Affordable Excellence in Education

College of Arts and Sciences

Languages & Liberal Arts Department
PHIL 302: Introduction to Logic
Test 1

Name: __________________________ Time: 40 minutes

Multiple Choice Questions (5 pts.)

1. Consider the statement form p ⇒ q where
p = “If Tom is Jane’s father then Jane is Bill’s niece” and
q =“Bill is Tom’s brother.”
Which of the following statements is equivalent to this statement?
(a) If Bill is Tom’s Brother, then Tom is Jane’s father and Jane is not Bill’s niece.
(b) If Bill is not Tom’s Brother, then Tom is Jane’s father and Jane is not Bill’s niece.
(c) If Bill is not Tom’s Brother, then Tom is Jane’s father or Jane is Bill’s niece.
(d) If Bill is Tom’s Brother, then Tom is Jane’s father and Jane is Bill’s niece.
(e) If Bill is not Tom’s Brother, then Tom is not Jane’s father and Jane is Bill’s niece.
Answer:
(b) If Bill is not Tom’s Brother, then Tom is Jane’s father and Jane is not Bill’s niece.

2. Consider the statement,

“If n is divisible by 30 then n is divisible by 2 and by 3 and by 5.”
Which of the following statements is equivalent to this statement?
(a) If n is not divisible by 30 then n is divisible by 2 or divisible by 3 or divisible by 5.
(b) If n is not divisible by 30 then n is not divisible by 2 or not divisible by 3 or not divisible by
5.
(c) If n is divisible by 2 and divisible by 3 and divisible by 5 then n is divisible by 30.

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(d) If n is not divisible by 2 or not divisible by 3 or not divisible by 5 then n is not divisible by
30.
(e) If n is divisible by 2 or divisible by 3 or divisible by 5 then n is divisible by 30.
Answer:
(d) If n is not divisible by 2 or not divisible by 3 or not divisible by 5 then n is not divisible by
30.

3. Consider the statement,

“Given that people who are in need of refuge and consolation are apt to do odd things, it
is clear that people who are apt to do odd things are in need of refuge and consolation.”
This statement, of the form (P ⇒ Q) ⇒ (Q ⇒ P), is logically equivalent to
(a) People who are in need of refuge and consolation are not apt to do odd things.
(b) People are apt to do odd things if and only if they are in need of refuge and consolation.
(c) People who are apt to do odd things are in need of refuge and consolation.
(d) People who are in need of refuge and consolation are apt to do odd things.
(e) People who aren’t apt to do odd things are not in need of refuge and consolation.
Answer: (c) People who are apt to do odd things are in need of refuge and consolation.

4. Let m = “Juan is a math major,”

c = “Juan is a computer science major,”
g = “Juan’s girlfriend is a literature major,”
h = “Juan’s girlfriend has read Hamlet,” and
t = “Juan’s girlfriend has read The Tempest.”
Which of the following expresses the statement:
“Juan is a computer science major and a math major, but his girlfriend is a literature major who
hasn’t read both The Tempest and Hamlet.”
(a) c ∧ m ∧ (g ∨ (∼h ∨ ∼t))
(b) c ∧ m ∧ g ∧ (∼h ∧ ∼t)

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(c) c ∧ m ∧ g ∧ (∼h ∨ ∼t)
(d) c ∧ m ∧ (g ∨ (∼h ∧ ∼t))
(e) c ∧ m ∧ g ∧ (h ∨ t)
Answer: (b) c ∧ m ∧ g ∧ (∼h ∧ ∼t)

State whether the passages are arguments or not. (5 pts.)

1. This being Washington, Adams’ tattoo removal practice draws aspiring CIA and FBI
agents, along with other law enforcement operatives. If they go undercover, they can’t risk being
identified by their tattoos.  
Argument

2. Tattoo removal is becoming common as laser technology improves, and as some come to
regret those signs of faded love, past triumph or plain foolishness. 
Not argument
3. While the nation’s overall unemployment rate declined from 9.0 to 8.6 last month, the
unemployment rate for black women increased from 12.6 to 12.9, according to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. 

