Ai Fundamentals Prelim Exam
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mrym shuttfupAi Fundamentals Prelim Exam
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mrym shuttfupCYBS6101 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PRELIM
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using LEXMED?
Select one:
a. Improved patient care
b. Improved legal compliance
c. Improved efficiency in legal matters
d. Improved understanding of medical terminology
Z
What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory?
Select one:
EN
a. ZF set theory
b. PA+ set theory
c. PA set theory
d. ZFC set theory
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of philosophy?
R
Select one:
a. They have sparked debates about the limits of knowledge
b. They have led to the development of new philosophical systems
c. They have led to new discussions about the nature of reality
d. They have led to the abandonment of the use of reasoning
hat is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the probability distribution in
W
maximum entropy without explicit
constraints?
Select one:
a. The Shannon entropy is maximized when the probability distribution is uniform
b. The Shannon entropy is the probability distribution
c. The Shannon entropy is proportional to the probability distribution
d. The Shannon entropy is the inverse of the probability distribution
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
Z
falsehood of its opposite?
Select one:
a. Modus ponens
b. Affirming the consequent
EN
c. Modus tollens
d. Denying the antecedent
Question 8
Correct
R
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
What is the main goal of supervised machine learning?
Select one:
a. To identify patterns and relationships in data
b. To understand the underlying structure of the data
c. To make predictions or decisions based on data
d. To model the relationship between input and output variables
What is the process of adding new nodes to the search tree in A* search called?
Select one:
a. Node expansion
b. Pathfinding
c. Graph traversal
d. Route planning
How is the principle of maximum entropy related to the second law of thermodynamics?
Select one:
Z
a. It is a more general form of the second law
b. It is independent of the second law
c. It is equivalent to the second law
d. It is used to prove the second law
EN
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
If there are two equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of both occurring?
Select one:
a. 0%
b. 100%
R
c. 50%
d. 25%
hich of the following is NOT an example of a problem that could be solved using a greedy
W
search algorithm?
Select one:
a. Finding the shortest path between two points on a map
b. Sorting a list of numbers in ascending order
c. Solving a puzzle such as the Tower of Hanoi
. Solving the knapsack problem (choosing a set of items to maximize value while staying
d
within a weight limit)
What is subjective probability?
Select one:
a. A probability based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences
b. A probability based on statistical analysis
c. A probability based on a coin flip
Z
d. A probability based on objective, observable data
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of mathematics education?
Select one:
EN
a. They have led to the development of new teaching methods
b. They have led to the abandonment of the study of mathematics
c. They have led to the development of new mathematics curricula
d. They have sparked debates about the importance of proof in mathematics
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
R
what is the probability of both event A and
B occurring?
Select one:
a. 1
b. 0
c. 0.25
d. 0.5
What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning?
Select one:
a. A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model
b. A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions
c. A matrix that represents the cost of training a model
d. A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Z
Question 17
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
If there are 10 equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of any one of them occurring?
EN
Select one:
a. 100%
b. 0%
c. 25%
d. 10%
R
hat is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of intuitionistic
W
type theory?
Select one:
a. PA+ set theory
b. ZFC set theory
c. ZF set theory
d. PA set theory
In what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of minimum
information?
Select one:
. The principle of minimum information is a special case of the principle of maximum
a
entropy
. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of minimum
b
information
c. They are equivalent
d. They are independent of each other
Z
Can subjective probabilities be used to make predictions about future events?
EN
Select one:
. Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to make predictions based on an individual's
a
beliefs, opinions, and experiences
about the likelihood of certain events occurring
. No, subjective probabilities are not based on objective, observable data and statistical
b
analysis and cannot be used to make
R
predictions
. Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to make predictions based on the outcome of a
c
coin flip
. No, subjective probabilities are not based on a coin flip and cannot be used to make
d
predictions
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
falsehood of another statement and the truth of a third statement?
Select one:
a. Disjunctive syllogism
b. Affirming the consequent
c. Modus ponens
d. Modus tollens
hat is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of first-order
W
predicate calculus?
Select one:
Z
a. PA+ set theory
b. ZFC set theory
c. PA set theory
d. ZF set theory
EN
3/15/24, 7:43 PM Prelim Exam: Attempt review
hat is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the information in a distribution in
W
maximum entropy without explicit
constraints?
Select one:
R
a. The Shannon entropy is the inverse of the information in a distribution
b. The Shannon entropy is proportional to the information in a distribution
c. The Shannon entropy is maximized when the information in a distribution is uniform
d. The Shannon entropy is the information in a distribution
What is probability?
Select one:
a. A measure of the likelihood of an event occurring
b. A measure of the likelihood of an event occurring divided by the total number of events
. A measure of the likelihood of an event NOT occurring divided by the total number of
c
events
d. A measure of the likelihood of an event NOT occurring
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
C
other events that are not independent of
Z
each other?
Select one:
a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
EN
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
c
independently of any other events
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
d
given another event
In which of the following scenarios would a heuristic search algorithm be most useful?
Select one:
R
a. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is not important
b. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is not important
c. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is important
d. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is important
Can subjective probabilities be biased?
Select one:
. Yes, subjective probabilities are based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and
a
experiences, which can be influenced by
personal biases
b. No, subjective probabilities are based on statistical analysis, which is unbiased
c. No, subjective probabilities are objective and unbiased
d. It depends on the individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule?
Z
Select one:
a. Affirming the consequent
b. Modus ponens
c. Modus tollens
EN
d. Denying the antecedent
What is the main advantage of heuristic search over other search algorithms?
Select one:
a. It is faster
b. It is more accurate
R
c. It can find solutions to problems with a small search space more efficiently
d. It can find solutions to problems with a large search space more efficiently
Which of the following is NOT a way in which godelization can be used in practice?
Select one:
a. To verify the correctness of software programs
b. To prove the consistency of mathematical theories
c. To create unbreakable codes for secure communication
d. To generate random numbers
What is an example of a real-world application of fuzzy logic?
Select one:
a. Automatic stock trading systems
b. Automatic image recognition systems
c. Automatic temperature control systems
Z
d. Automatic traffic control systems
hat is the time complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph with
W
V vertices and E edges?
EN
Select one:
a. O(V)
b. O(E)
c. O(V + E)
d. O(V * E)
R
How might subjective probabilities be used in risk assessment?
Select one:
. By taking into account an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences about the
a
likelihood and consequences of
potential risks
b. By calculating objective, observable data and statistical analysis
c. By relying solely on objective, observable data and statistical analysis
d. By using a coin flip to determine the likelihood of potential risks
How does minmax search handle tie situations?
Select one:
a. By selecting the move with the highest score
. By selecting the move that leads to the lowest score for the player and the highest score
b
for the opponent
. By selecting the move that leads to the highest score for the player and the lowest score
c
for the opponent
Z
d. By selecting the move with the lowest score
What is a defuzzification process in the context of fuzzy logic?
