.11b and 802.11g use the 2.4 GHz ISM band, operating in the
United States under Part 15 of the US Federal Communications Commission Rules and Regulations. Because of
this choice of frequency band, 802.11b and g equipment may occasionally suffer interference from microwave
ovens, cordless telephones and Bluetooth devices. 802.11b and 802.11g control their interference and
susceptibility to interference by using direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and orthogonal frequency-
division multiplexing (OFDM) signaling methods, respectively. 802.11a uses the 5 GHz U-NII band, which, for
much of the world, offers at least 19 non-overlapping channels rather than the 3 offered in the 2.4 GHz ISM
frequency band.[2] Better or worse performance with higher or lower frequencies (channels) may be realized,
depending on the environment.
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The segment of the radio frequency spectrum used by 802.11 varies between countries. In the US, 802.11a and
802.11g devices may be operated without a license, as allowed in Part 15 of the FCC Rules and Regulations.
Frequencies used by channels one through six of 802.11b and 802.11g fall within the 2.4 GHz amateur radio
band. Licensed amateur radio operators may operate 802.11b/g devices under Part 97 of the FCC Rules and
Regulations, allowing increased power output but not commercial content or encryption.[3]

History
802.11 technology has its origins in a 1985 ruling by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission that
released the ISM band for unlicensed use.[4]

In 1991 NCR Corporation/AT&T (now Alcatel-Lucent and LSI Corporation) invented the precursor to 802.11
in Nieuwegein, The Netherlands. The inventors initially intended to use the technology for cashier systems; the
first wireless products were brought on the market under the name WaveLAN with raw data rates of 1 Mbit/s
and 2 Mbit/s.[citation needed]

Vic Hayes, who held the chair of IEEE 802.11 for 10 years and has been called the "father of Wi-Fi" was
involved in designing the initial 802.11b and 802.11a standards within the IEEE.[citation needed]

In 1992, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) obtained a patent in
Australia for wireless data transfer technology. In 1996, they obtained a patent for the same technology in the
US.[5] Wi-Fi uses the mathematical formula in the patents. In April 2009, 14 tech companies including Intel,
Microsoft, HP, Dell, agreed to pay CSIRO $250 million for their Wi-Fi patent infringements.[6]

Protocols
802.11 network standards
Data rate Approximate Approximate
Allowable indoor Outdoor
802.11 Freq. Bandwidth per
Release [7] stream
MIMO Modulation range [citation needed] range [citation needed]
Protocol (GHz) (MHz)
streams
(Mbit/s)[8] (m) (ft) (m) (ft)
DSSS,
– Jun 1997 2.4 20 1, 2 1 20 66 100 330
FHSS
5 6, 9, 12, 35 115 120 390
a Sep 1999 20 18, 24, 36, 1 OFDM
3.7[y] 48, 54 -- -- 5,000 16,000[y]

b Sep 1999 2.4 20 5.5, 11 1 DSSS 38 125 140 460

6, 9, 12,
OFDM,
g Jun 2003 2.4 20 18, 24, 36, 1 38 125 140 460
DSSS
48, 54
7.2, 14.4,
21.7, 28.9,
20
43.3, 57.8,
70 230 250 820[9]
65, 72.2[z]
n Oct 2009 2.4/5 4 OFDM
15, 30, 45,
60, 90,
40 70 230 250 820[9]
120, 135,
150[z]

y IEEE 802.11y-2008 extended operation of 802.11a to the licensed 3.7 GHz band. Increased power limits allow a
range up to 5000m. As of 2009, it is only being licensed in the United States by the FCC.
z Assumes Short Guard interval (SGI) enabled, otherwise reduce each data rate by 10%.

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802.11-1997 (802.11 legacy)

Main article: IEEE 802.11 (legacy mode)

The original version of the standard IEEE 802.11 was released in 1997 and clarified in 1999, but is today
obsolete. It specified two net bit rates of 1 or 2 megabits per second (Mbit/s), plus forward error correction
code. It specified three alternative physical layer technologies: diffuse infrared operating at 1 Mbit/s; frequency-
hopping spread spectrum operating at 1 Mbit/s or 2 Mbit/s; and direct-sequence spread spectrum operating at
1 Mbit/s or 2 Mbit/s. The latter two radio technologies used microwave transmission over the Industrial
Scientific Medical frequency band at 2.4 GHz. Some earlier WLAN technologies used lower frequencies, such
as the U.S. 900 MHz ISM band.