Not Argument . statistics

4. It’s hard to deny that Obama simply isn’t much engaged by the fight for freedom in the
Middle East or sees it as a distraction from his own priorities… Why does this matter?
Because for the first time in a generation, the US needs to reforge its strategic relations
with countries such as Egypt –and it can no longer do it by writing checks or supplying
tanks. 

Argument

5.  Arabs need to hear and see that American leaders support their democratic aspirations. The
administration is slowly moving in that direction: Secretary of State Clinton, for example, has
recently prodded both Egypt’s Islamists and the military about sticking to democratic principles. 

Not Argument. Opinion

Evaluate each argument for its validity, invalidity & soundness. (5 pts.)
1. Humpty Dumpty is an egg, and he’s rude and bad at math, so some talking eggs are rude.

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Valid, Unsound

2. Humpty Dumpty is rude and bad at math, so all talking eggs are bad at math.
Invalid, not sound

3. This Logic class meets in Trinkle, so all Logic classes meet in this building.
Invalid, Not sound
4. The current leader of North Korea must be friendly to the US since both his father and his
grandfather were.
Invalid, not sound
5. Donald Trump must visit UMW often, since his campaign headquarters is in
Westmoreland Hall.
Invalid, Not sound
6. Trump and Pence both eat in Seacobeck once a month, and they are both over 60, so
Pence is probably overweight too, since Trump is.
Valid, Not sound

7. Supporters of Black Lives Matter will probably vote for Bernie because he’s black.
Invalid, Not sound

7. Alice can’t find her keys, so either she misplaced them, or someone stole them.
Invalid, Not sound

9.  They can’t be stolen unless someone else came into the house after she unlocked the door,
and no one did, so she must have misplaced them.

Valid, Sound

10. They must be around here somewhere, even if she still can’t find them, since no one stole
them, and she had them with her when she came in.

Valid,

Determine whether the following forms are valid. (5 pts.)

1. No P are M. No M are S. So, no S are P.
valid

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2. All M are P. No S are M. So, no S are P.
Invalid
3. All M are P. All M are S. So, all S are P.
Invalid
4. All P are M. All S are M. So, all S are P.
Invalid
5. No M are P. Some S are M. So, some S are not P
Valid
6. No M are P. All M are S. So, some S are not P.
Valid
7. All P are M. Some S are not M. So, some S are not P.
Valid

8. Some M are P. All S are M. So, some S are not P.

Invalid
9. All M are P. Some S are not M. So, some S are not P.
Invalid
10. Some P are not M. Some S are not M. So, some S are not P.
Valid

Use the counterexample technique to identify the invalid arguments. (5

pts.)
1. Many ordinary people are corrupt, and politicians are ordinary people. So, some
politicians are corrupt.
Many people are married, and politicians are people. So, some politians are married
2. Many great pianists admire Glenn Gould. Few, if any, unmusical people admire Glenn
Gould. So, few, if any, great pianists are unmusical.
Many mexican are drug dealers. Few, American are drug dealers. So many Mexican are
american

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3. Everyone who admires Bach loves the Goldberg Variations; some who admire Chopin do
not love the Goldberg Variations; so, some admirers of Chopin do not admire Bach.
Some people who feel in love like the red color; some who don’t feel in love don’t like
red color.
4. Some nerds are trainspotters. Some nerds wear parkas. So, some trainspotters wear
parkas.
valid
5. Anyone who is good at logic is good at assessing philosophical arguments. Anyone who
is mathematically competent is good at logic. Anyone who is good at assessing
philosophical arguments admires Bertrand Russell. Hence no-one who admires Bertrand
Russell lacks mathematical competence.
Anyone who is good at football is good in running. Anyone who is good in dancing is
good at beatbox. Any one who is good in running admire johny deb. So no one who
admire johny dep is bad in beatbox

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