Select one:
EN
a. A process for converting fuzzy input and output values into precise values
b. A process for converting precise input and output values into fuzzy values
c. A process for converting fuzzy input values into precise values
d. A process for converting fuzzy output values into precise values
hat is the main disadvantage of using iterative deepening over a depth-first search
W
R
algorithm?
Select one:
a. It requires more memory to store the visited nodes
b. It requires less memory to store the visited nodes
c. It requires less computation time to search the tree
d. It requires more computation time to search the tree
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "belief function" is defined as:
Select one:
a. The likelihood that an event will occur
b. The level of uncertainty about an event
c. The probability that an event will occur
d. The degree of belief that an event will occur
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
what is the probability of event A occurring
given that event B has already occurred?
Z
Select one:
a. 0.25
b. 0.5
c. 0
EN
d. 1
What is a potential drawback of data mining?
Select one:
a. It can be time-consuming and resource-intensive
b. All of the above
R
c. It can be inaccurate if the data is not properly cleaned and processed
d. It can be biased if the data is not representative of the population
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of event A occurring
given that event B has already occurred?
Select one:
a. 0.6
b. 0
c. 0.4
d. 1
Can heuristic search be used to solve problems with no clear goal or solution?
Select one:
a. It depends on the specific search algorithm being used
b. It depends on the specific problem and the heuristic function being used
Z
c. Yes, heuristic search can be used to solve any type of problem
d. No, heuristic search can only be used to solve problems with a clear goal and solution
What does "P(A|B)" represent in Bayes' theorem?
EN
Select one:
a. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred
b. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not
c. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred
d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred
R
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Can minmax search handle games with more than two players?
Select one:
a. No, minmax search can only be used for two-player games
b. Yes, by using the same algorithm as for two-player games
c. Yes, by using a modified version of the algorithm
d. It depends on the game
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "normalization rule" is used to:
Select one:
a. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event
b. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized
c. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events
d. Calculate the probability of an event occurring
Z
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "combination rule" is used to:
Select one:
a. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event
b. Calculate the level of disagreement about the likelihood of an event
EN
c. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events
d. Calculate the probability of an event occurring
In first-order predicate logic, what is a closed formula?
Select one:
a. A formula that contains a free variable
R
b. A formula that contains only predicates
c. A formula that contains only closed terms
d. A formula that is always true
hat is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the underlying
W
distribution in maximum entropy without
explicit constraints?
Select one:
a. The maximum entropy distribution is similar to the underlying distribution
b. The maximum entropy distribution is different from the underlying distribution
c. The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the underlying distribution
d. The maximum entropy distribution is the same as the underlying distribution
What is the primary purpose of LEXMED?
Select one:
a. To provide medical guidance to legal professionals
b. To provide a platform for the exchange of legal data
Z
c. To provide legal guidance to medical professionals
d. To provide a platform for the exchange of medical data
What is a common application of data mining in business?
EN
Select one:
a. To improve customer service
b. To optimize production processes
c. To increase sales
d. All of the above
R
Dempster-Shafer theory is commonly used in which of the following fields?
Select one:
a. Decision making
b. Probability and statistics
c. Artificial intelligence
d. Quantum mechanics
hich of the following is NOT a reason why godelization is important in the field of computer
W
science?
Select one:
a. It allows for the representation of all possible computations within a system
b. It allows for the verification of the correctness of software programs
c. It allows for the generation of random numbers
d. It allows for the creation of secure codes and algorithms
What is an advantage of depth-first search over breadth-first search?
Select one:
Z
. Depth-first search is more flexible and can be easily modified to solve different types of
a
problems
b. Depth-first search uses less memory
c. Depth-first search is more efficient
EN
d. Depth-first search is faster
In what type of machine learning problems is a cost matrix typically used?
Select one:
a. Dimensionality reduction problems
b. Regression problems
R
c. Classification problems
d. Clustering problems
Which of the following is NOT a common application of heuristic search algorithms?
Select one:
a. Planning and scheduling
b. Solving puzzles and games
c. Image recognition
d. Natural language processing
In what year did Kurt Godel first present his incompleteness theorems?
Select one:
a. 1975
b. 1952
c. 1931
d. 1879
Z
In a binary cost matrix, what is the sum of all elements called?
Select one:
a. The median cost
b. The total cost
EN
c. The average cost
d. The maximum cost
hat is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the available
W
information in maximum entropy without
explicit constraints?
R
Select one:
a. The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the available information
b. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates none of the available information
c. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates all the available information
d. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates some of the available information
Can subjective probabilities be measured or quantified?
Select one:
a. Yes, by using objective, observable data and statistical analysis
b. Yes, by using a scale or rating system
c. No, subjective probabilities are subjective and cannot be measured or quantified
d. It depends on the individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences
What is the primary goal of risk management using cost matrices?
Select one:
a. To maximize the likelihood of risks occurring
b. To minimize the cost of risks
Z
c. To minimize the probability of risks occurring
d. To minimize the impact of risks
Which of the following is NOT one of Gödel's incompleteness theorems?
EN
Select one:
a. The consistency of arithmetic
b. The incompleteness of formal systems
c. The completeness of formal systems
d. The consistency of formal systems
R
What is the primary disadvantage of heuristic search algorithms?
Select one:
a. They may not find any solution at all
b. They use more memory
c. They are slower
d. They may not find the optimal solution
What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning?
Select one:
a. A matrix that represents the cost of training a model
b. A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model
c. A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions
d. A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model
What is the main disadvantage of IDA* search?
Select one:
Z
a. It can be computationally expensive
b. It is prone to getting stuck in local minima
c. It requires a lot of memory to store the search tree
d. It is slow to find the optimal solution
EN
How is the principle of maximum entropy related to the second law of thermodynamics?
Select one:
a. It is used to prove the second law
b. It is a more general form of the second law
c. It is independent of the second law
R
d. It is equivalent to the second law
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule?
Select one:
a. Denying the antecedent
b. Modus tollens
c. Modus ponens
d. Affirming the consequent
How do subjective probabilities differ from objective probabilities?
Select one:
. Subjective probabilities are based on statistical analysis, while objective probabilities are
a
based on an individual's beliefs,
opinions, and experiences
. Subjective probabilities are based on a coin flip, while objective probabilities are based on
b
an individual's beliefs, opinions,
and experiences
Z
. Subjective probabilities are based on objective, observable data, while objective
c
probabilities are based on an individual's
beliefs, opinions, and experiences
. Subjective probabilities are based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences,
d
while objective probabilities are
EN
based on objective, observable data
What is a defuzzification process in the context of fuzzy logic?
Select one:
a. A process for converting precise input and output values into fuzzy values
R
b. A process for converting fuzzy input and output values into precise values
c. A process for converting fuzzy input values into precise values
d. A process for converting fuzzy output values into precise values
Which of the following statements about iterative deepening is NOT true?
Select one:
a. It requires more computation time to search the tree than a breadth-first search algorithm
b. It requires more memory to store the visited nodes than a breadth-first search algorithm
c. It is a depth-first search algorithm
d. It is a breadth-first search algorithm
What is the formula for Bayes' theorem?