Legacy 802.11 with direct-sequence spread spectrum was rapidly supplanted and popularized by 802.11b.

802.11a

Main article: IEEE 802.11a-1999

The 802.11a standard uses the same data link layer protocol and frame format as the original standard, but an
OFDM based air interface (physical layer). It operates in the 5 GHz band with a maximum net data rate of 54
Mbit/s, plus error correction code, which yields realistic net achievable throughput in the mid-20
Mbit/s[citation needed]

Since the 2.4 GHz band is heavily used to the point of being crowded, using the relatively unused 5 GHz band
gives 802.11a a significant advantage. However, this high carrier frequency also brings a disadvantage: the
effective overall range of 802.11a is less than that of 802.11b/g. In theory, 802.11a signals are absorbed more
readily by walls and other solid objects in their path due to their smaller wavelength and, as a result, cannot
penetrate as far as those of 802.11b. In practice, 802.11b typically has a higher range at low speeds (802.11b
will reduce speed to 5 Mbit/s or even 1 Mbit/s at low signal strengths). However, at higher speeds, 802.11a
often has the same or greater range due to less interference.[citation needed]

802.11b

Main article: IEEE 802.11b-1999

802.11b has a maximum raw data rate of 11 Mbit/s and uses the same media access method defined in the
original standard. 802.11b products appeared on the market in early 2000, since 802.11b is a direct extension
of the modulation technique defined in the original standard. The dramatic increase in throughput of 802.11b
(compared to the original standard) along with simultaneous substantial price reductions led to the rapid
acceptance of 802.11b as the definitive wireless LAN technology.

802.11b devices suffer interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band. Devices operating in the
2.4 GHz range include: microwave ovens, Bluetooth devices, baby monitors and cordless telephones.

802.11g

Main article: IEEE 802.11g-2003

In June 2003, a third modulation standard was ratified: 802.11g. This works in the 2.4 GHz band (like
802.11b), but uses the same OFDM based transmission scheme as 802.11a. It operates at a maximum physical
layer bit rate of 54 Mbit/s exclusive of forward error correction codes, or about 22 Mbit/s average
throughput.[10] 802.11g hardware is fully backwards compatible with 802.11b hardware and therefore is
encumbered with legacy issues that reduce throughput when compared to 802.11a by ~21%.

The then-proposed 802.11g standard was rapidly adopted by consumers starting in January 2003, well before
ratification, due to the desire for higher data rates as well as to reductions in manufacturing costs. By summer
2003, most dual-band 802.11a/b products became dual-band/tri-mode, supporting a and b/g in a single mobile
adapter card or access point. Details of making b and g work well together occupied much of the lingering
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technical process; in an 802.11g network, however, activity of an 802.11b participant will reduce the data rate
of the overall 802.11g network .

Like 802.11b, 802.11g devices suffer interference from other products operating in the 2.4 GHz band, for
example wireless keyboards.

802.11-2007

In 2003, task group TGma was authorized to "roll up" many of the amendments to the 1999 version of the
802.11 standard. REVma or 802.11ma, as it was called, created a single document that merged 8 amendments
(802.11a, b, d, e, g, h, i, j) with the base standard. Upon approval on March 8, 2007, 802.11REVma was
renamed to the current base standard IEEE 802.11-2007.[11]

802.11n

Main article: IEEE 802.11n-2009

802.11n is a recent amendment which improves upon the previous 802.11 standards by adding multiple-input
multiple-output antennas (MIMO). 802.11n operates on both the 2.4GHz and the lesser used 5GHz bands. The
IEEE has approved the amendment and it was published in October 2009.[12][13] Prior to the final ratification,
enterprises were already migrating to 802.11n networks based on the Wi-Fi Alliance's certification of products
conforming to a 2007 draft of the 802.11n proposal.