Select one:
a. P(A|B) = P(B) / P(A|B)
b. P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B)
c. P(A|B) = P(B|A) / P(A)
Z
d. P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A)
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.3 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.7,
what is the probability of either event A or
EN
B occurring?
Select one:
a. 1
b. 0.3
c. 0
d. 0.7
R
hat is the time complexity of depth-first search in terms of the number of nodes, n, and the
W
number of edges, m?
Select one:
a. O(n * m)
b. O(m)
c. O
d. O(n + m)
lpha-beta pruning is used in minimax algorithms for two-player games, where one player is
A
trying to maximize the score and the
other player is trying to minimize the score. In this context, alpha represents:
Select one:
a. The minimum score that the maximizing player is assured of
b. The minimum score that the minimizing player is trying to achieve
c. The maximum score that the maximizing player is trying to achieve
d. The maximum score that the minimizing player is assured of
Z
In a cost matrix, what does the likelihood of a risk occurring refer to?
Select one:
a. The duration of the risk
EN
b. The impact of the risk
c. The probability of the risk occurring
d. The frequency of the risk
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
C
other events that are independent of
each other?
R
Select one:
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
a
independently of any other events
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
b
given another event
c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
d. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand theorem?
Select one:
a. A statement that is always false in a given Herbrand interpretation
b. A statement that is true in some Herbrand interpretations and false in others
c. A statement that is always true in a given Herbrand interpretation
d. A statement that is provable from the axioms of first-order predicate logic
Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Dempster-Shafer theory?
Select one:
Z
a. Plausibility
b. Uncertainty
c. Belief
d. Conflict
EN
In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand universe?
Select one:
a. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula
b. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula
c. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula
R
d. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula
3/15/24, 7:43 PM Prelim Lab Exam: Attempt review
In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class
is negative called?
Select one:
a. The true positive cost
b. The false negative cost
c. The false positive cost
d. The true negative cost
ow is the principle of maximum entropy related to the maximum likelihood principle in
H
statistics?
Select one:
a. They are independent of each other
b. The maximum likelihood principle is a special case of the principle of maximum entropy
Z
c. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the maximum likelihood principle
d. They are equivalent
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.3 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.7,
what is the probability of neither event A
EN
nor B occurring?
Select one:
a. 1
b. 0.3
c. 0.7
d. 0
R
In a cost matrix, what does the rows represent?
Select one:
a. The actual class
b. The predicted class
c. The cost of making a prediction
d. The probability of a prediction
What is the probability of an event occurring if it is twice as likely to happen as not happen?
Select one:
a. 50%
b. 0%
c. 25%
d. 75%
hich of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the performance of heuristic search
W
Z
algorithms?
Select one:
a. The size of the search space
b. The type of problem being solved
EN
c. The quality of the heuristic function
d. The number of processors in the computer
What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory?
Select one:
a. PA+ set theory
R
b. ZFC set theory
c. ZF set theory
d. PA set theory
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
what is the probability of both event A and
B occurring?
Select one:
a. 0.5
b. 1
c. 0.25
d. 0
How often is the legal guidance in LEXMED updated?
Select one:
a. Monthly
b. Daily
Z
c. Annually
d. Weekly
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
EN
influenced the field of mathematics?
Select one:
a. They have led to the abandonment of the axiomatic method
b. They have sparked debates about the nature of truth and proof
c. They have led to the development of new proof techniques
d. They have led to the development of new mathematical systems
R
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of artificial intelligence?
Select one:
a. They have led to the development of new artificial intelligence algorithms
b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of artificial intelligence
c. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine
d. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of machine learning
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of using LEXMED?
Select one:
a. Improved understanding of medical terminology
b. Improved patient care
c. Improved legal compliance
d. Improved efficiency in legal matters
Z
Question 41
Correct
Mark 1.00 out of 1.00
Can minmax search handle games with more than two players?
EN
Select one:
a. Yes, by using a modified version of the algorithm
b. It depends on the game
c. Yes, by using the same algorithm as for two-player games
d. No, minmax search can only be used for two-player games
R
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of greedy search algorithms?
Select one:
a. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution)
. They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a
b
decision)
c. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists)
d. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly)
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
truth of at least one of multiple other statements?
Select one:
a. Disjunction
b. Modus tollens
c. Affirming the consequent
d. Modus ponens
Z
hat is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the constraints in
W
maximum entropy without explicit
constraints?
Select one:
EN
a. The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the constraints
b. The maximum entropy distribution satisfies none of the constraints
c. The maximum entropy distribution satisfies all the constraints
d. The maximum entropy distribution satisfies some of the constraints
What is the main difference between depth-first search and breadth-first search?
R
Select one:
a. Depth-first search is more efficient than breadth-first search
b. Breadth-first search is more efficient than depth-first search
. Depth-first search explores all the children of a node before exploring its siblings, while
c
breadth-first search explores all
the siblings of a node before exploring its children
. Depth-first search is only used to search trees, while breadth-first search is only used to
d
search graphs
hat is the space complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph
W
with V vertices and E edges?
Select one:
a. O(V)
b. O(E)
c. O(V + E)
Z
d. O(V * E)
In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the second row and first column represent?
Select one:
EN
a. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative
b. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative
c. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive
d. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive
What is a heuristic function in the context of search algorithms?
R
Select one:
a. A function that estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to the goal
. A function that estimates the cost of the most expensive path from the current node to the
b
goal
c. A function that estimates the cost of the cheapest path from the current node to the goal
d. A function that estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to the goal
What does "P(A|B)" represent in Bayes' theorem?
Select one:
a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred
b. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred
c. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not
d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred
In a cost matrix, what does the risk priority refer to?
Select one:
a. The severity of the risk
Z
b. The duration of the risk
c. The risk rating
d. The probability of the risk occurring
EN
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "uncertainty function" is defined as:
Select one:
a. The probability that an event will occur
b. The degree of belief that an event will occur
c. The likelihood that an event will occur
d. The level of uncertainty about an event
R
What is an example of a data mining task?
Select one:
a. Organizing data into a database
b. Visualizing data on a chart
c. Determining the best location for a new store based on population data
d. Collecting data from multiple sources
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of mathematics?
Select one:
a. They have led to the development of new proof techniques
b. They have led to the development of new mathematical systems
c. They have sparked debates about the nature of truth and proof
d. They have led to the abandonment of the axiomatic method
Z
How does minmax search handle tie situations?
Select one:
. By selecting the move that leads to the lowest score for the player and the highest score
a
for the opponent
b. By selecting the move with the highest score
EN
c. By selecting the move with the lowest score
. By selecting the move that leads to the highest score for the player and the lowest score
d
for the opponent
What is the primary purpose of LEXMED?
Select one:
R
a. To provide legal guidance to medical professionals
b. To provide a platform for the exchange of medical data
c. To provide medical guidance to legal professionals
d. To provide a platform for the exchange of legal data
Why are subjective probabilities important in decision-making?
Select one:
. Because they take into account an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences, which
a
can affect their decision-making
b. Because they are based on statistical analysis
c. Because they are based on objective, observable data
d. Because they are based on a coin flip
In first-order predicate logic, what is a predicate?