Channels and international compatibility

See also: List of WLAN channels

Graphical representation of Wi-Fi channels in 2.4 GHz band

802.11 divides each of the above-described bands into channels, analogously to how radio and TV broadcast
bands are sub-divided but with greater channel width and overlap. For example the 2.4000–2.4835 GHz band
is divided into 13 channels each of width 22 MHz but spaced only 5 MHz apart, with channel 1 centered on
2.412 GHz and 13 on 2.472 GHz to which Japan adds a 14th channel 12 MHz above channel 13.

Availability of channels is regulated by country, constrained in part by how each country allocates radio
spectrum to various services. At one extreme, Japan permits the use of all 14 channels (with the exclusion of
802.11g/n from channel 14), while at the other Spain initially allowed only channels 10 and 11 and France
allowed only 10, 11, 12 and 13 (now both countries follow the European model of allowing channels 1 through
13[14][15]). Most other European countries are almost as liberal as Japan, disallowing only channel 14, while
North America and some Central and South American countries further disallow 12 and 13. For more details
on this topic, see List of WLAN channels.

Besides specifying the centre frequency of each channel, 802.11 also specifies (in Clause 17) a spectral mask
defining the permitted distribution of power across each channel. The mask requires that the signal be attenuated
by at least 30 dB from its peak energy at ±11 MHz from the centre frequency, the sense in which channels are
effectively 22 MHz wide. One consequence is that stations can only use every fourth or fifth channel without
overlap, typically 1, 6 and 11 in the Americas, and in theory, 1, 5, 9 and 13 in Europe although 1, 6, and 11 is
typical there too. Another is that channels 1-13 effectively require the band 2.401–2.483 GHz, the actual
allocations being, for example, 2.400–2.4835 GHz in the UK, 2.402–2.4735 GHz in the US, etc.

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Spectral masks for 802.11g channels 1-14 in the 2.4 GHz band

Since the spectral mask only defines power output restrictions up to ±11 MHz from the center frequency to be
attenuated by -50 dBr, it is often assumed that the energy of the channel extends no further than these limits. It is
more correct to say that, given the separation between channels 1, 6, and 11, the signal on any channel should
be sufficiently attenuated to minimally interfere with a transmitter on any other channel. Due to the near-far
problem a transmitter can impact a receiver on a "non-overlapping" channel, but only if it is close to the victim
receiver (within a meter) or operating above allowed power levels.

Although the statement that channels 1, 6, and 11 are "non-overlapping" is limited to spacing or product density,
the 1–6–11 guideline has merit. If transmitters are closer together than channels 1, 6, and 11 (for example, 1, 4,
7, and 10), overlap between the channels may cause unacceptable degradation of signal quality and
throughput.[16] However, overlapping channels may be used under certain circumstances. This way, more
channels are available.[17]

Frames
Current 802.11 standards define "frame" types for use in transmission of data as well as management and
control of wireless links.

Frames are divided into very specific and standardized sections. Each frame has a MAC header, payload and
FCS. Some frames may not have payload portion. First 2 bytes of MAC header is a frame control field that
provides detailed information about the frame. The sub fields of the frame control field is presented in order.

Protocol Version: It is two bits in size and represents the protocol version. Currently used protocol
version is zero. Other values are reserved for future use.

Type: It is two bits in size and helps to identify the type of WLAN frame. Control, Data and
Management are various frame types defined in IEEE 802.11.

Sub Type: It is four bits in size. Type and Sub type are combined together to identify the exact frame.

ToDS and FromDS: Each is one bit in size. They indicate whether a data frame is headed for a
distributed system. Control and management frames set these values to zero. All the data frames will have
one of these bits set. However communication within an IBSS network always set these bits to zero.

More Fragment: The More Fragmentation bit is set most notably when higher level packets have been
partitioned and will be set for all non-final sections. Some management frames may require partitioning as
well.

Retry: Sometimes frames require retransmission, and for this there is a Retry bit which is set to one when
a frame is resent. This aids in the elimination of duplicate frames.

Power Management: The Power Management bit indicates the power management state of the sender
after the completion of a frame exchange. Access points are required to manage the connection and will
never set the power saver bit.

More Data: The More Data bit is used to buffer frames received in a distributed system. The access
point uses this bit to facilitate stations in power saver mode. It indicates that at least one frame is available
and addresses all stations connected.

WEP: The WEP bit is modified after processing a frame. It is toggled to one after a frame has been
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toggled to one after a frame has been
decrypted or if no encryption is set it will have already been one.