Select one:
a. A function that returns a value based on its input
b. A logical symbol that represents a negation
Z
c. A statement that is either true or false
d. A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects
hich of the following is NOT a way that the principle of maximum entropy can be used in
W
EN
information theory?
Select one:
a. To model communication channels
b. To compress data
c. To calculate the probability of different outcomes
d. To determine the accuracy of a prediction
R
How does the order of events in Bayes' theorem affect the calculation of probability?
Select one:
. The order matters, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of events occurring
a
simultaneously, so the order in which they
are listed affects the final probability
. The order matters, as the probability of one event occurring given another event is not the
b
same as the probability of the
other event occurring given the first event
. The order does not matter, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of events
c
occurring sequentially, so the order in
which they are listed does not affect the final probability
. The order does not matter, as Bayes' theorem calculates the probability of events
d
occurring independently of each other
What is a disadvantage of fuzzy logic compared to traditional logical reasoning?
Select one:
a. It is less accurate and reliable
Z
b. It is more computationally expensive
c. It is less flexible and adaptable
d. It is more difficult to implement and understand
EN
Can heuristic search be used to solve problems with no clear goal or solution?
Select one:
a. It depends on the specific problem and the heuristic function being used
b. It depends on the specific search algorithm being used
c. No, heuristic search can only be used to solve problems with a clear goal and solution
d. Yes, heuristic search can be used to solve any type of problem
R
If there are 10 equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of any one of them occurring?
Select one:
a. 10%
b. 0%
c. 100%
d. 25%
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
falsehood of its opposite?
Select one:
a. Modus ponens
b. Affirming the consequent
c. Denying the antecedent
d. Modus tollens
Z
What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning?
Select one:
a. A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model
EN
b. A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions
c. A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model
d. A matrix that represents the cost of training a model
hat is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of intuitionistic
W
type theory?
Select one:
R
a. ZFC set theory
b. ZF set theory
c. PA set theory
d. PA+ set theory
What is the formula for Bayes' theorem?
Select one:
a. P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A)
b. P(A|B) = P(B) / P(A|B)
c. P(A|B) = P(B|A) / P(A)
d. P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B)
hat is a common method used in data mining to discover patterns and relationships in
W
data?
Select one:
a. Data collection
Z
b. Machine learning
c. Data visualization
d. Data storage and organization
EN
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
truth of its opposite?
Select one:
a. Modus ponens
b. Affirming the consequent
c. Denying the antecedent
R
d. Modus tollens
hat is the relationship between the Shannon entropy and the information in a distribution in
W
maximum entropy without explicit
constraints?
Select one:
a. The Shannon entropy is the information in a distribution
b. The Shannon entropy is the inverse of the information in a distribution
c. The Shannon entropy is proportional to the information in a distribution
d. The Shannon entropy is maximized when the information in a distribution is uniform
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "normalization rule" is used to:
Select one:
a. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized
b. Calculate the probability of an event occurring
c. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event
d. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events
Z
In what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of minimum
information?
Select one:
EN
. The principle of minimum information is a special case of the principle of maximum
a
entropy
. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of minimum
b
information
c. They are independent of each other
d. They are equivalent
R
What is the main goal of data mining?
Select one:
a. To store and organize data efficiently
b. To discover patterns and relationships in data
c. To collect as much data as possible
d. To visualize data in a meaningful way
In first-order predicate logic, what is a closed formula?
Select one:
a. A formula that contains only predicates
b. A formula that contains only closed terms
c. A formula that contains a free variable
d. A formula that is always true
What is fuzzy logic?
Select one:
a. A form of artificial intelligence that uses approximate reasoning
Z
b. A form of artificial intelligence that uses logical reasoning
c. A form of artificial intelligence that uses probabilistic reasoning
d. A form of artificial intelligence that uses heuristic reasoning
EN
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule?
Select one:
a. Affirming the consequent
b. Modus tollens
c. Denying the antecedent
d. Modus ponens
R
Which of the following is NOT a type of heuristic search algorithm?
Select one:
a. Hill climbing
b. Best-first search
c. A* search
d. Dijkstra's algorithm
In supervised learning, which of the following is NOT a common problem that can occur
during the training process?
Select one:
a. Class imbalance
b. Data leakage
c. Underfitting
d. Overfitting
Z
What is Shannon entropy?
Select one:
a. The amount of information in a distribution
b. The amount of randomness in a distribution
EN
c. The amount of uncertainty in a distribution
d. The amount of symmetry in a distribution
What does "P(A|B)" represent in Bayes' theorem?
Select one:
a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred
R
b. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred
c. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not
d. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred
How does the heuristic function in A* search work?
Select one:
a. It estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to the goal node
b. It estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to the goal node
c. It estimates the cost of all possible paths from the current node to the goal node
d. It estimates the cost of the most efficient path from the current node to the goal node
What is A* search used for?
Select one:
Z
a. To find the most efficient path between two nodes in a graph
b. To find the longest path between two nodes in a graph
c. To find the shortest path between two nodes in a graph
d. To find all possible paths between two nodes in a graph
EN
What is the primary goal of risk management using cost matrices?
Select one:
a. To minimize the cost of risks
b. To minimize the impact of risks
c. To minimize the probability of risks occurring
R
d. To maximize the likelihood of risks occurring
hat is the time complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph with
W
V vertices and E edges?
Select one:
a. O(V + E)
b. O(E)
c. O(V * E)
d. O(V)
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
C
other events that are not independent of
each other?
Select one:
a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
b
given another event
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
c
Z
independently of any other events
d. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
Which of the following is NOT a feature of LEXMED?
EN
Select one:
a. Medical diagnosis assistance
b. Medical terminology lookup
c. Legal precedent search
d. Legal case search
R
What is an advantage of depth-first search over breadth-first search?
Select one:
. Depth-first search is more flexible and can be easily modified to solve different types of
a
problems
b. Depth-first search is faster
c. Depth-first search is more efficient
d. Depth-first search uses less memory
Beta represents:
Select one:
a. The maximum score that the minimizing player is assured of
b. The minimum score that the maximizing player is assured of
c. The minimum score that the minimizing player is trying to achieve
d. The maximum score that the maximizing player is trying to achieve
Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of using LEXMED?
Select one:
Z
a. Limited scope of legal guidance
b. Limited accessibility
c. Limited user support
d. Limited scope of medical guidance
EN
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
C
other events that are both independent
and not independent of each other?
Select one:
a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
R
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
b
independently of any other events
c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
d
given another event
In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the second row and first column represent?
Select one:
a. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive
b. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative
c. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive
d. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative
In what type of machine learning problems is a cost matrix typically used?
Select one:
a. Dimensionality reduction problems
b. Clustering problems
c. Classification problems
Z
d. Regression problems
Which of the following is NOT a key concept in Dempster-Shafer theory?
Select one:
EN
a. Conflict
b. Belief
c. Plausibility
d. Uncertainty
What is the primary disadvantage of heuristic search algorithms?
R
Select one:
a. They may not find the optimal solution
b. They may not find any solution at all
c. They are slower
d. They use more memory
hich of the following is NOT a consequence of Gödel's incompleteness theorems for the
W
formal system of Peano arithmetic?
Select one:
a. There are always unprovable statements within the system
b. The system cannot prove its own completeness
c. The system cannot prove its own consistency
d. The consistency of the system cannot be proven within the system
What is an example of a problem that can be solved using depth-first search?
Select one:
Z
a. Finding the shortest path between two nodes in a graph
b. Finding the largest number in a list
c. Sorting a list of numbers
d. Determining if a graph is bipartite
EN
If there are two equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of both occurring?
Select one:
a. 25%
b. 0%
c. 50%
R
d. 100%
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
falsehood of another statement and the truth of a third statement?
Select one:
a. Affirming the consequent
b. Modus tollens
c. Modus ponens
d. Disjunctive syllogism
In first-order predicate logic, what is a quantifier?
Select one:
a. A logical symbol that represents a negation
b. A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects
c. A symbol that specifies the scope of a variable
d. A function that returns a value based on its input
Z
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring based on
C
multiple other events?
Select one:
EN
a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
b
given another event
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
c
independently of any other events
d. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
R
In a binary cost matrix, what is the sum of all elements called?
Select one:
a. The total cost
b. The average cost
c. The maximum cost
d. The median cost
What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory?
Select one:
a. ZFC set theory
b. PA set theory
c. ZF set theory
d. PA+ set theory
What is the formula for Bayes' theorem?
Select one:
a. P(A|B) = P(B|A) / P(A)
Z
b. P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B)
c. P(A|B) = P(B) / P(A|B)
d. P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A)
EN
If there are 10 equally likely outcomes, what is the probability of any one of them occurring?
Select one:
a. 0%
b. 10%
c. 25%
d. 100%
R
In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class
is negative called?
Select one:
a. The true negative cost
b. The false positive cost
c. The true positive cost
d. The false negative cost
Which of the following is NOT a feature of LEXMED?
Select one:
a. Legal precedent search
b. Legal case search
c. Medical terminology lookup
d. Medical diagnosis assistance
In first-order predicate logic, what is a closed formula?
Z
Select one:
a. A formula that contains only predicates
b. A formula that contains a free variable
c. A formula that is always true
EN
d. A formula that contains only closed terms
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of greedy search algorithms?
Select one:
a. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists)
. They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a
b
R
decision)
c. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly)
d. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution)
hat is the time complexity of depth-first search in terms of the number of nodes, n, and the
W
number of edges, m?
Select one:
a. O(n + m)
b. O(m)
c. O(n * m)
d. O
In supervised learning, which of the following is NOT a common evaluation metric?
Select one:
a. Mean squared error
b. Accuracy
c. Recall
Z
d. Precision
What is the probability of an event occurring if it is certain to happen?
Select one:
EN
a. 100%
b. 0%
c. 50%
d. It cannot be determined
What is the primary disadvantage of heuristic search algorithms?
R
Select one:
a. They may not find the optimal solution
b. They use more memory
c. They may not find any solution at all
d. They are slower
What is the probability of an event occurring if it is equally likely to happen or not happen?
Select one:
a. 50%
b. 25%
c. 75%
d. 0%
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of multiple events occurring
C
simultaneously?
Select one:
Z
a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
c
independently of any other events
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
d
EN
given another event
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "uncertainty function" is defined as:
Select one:
a. The likelihood that an event will occur
b. The probability that an event will occur
R
c. The degree of belief that an event will occur
d. The level of uncertainty about an event
Which of the following best describes the process of greedy search?
Select one:
. Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the optimal next
a
step
. Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the optimal next
b
step
. Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the next step that
c
leads to the highest cost
. Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the next step that
d
leads to the highest cost
Which of the following is NOT a type of supervised learning algorithm?
Select one:
a. Clustering
b. Decision trees
Z
c. Neural networks
d. K-nearest neighbors
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
EN
infer the falsehood of a statement based on
the falsehood of another statement?
Select one:
a. Affirming the consequent
b. Modus tollens
c. Modus ponens
R
d. Denying the antecedent
Which of the following is NOT one of Gödel's incompleteness theorems?
Select one:
a. The incompleteness of formal systems
b. The consistency of arithmetic
c. The completeness of formal systems
d. The consistency of formal systems
If there are three events, each with a probability of 50%, what is the probability that none of
them will occur?
Select one:
a. 75%
b. 25%
c. 0%
Z
d. 50%
ow is the maximum entropy distribution found in maximum entropy without explicit
H
constraints?
Select one:
EN
a. By fitting the data to a specific distribution
b. By maximizing the Shannon entropy of the distribution
c. By minimizing the error between the model and the data
d. By maximizing the likelihood function
How does minmax search handle tie situations?
R
Select one:
. By selecting the move that leads to the highest score for the player and the lowest score
a
for the opponent
. By selecting the move that leads to the lowest score for the player and the highest score
b
for the opponent
c. By selecting the move with the highest score
d. By selecting the move with the lowest score
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of event B occurring
given that event A has already occurred?
Select one:
a. 0.6
b. 0.4
c. 1
d. 0
What does LEXMED stand for?
Z
Select one:
a. Linux Extension for Medical Devices
b. Legal and Medical Expert System
c. Legal and Ethical Medical Decision-Making
EN
d. Local Exchange for Medical Data
hat is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the available
W
information in maximum entropy without
explicit constraints?
Select one:
R
a. The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the available information
b. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates none of the available information
c. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates all the available information
d. The maximum entropy distribution incorporates some of the available information
What is the purpose of fuzzy logic in control systems?
Select one:
a. To provide heuristic control over system variables
b. To provide probabilistic control over system variables
c. To provide precise, binary control over system variables
d. To provide imprecise, approximate control over system variables
What is the main advantage of using iterative deepening over a depth-first search algorithm?
Select one:
a. It allows the search to cover more nodes in more time
b. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in more time
c. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in less time
Z
d. It allows the search to cover more nodes in less time
EN
If there are two events, each with a probability of 50%, what is the probability that both will
occur?
Select one:
a. 0%
b. 75%
c. 50%
R
d. 25%
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
C
other events that are independent of
each other?
Select one:
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
a
independently of any other events
b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
d
given another event
In first-order predicate logic, what is a predicate?
Select one:
a. A function that returns a value based on its input
b. A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects
c. A logical symbol that represents a negation
Z
d. A statement that is either true or false
In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class
is positive called?
EN
Select one:
a. The false positive cost
b. The false negative cost
c. The true negative cost
d. The true positive cost
R
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of mathematics?
Select one:
a. They have led to the development of new proof techniques
b. They have led to the abandonment of the axiomatic method
c. They have sparked debates about the nature of truth and proof
d. They have led to the development of new mathematical systems
What is A* search used for?
Select one:
a. To find the longest path between two nodes in a graph
b. To find the most efficient path between two nodes in a graph
c. To find the shortest path between two nodes in a graph
d. To find all possible paths between two nodes in a graph
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring based on
C
multiple other events?