Order: This bit is only set when the "strict ordering" delivery method is employed. Frames and fragments
are not always sent in order as it causes a transmission performance penalty.

The next two bytes are reserved for the Duration ID field. This field can take one of three forms: Duration,
Contention-Free Period (CFP), and Association ID (AID).

An 802.11 frame can have up to four address fields. Each field can carry a MAC address. Address 1 is the
receiver, Address 2 is the transmitter, Address 3 is used for filtering purposes by the receiver.

The Sequence Control field is a two-byte section used for identifying message order as well as eliminating
duplicate frames. The first 4 bits are used for the fragmentation number and the last 12 bits are the
sequence number.
An optional two-byte Quality of Service control field which was added with 802.11e.
The Frame Body field is variable in size, from 0 to 2304 bytes plus any overhead from security
encapsulation and contains information from higher layers.
The Frame Check Sequence (FCS) is the last four bytes in the standard 802.11 frame. Often referred to
as the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC), it allows for integrity check of retrieved frames. As frames are
about to be sent the FCS is calculated and appended. When a station receives a frame it can calculate the
FCS of the frame and compare it to the one received. If they match, it is assumed that the frame was not
distorted during transmission.[18]

Management Frames allow for the maintenance of communication. Some common 802.11 subtypes include:

Authentication frame: 802.11 authentication begins with the WNIC sending an authentication frame to the
access point containing its identity. With an open system authentication the WNIC only sends a single
authentication frame and the access point responds with an authentication frame of its own indicating
acceptance or rejection. With shared key authentication, after the WNIC sends its initial authentication
request it will receive an authentication frame from the access point containing challenge text. The WNIC
sends an authentication frame containing the encrypted version of the challenge text to the access point.
The access point ensures the text was encrypted with the correct key by decrypting it with its own key.
The result of this process determines the WNIC's authentication status.
Association request frame: sent from a station it enables the access point to allocate resources and
synchronize. The frame carries information about the WNIC including supported data rates and the SSID
of the network the station wishes to associate with. If the request is accepted, the access point reserves
memory and establishes an association ID for the WNIC.
Association response frame: sent from an access point to a station containing the acceptance or rejection
to an association request. If it is an acceptance, the frame will contain information such an association ID
and supported data rates.
Beacon frame: Sent periodically from an access point to announce its presence and provide the SSID,
and other parameters for WNICs within range.
Deauthentication frame: Sent from a station wishing to terminate connection from another station.
Disassociation frame: Sent from a station wishing to terminate connection. It's an elegant way to allow the
access point to relinquish memory allocation and remove the WNIC from the association table.
Probe request frame: Sent from a station when it requires information from another station.
Probe response frame: Sent from an access point containing capability information, supported data rates,
etc., after receiving a probe request frame.
Reassociation request frame: A WNIC sends a reassociation request when it drops from range of the
currently associated access point and finds another access point with a stronger signal. The new access
point coordinates the forwarding of any information that may still be contained in the buffer of the previous
access point.
Reassociation response frame: Sent from an access point containing the acceptance or rejection to a
WNIC reassociation request frame. The frame includes information required for association such as the
association ID and supported data rates.

Control frames facilitate in the exchange of data frames between stations. Some common 802.11 control frames
include:
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include:

Acknowledgement (ACK) frame: After receiving a data frame, the receiving station will send an ACK
frame to the sending station if no errors are found. If the sending station doesn't receive an ACK frame
within a predetermined period of time, the sending station will resend the frame.
Request to Send (RTS) frame: The RTS and CTS frames provide an optional collision reduction scheme
for access point with hidden stations. A station sends a RTS frame to as the first step in a two-way
handshake required before sending data frames.
Clear to Send (CTS) frame: A station responds to an RTS frame with a CTS frame. It provides clearance
for the requesting station to send a data frame. The CTS provides collision control management by
including a time value for which all other stations are to hold off transmission while the requesting stations
transmits.