Z
Select one:
a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
b
given another event
c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
EN
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
d
independently of any other events
How is LEXMED typically accessed by medical professionals?
Select one:
a. Through a command-line interface
R
b. Through a mobile app
c. Through a web browser
d. Through a desktop application
What does "P(A|B)" represent in Bayes' theorem?
Select one:
a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred
b. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred
c. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not
d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred
What is the disadvantage of using maximum entropy without explicit constraints?
Select one:
a. It can only handle a small number of variables
b. It cannot handle missing data
c. It makes a lot of assumptions about the data
d. It cannot handle outliers
Z
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
falsehood of another statement and the truth of a third statement?
EN
Select one:
a. Disjunctive syllogism
b. Affirming the consequent
c. Modus tollens
d. Modus ponens
R
What is Bayes' theorem used for?
Select one:
a. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on previous events
. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the probability of all other
b
events
. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the probability of its opposite
c
occurring
d. To calculate the probability of an event occurring based on the likelihood of other events
What is a cost matrix in the context of machine learning?
Select one:
a. A matrix that represents the cost of making predictions
b. A matrix that represents the cost of implementing a model
c. A matrix that represents the cost of training a model
d. A matrix that represents the cost of deploying a model
Which of the following is NOT a common method of mitigating risks?
Z
Select one:
a. Transferring the risk to another party
b. Accepting the risk
c. Reducing the likelihood of the risk occurring
EN
d. Increasing the impact of the risk
What is the main concept of Dempster-Shafer theory?
Select one:
a. Probability
b. Statistics
R
c. Belief
d. Decision making
What is fuzzy logic?
Select one:
a. A form of artificial intelligence that uses probabilistic reasoning
b. A form of artificial intelligence that uses heuristic reasoning
c. A form of artificial intelligence that uses logical reasoning
d. A form of artificial intelligence that uses approximate reasoning
In which of the following scenarios would a heuristic search algorithm be least useful?
Select one:
a. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is not important
b. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is not important
c. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is important
d. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is important
Z
hich of the following is NOT a reason why godelization is important in the field of computer
W
science?
Select one:
EN
a. It allows for the verification of the correctness of software programs
b. It allows for the creation of secure codes and algorithms
c. It allows for the generation of random numbers
d. It allows for the representation of all possible computations within a system
In what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of minimum
information?
R
Select one:
. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of minimum
a
information
. The principle of minimum information is a special case of the principle of maximum
b
entropy
c. They are equivalent
d. They are independent of each other
What type of information is used in maximum entropy without explicit constraints?
Select one:
a. Only the mean and standard deviation of the data
b. Only the median and mode of the data
c. Any information that is available about the data
d. Only the shape of the data
What is a fuzzy rule in the context of fuzzy logic?
Select one:
Z
a. A rule that defines an imprecise relationship between input and output variables
b. A rule that defines a probabilistic relationship between input and output variables
c. A rule that defines a precise relationship between input and output variables
d. A rule that defines a heuristic relationship between input and output variables
EN
hat is the space complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph
W
with V vertices and E edges?
Select one:
a. O(V)
b. O(V * E)
R
c. O(V + E)
d. O(E)
In a binary cost matrix, how many rows and columns are there?
Select one:
a. 2 rows and 2 columns
b. 2 rows and 1 column
c. 1 row and 1 column
d. 1 row and 2 columns
What is maximum entropy without explicit constraints?
Select one:
a. A statistical model that makes the least amount of assumptions about the data
b. A statistical model that assumes the data is random
c. A statistical model that makes the most amount of assumptions about the data
d. A statistical model that assumes the data follows a specific distribution
Z
Which of the following statements about the principle of maximum entropy is NOT true?
Select one:
a. It assumes that the system is in a state of maximum disorder
b. It can be used to predict the probability of different outcomes in a system
EN
c. It is based on the idea that the probability of a state is proportional to its energy
d. It is used to predict the behavior of a system in equilibrium
Which of the following statements about the principle of maximum entropy is NOT true?
Select one:
a. It is based on the idea that the probability of a state is inversely proportional to its energy
R
b. It can be used to predict the probability of different outcomes in a system
c. It is used to predict the behavior of a system in equilibrium
d. It assumes that the system is in a state of maximum order
Dempster-Shafer theory is commonly used in which of the following fields?
Select one:
a. Quantum mechanics
b. Artificial intelligence
c. Decision making
d. Probability and statistics
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
what is the probability of neither event A
nor B occurring?
Select one:
a. 0
Z
b. 0.5
c. 1
d. 0.25
EN
What is the purpose of fuzzy logic in control systems?
Select one:
a. To provide precise, binary control over system variables
b. To provide imprecise, approximate control over system variables
c. To provide probabilistic control over system variables
d. To provide heuristic control over system variables
R
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of cognitive science?
Select one:
a. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine
b. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of human reasoning
c. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of thought
d. They have led to the abandonment of the study of cognition
What is the process of adding new nodes to the search tree in A* search called?
Select one:
a. Pathfinding
b. Node expansion
c. Graph traversal
d. Route planning
Z
hich of the following is NOT a step in the process of using a cost matrix to assess and
W
manage risks?
Select one:
a. Identifying potential risks
EN
b. Implementing risk mitigation measures
c. Evaluating the likelihood and impact of each risk
d. Determining the cost of each risk
How often is the legal guidance in LEXMED updated?
Select one:
R
a. Monthly
b. Annually
c. Daily
d. Weekly
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of greedy search algorithms?
Select one:
a. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly)
b. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution)
. They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a
c
decision)
d. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists)
What is the goal of maximum entropy without explicit constraints?
Select one:
a. To maximize the likelihood of the data
b. To find the most probable distribution of the data given the available information
Z
c. To fit the data as closely as possible
d. To make the most accurate predictions about the data
hat is the main disadvantage of using iterative deepening over a breadth-first search
W
algorithm?
EN
Select one:
a. It requires more memory to store the visited nodes
b. It requires less memory to store the visited nodes
c. It requires more computation time to search the tree
d. It requires less computation time to search the tree
R
hich of the following is NOT a criterion for a statement to be considered provable within a
W
godelized system of logic?
Select one:
a. It is a theorem of the system
b. It is a negation of a theorem of the system
c. It is a contradiction of a theorem of the system
d. It is a combination of theorems of the system
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of artificial intelligence?
Select one:
a. They have led to the abandonment of the use of artificial intelligence
b. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of machine learning
c. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine
d. They have led to the development of new artificial intelligence algorithms
Z
In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand universe?
Select one:
a. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula
b. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula
EN
c. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula
d. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the falsehood of a statement based on
the falsehood of another statement?
Select one:
R
a. Denying the antecedent
b. Affirming the consequent
c. Modus ponens
d. Modus tollens
Which of the following best describes the process of greedy search?
Select one:
. Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the next step that
a
leads to the highest cost
. Starting at the beginning and working towards the end, always choosing the optimal next
b
step
. Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the optimal next
c
step
. Starting at the end and working towards the beginning, always choosing the next step that
d
leads to the highest cost
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
truth of at least one of multiple other statements?
Z
Select one:
a. Modus ponens
b. Disjunction
c. Modus tollens
EN
d. Affirming the consequent
In a cost matrix, which of the following represents the highest priority risk?
Select one:
a. Low likelihood, high impact
b. High likelihood, low impact
R
c. Low likelihood, low impact
d. High likelihood, high impact
In first-order predicate logic, what is an open formula?
Select one:
a. A formula that contains only predicates
b. A formula that contains a free variable
c. A formula that contains only closed terms
d. A formula that is always true
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
truth of another statement and the truth of a third statement?
Select one:
a. Modus tollens
b. Affirming the consequent
Z
c. Modus ponens
d. Hypothetical syllogism
hich of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the performance of heuristic search
W
algorithms?
EN
Select one:
a. The quality of the heuristic function
b. The type of problem being solved
c. The number of processors in the computer
d. The size of the search space
R
In a binary cost matrix, how many rows and columns are there?
Select one:
a. 2 rows and 1 column
b. 2 rows and 2 columns
c. 1 row and 1 column
d. 1 row and 2 columns
In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the negative class when the actual
class is negative called?
Select one:
a. The true negative cost
b. The true positive cost
c. The false negative cost
d. The false positive cost
In a cost matrix, which of the following represents the lowest priority risk?
Z
Select one:
a. High likelihood, high impact
b. Low likelihood, high impact
c. Low likelihood, low impact
EN
d. High likelihood, low impact
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of philosophy of mind?
Select one:
a. They have led to the abandonment of the study of the philosophy of mind
R
b. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of mind
c. They have sparked debates about the possibility of artificial intelligence
d. They have led to new discussions about the nature of consciousness
What is a fuzzy rule in the context of fuzzy logic?
Select one:
a. A rule that defines a heuristic relationship between input and output variables
b. A rule that defines a precise relationship between input and output variables
c. A rule that defines a probabilistic relationship between input and output variables
d. A rule that defines an imprecise relationship between input and output variables
What is the probability of an event occurring if it is certain to happen?
Select one:
a. 50%
b. 0%
c. 100%
d. It cannot be determined
Z
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fuzzy logic?
Select one:
EN
a. It can handle uncertainty and imprecision
b. It can provide a more human-like approach to decision making
c. It is based on precise, binary values
d. It can handle complex, non-linear relationships
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a godelized system of logic?
R
Select one:
a. It is able to prove all false statements within the system
b. It is able to prove its own consistency
c. It is able to prove all true statements within the system
d. It is able to represent all possible statements within the system
hich of the following is NOT a criterion for a formal system to be subject to Gödel's
W
incompleteness theorems?
Select one:
a. The system must be consistent
b. The system must be capable of expressing basic arithmetic
c. The system must be complete
d. The system must be finite
What is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of set theory?
Select one:
a. PA set theory
Z
b. ZF set theory
c. PA+ set theory
d. ZFC set theory
EN
What is the purpose of using a cost matrix in the binary case?
Select one:
a. To penalize incorrect predictions differently based on the predicted class
R
b. To penalize correct predictions differently based on the actual class
c. To penalize incorrect predictions differently based on the actual class
d. To penalize correct predictions differently based on the predicted class
hat is the primary advantage of using a breadth-first search algorithm over a depth-first
W
search algorithm?
Select one:
a. It is more accurate and reliable
b. It explores the entire search space more thoroughly
c. It is faster and requires less processing power
d. It is easier to implement and understand
In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand model?
Select one:
a. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula
b. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula
c. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula
Z
d. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
EN
truth of multiple other statements?
Select one:
a. Affirming the consequent
b. Modus ponens
c. Conjunction
d. Modus tollens
R
Which of the following is NOT one of Gödel's incompleteness theorems?
Select one:
a. The completeness of formal systems
b. The consistency of formal systems
c. The consistency of arithmetic
d. The incompleteness of formal systems
hich of the following is NOT a way that the principle of maximum entropy can be used in
W
economics?
Select one:
a. To model market equilibrium
b. To predict consumer behavior
c. To calculate the cost of production
d. To model risk and uncertainty
Z
What is the main concept of Dempster-Shafer theory?
Select one:
a. Decision making
b. Statistics
EN
c. Belief
d. Probability
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
what is the probability of both event A and
B occurring?
Select one:
R
a. 0.5
b. 0
c. 1
d. 0.25
What is the primary goal of godelization?
Select one:
a. To encode information in a way that is resistant to tampering or corruption
b. To create a system of logic that is consistent but incomplete
c. To create a system of logic that is consistent and complete
d. To prove the existence of God
What is the goal of maximum entropy without explicit constraints?
Select one:
a. To fit the data as closely as possible
b. To find the most probable distribution of the data given the available information
Z
c. To make the most accurate predictions about the data
d. To maximize the likelihood of the data
hich of the following is NOT a factor that can impact the performance of heuristic search
W
EN
algorithms?
Select one:
a. The number of processors in the computer
b. The quality of the heuristic function
c. The size of the search space
d. The type of problem being solved
R
How does the heuristic function in A* search work?
Select one:
a. It estimates the cost of the shortest path from the current node to the goal node
b. It estimates the cost of all possible paths from the current node to the goal node
c. It estimates the cost of the longest path from the current node to the goal node
d. It estimates the cost of the most efficient path from the current node to the goal node
In first-order predicate logic, what is a quantifier?
Select one:
a. A logical symbol that represents a negation
b. A symbol that specifies the scope of a variable
c. A function that returns a value based on its input
d. A logical symbol that represents a relationship between objects
In a cost matrix, what does the impact of a risk refer to?
Select one:
Z
a. The probability of the risk occurring
b. The severity of the risk
c. The frequency of the risk
d. The duration of the risk
EN
hich of the following is NOT a factor that is typically considered when evaluating the
W
impact of a risk?
Select one:
a. Reputational impact
b. Financial impact
R
c. Legal impact
d. Frequency of occurrence
In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the negative class when the actual
class is negative called?
Select one:
a. The false positive cost
b. The true negative cost
c. The true positive cost
d. The false negative cost
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of artificial intelligence?
Select one:
a. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine
b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of artificial intelligence
c. They have led to the development of new artificial intelligence algorithms
Z
d. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of machine learning
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of supervised learning?
Select one:
EN
a. The learning algorithm is able to learn from unstructured data
b. The learning algorithm is given examples of correct input-output pairs
c. The learning algorithm is able to learn from small amounts of data
d. The input and output variables are known in advance
R
What is an advantage of depth-first search over breadth-first search?
Select one:
a. Depth-first search is more efficient
b. Depth-first search is faster
c. Depth-first search uses less memory
. Depth-first search is more flexible and can be easily modified to solve different types of
d
problems
What is subjective probability?
Select one:
a. A probability based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences
b. A probability based on statistical analysis
c. A probability based on objective, observable data
d. A probability based on a coin flip
What is the probability of an event occurring if it is impossible to happen?