Data frames carry packets from web pages, files, etc. within the body.[19]

Standard and amendments

Within the IEEE 802.11 Working Group,[7] the following IEEE Standards Association Standard and
Amendments exist:

IEEE 802.11: The WLAN standard was originally 1 Mbit/s and 2 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz RF and infrared [IR]
standard (1997), all the others listed below are Amendments to this standard, except for Recommended
Practices 802.11F and 802.11T.
IEEE 802.11a: 54 Mbit/s, 5 GHz standard (1999, shipping products in 2001)
IEEE 802.11b: Enhancements to 802.11 to support 5.5 and 11 Mbit/s (1999)
IEEE 802.11c: Bridge operation procedures; included in the IEEE 802.1D standard (2001)
IEEE 802.11d: International (country-to-country) roaming extensions (2001)
IEEE 802.11e: Enhancements: QoS, including packet bursting (2005)
IEEE 802.11F: Inter-Access Point Protocol (2003) Withdrawn February 2006
IEEE 802.11g: 54 Mbit/s, 2.4 GHz standard (backwards compatible with b) (2003)
IEEE 802.11h: Spectrum Managed 802.11a (5 GHz) for European compatibility (2004)
IEEE 802.11i: Enhanced security (2004)
IEEE 802.11j: Extensions for Japan (2004)
IEEE 802.11-2007: A new release of the standard that includes amendments a, b, d, e, g, h, i & j. (July
2007)
IEEE 802.11k: Radio resource measurement enhancements (2008)
IEEE 802.11n: Higher throughput improvements using MIMO (multiple input, multiple output antennas)
(September 2009)
IEEE 802.11p: WAVE—Wireless Access for the Vehicular Environment (such as ambulances and
passenger cars) (July 2010)
IEEE 802.11r: Fast BSS transition (FT) Working "Task Group r" (2008)
IEEE 802.11s: Mesh Networking, Extended Service Set (ESS) (~ June 2011)
IEEE 802.11T: Wireless Performance Prediction (WPP)—test methods and metrics Recommendation
cancelled
IEEE 802.11u: Interworking with non-802 networks (for example, cellular) (~ Dec 2010)
IEEE 802.11v: Wireless network management (~ Dec 2010)
IEEE 802.11w: Protected Management Frames (September 2009)
IEEE 802.11y: 3650–3700 MHz Operation in the U.S. (2008)
IEEE 802.11z: Extensions to Direct Link Setup (DLS) (September 2010)
IEEE 802.11mb: Maintenance of the standard. Will become 802.11-2011. (~ Dec 2011)
IEEE 802.11aa: Robust streaming of Audio Video Transport Streams (~ Mar 2012)
IEEE 802.11ac: Very High Throughput <6 GHz;[20] potential improvements over 802.11n: better
modulation scheme (expected ~10% throughput increase); wider channels (80 or even 160 MHz), multi
user MIMO;[21] (~ Dec 2012)
IEEE 802.11ad: Very High Throughput 60 GHz (~ Dec 2012)
IEEE 802.11ae: QoS Management (~ Dec 2011)
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IEEE 802.11af: TV Whitespace (~ Mar 2012)
IEEE 802.11ah: Sub 1Ghz (~ July 2013)

To reduce confusion, no standard or task group were named 802.11x or 802.11ag.

802.11F and 802.11T are recommended practices rather than standards, and are capitalized as such.

Standard or amendment?

Both the terms "standard" and "amendment" are used when referring to the different variants of IEEE 802.11.

As far as the IEEE Standards Association is concerned, there is only one current standard; it is denoted by
IEEE 802.11 followed by the date that it was published. IEEE 802.11-2007 is the only version currently in
publication. The standard is updated by means of amendments. Amendments are created by task groups (TG).
Both the task group and their finished document are denoted by 802.11 followed by a non-capitalized letter.
For example IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11b. Updating 802.11 is the responsibility of task group m. In order
to create a new version, TGm combines the previous version of the standard and all published amendments.
TGm also provides clarification and interpretation to industry on published documents. New versions of the
IEEE 802.11 were published in 1999 and 2007.

The working title of 802.11-2007 was 802.11-REVma. This denotes a third type of document, a "revision". The
complexity of combining 802.11-1999 with 8 amendments made it necessary to revise already agreed upon
text. As a result, additional guidelines associated with a revision had to be followed.

Nomenclature
Various terms in 802.11 are used to specify aspects of wireless local-area networking operation, and may be
unfamiliar to some readers.

For example, Time Unit (usually abbreviated TU) is used to indicate a unit of time equal to 1024 microseconds.
Numerous time constants are defined in terms of TU (rather than the nearly-equal millisecond).

Also the term "Portal" is used to describe an entity that is similar to an 802.1H bridge. A Portal provides access
to the WLAN by non-802.11 LAN STAs.

Community networks
With the proliferation of cable modems and DSL, there is an ever-increasing market of people who wish to
establish small networks in their homes to share their broadband Internet connection.

Many hotspot or free networks frequently allow anyone within range, including passersby outside, to connect to
the Internet. There are also efforts by volunteer groups to establish wireless community networks to provide free
wireless connectivity to the public.

Security
In 2001, a group from the University of California, Berkeley presented a paper describing weaknesses in the
802.11 Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) security mechanism defined in the original standard; they were
followed by Fluhrer, Mantin, and Shamir's paper titled "Weaknesses in the Key Scheduling Algorithm of RC4".
Not long after, Adam Stubblefield and AT&T publicly announced the first verification of the attack. In the
attack, they were able to intercept transmissions and gain unauthorized access to wireless networks.

The IEEE set up a dedicated task group to create a replacement security solution, 802.11i (previously this work
was handled as part of a broader 802.11e effort to enhance the MAC layer). The Wi-Fi Alliance announced an
interim specification called Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) based on a subset of the then current IEEE 802.11i
draft. These started to appear in products in mid-2003. IEEE 802.11i (also known as WPA2) itself was ratified
in June 2004, and uses government strength encryption in the Advanced Encryption Standard AES, instead of
RC4, which was used in WEP. The modern recommended encryption for the home/consumer space is WPA2
(AES Pre-Shared Key) and for the Enterprise space is WPA2 along with a RADIUS authentication server (or
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with RADIUS authentication server (or
another type of authentication server) and a strong authentication method such as EAP-TLS.

In January 2005, IEEE set up yet another task group, TGw, to protect management and broadcast frames,
which previously were sent unsecured. See IEEE 802.11w.

Non-standard 802.11 extensions and equipment

Many companies implement wireless networking equipment with non-IEEE standard 802.11 extensions either
by implementing proprietary or draft features. These changes may lead to incompatibilities between these
extensions.[citation needed]

For more details on this topic, see 802.11 non-standard equipment.

See also
Bluetooth, another wireless protocol primarily designed for shorter-range applications.
Comparison of wireless data standards
MLME
OFDM system comparison table
Ultra-wideband
Wi-Fi Alliance
Wi-Fi operating system support
Wibree

References
IEEE 802.11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications
(http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11-2007.pdf) . (2007 revision). IEEE-SA. 12 June 2007.
doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2007.373646 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2007.373646) .
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11-2007.pdf.
IEEE 802.11k-2008—Amendment 1: Radio Resource Measurement of Wireless LANs
(http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11k-2008.pdf) . IEEE-SA. 12 June 2008.
doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4544755 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2008.4544755) .
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11k-2008.pdf.
IEEE 802.11r-2008—Amendment 2: Fast Basic Service Set (BSS) Transition
(http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11r-2008.pdf) . IEEE-SA. 15 July 2008.
doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4573292 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2008.4573292) .
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11r-2008.pdf.
IEEE 802.11y-2008—Amendment 3: 3650–3700 MHz Operation in USA
(http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11y-2008.pdf) . IEEE-SA. 6 November 2008.
doi:10.1109/IEEESTD.2008.4669928 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FIEEESTD.2008.4669928) .
http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/download/802.11y-2008.pdf.

1. ^ Looking for 802.11g Wireless Internet Access information, definitions and technology descriptions?
(http://www.bbwexchange.com/wireless_internet_access/802.11g_wireless_internet_access.asp)
2. ^ List of WLAN channels
3. ^ "ARRLWeb: Part 97 - Amateur Radio Service" (http://www.arrl.org/FandES/field/regulations/news/part97/) .
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companies-20100601-wsu2.html) . The Age. http://www.theage.com.au/technology/enterprise/csiro-to-reap-
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External links
IEEE 802.11 working group (http://www.ieee802.org/11/)
Download the 802.11 standards from IEEE (http://standards.ieee.org/getieee802/802.11.html)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11"
Categories: Channel access methods | IEEE 802.11

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