Z
Select one:
a. 100%
b. It cannot be determined
c. 50%
EN
d. 0%
hat is the advantage of using maximum entropy without explicit constraints over other
W
statistical models?
Select one:
a. It can handle outliers
R
b. All of the above
c. It can handle a large number of variables
d. It can handle missing data
In which type of games is minmax search commonly used?
Select one:
a. Games with random elements
b. Single-player games
c. Multiplayer games
d. Games with perfect information, such as chess and tic-tac-toe
What is the main goal of data mining?
Select one:
a. To visualize data in a meaningful way
b. To discover patterns and relationships in data
c. To collect as much data as possible
d. To store and organize data efficiently
Z
hich of the following is NOT a criterion for a statement to be considered unprovable within
W
a godelized system of logic?
Select one:
EN
a. It is not a theorem of the system
b. It is not a combination of theorems of the system
c. It is not a negation of a theorem of the system
d. It is not a contradiction of a theorem of the system
R
hat is the main advantage of using iterative deepening over a breadth-first search
W
algorithm?
Select one:
a. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in less time
b. It allows the search to cover more nodes in less time
c. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in more time
d. It allows the search to cover more nodes in more time
How is the Shannon entropy calculated in maximum entropy without explicit constraints?
Select one:
a. By summing the logarithms of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution
b. By taking the mean of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution
c. By summing the probabilities of all the events in the distribution
d. By taking the median of the probabilities of all the events in the distribution
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
Z
truth of its opposite?
Select one:
a. Modus ponens
b. Modus tollens
EN
c. Denying the antecedent
d. Affirming the consequent
What are some factors that can influence an individual's subjective probability?
Select one:
a. Personal beliefs, opinions, and experiences
R
b. Objective, observable data and statistical analysis
c. The outcome of a coin flip
d. All of the above
hich of the following data structures is typically used to implement a breadth-first search
W
algorithm?
Select one:
a. Stack
b. Queue
c. Hash table
d. Heap
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of Gödel's incompleteness theorems?
Select one:
a. There are always true but unprovable statements within a given formal system
b. There are always provable statements within a given formal system
c. There are always unprovable statements within a given formal system
Z
d. There are always false but unprovable statements within a given formal system
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of cognitive science?
EN
Select one:
a. They have sparked debates about the possibility of creating a truly intelligent machine
b. They have led to new discussions about the limitations of human reasoning
c. They have led to the abandonment of the study of cognition
d. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of thought
R
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of philosophy?
Select one:
a. They have led to the development of new philosophical systems
b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of reasoning
c. They have led to new discussions about the nature of reality
d. They have sparked debates about the limits of knowledge
What is an example of a data mining task?
Select one:
a. Determining the best location for a new store based on population data
b. Collecting data from multiple sources
c. Visualizing data on a chart
d. Organizing data into a database
In first-order predicate logic, what is a substitution instance of a formula?
Select one:
Z
a. A formula obtained by negating the original formula
. A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the quantifiers in the original formula with
b
logical symbols
. A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the variables in the original formula with
c
constants
EN
. A formula obtained by replacing some or all of the predicates in the original formula with
d
functions
What is an example of a problem that can be solved using depth-first search?
Select one:
R
a. Determining if a graph is bipartite
b. Sorting a list of numbers
c. Finding the shortest path between two nodes in a graph
d. Finding the largest number in a list
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of neither event A
nor B occurring?
Select one:
a. 1
b. 0.4
c. 0.6
d. 0
In a binary cost matrix, what is the cost of predicting the negative class when the actual
class is positive called?
Select one:
Z
a. The false negative cost
b. The true positive cost
c. The false positive cost
d. The true negative cost
EN
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "combination rule" is used to:
Select one:
a. Calculate the level of disagreement about the likelihood of an event
b. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event
R
c. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events
d. Calculate the probability of an event occurring
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of computer science?
Select one:
a. They have sparked debates about the limitations of computation
b. They have led to the abandonment of the use of computers
c. They have led to the development of new algorithms
d. They have led to the development of new programming languages
In what way is the principle of maximum entropy related to the principle of maximum
ignorance?
Select one:
a. The principle of maximum entropy is a special case of the principle of maximum ignorance
b. They are independent of each other
c. The principle of maximum ignorance is a special case of the principle of maximum entropy
Z
d. They are equivalent
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "plausibility function" is defined as:
Select one:
EN
a. The likelihood that an event will occur
b. The probability that an event will occur
c. The degree of belief that an event will occur
d. The level of uncertainty about an event
R
hich of the following is NOT a criterion for a formal system to be subject to Gödel's
W
incompleteness theorems?
Select one:
a. The system must be complete
b. The system must be consistent
c. The system must be capable of expressing basic arithmetic
d. The system must be finite
hich of the following is NOT a factor that is typically considered when evaluating the
W
likelihood of a risk?
Select one:
a. Duration of the risk
b. Probability of occurrence
c. Severity of the risk
d. Likelihood of detection
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "conflict function" is defined as:
Select one:
Z
a. The degree of belief that an event will occur
b. The likelihood that an event will occur
c. The level of disagreement about the likelihood of an event
d. The probability that an event will occur
EN
Which of the following is NOT a way in which godelization can be used in practice?
Select one:
a. To create unbreakable codes for secure communication
b. To generate random numbers
c. To prove the consistency of mathematical theories
R
d. To verify the correctness of software programs
In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand base?
Select one:
a. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula
b. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula
c. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula
d. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula
hich of the following is NOT a step in the process of using a cost matrix to assess and
W
manage risks?
Select one:
a. Determining the cost of each risk
b. Implementing risk mitigation measures
c. Identifying potential risks
d. Evaluating the likelihood and impact of each risk
Z
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of either event A or
B occurring?
Select one:
EN
a. 0.1
b. 0.4
c. 1
d. 0.6
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of fuzzy logic?
R
Select one:
a. It is based on precise, binary values
b. It can handle complex, non-linear relationships
c. It can handle uncertainty and imprecision
d. It can provide a more human-like approach to decision making
What is the principle of maximum entropy used for in statistical mechanics?
Select one:
a. To determine the probability distribution of a system's energy states
b. To predict the movement of particles in a system
c. To estimate the temperature of a system
d. To calculate the pressure of a gas
What is a disadvantage of fuzzy logic compared to traditional logical reasoning?
Select one:
a. It is less flexible and adaptable
Z
b. It is less accurate and reliable
c. It is more difficult to implement and understand
d. It is more computationally expensive
EN
What is the main principle behind greedy search algorithms?
Select one:
a. Minimizing the cost of the path
b. Minimizing the number of steps in the path
c. Maximizing the number of steps in the path
d. Maximizing the cost of the path
R
In a cost matrix, what does the likelihood of a risk occurring refer to?
Select one:
a. The frequency of the risk
b. The duration of the risk
c. The impact of the risk
d. The probability of the risk occurring
What is the primary goal of risk management using cost matrices?
Select one:
a. To maximize the likelihood of risks occurring
b. To minimize the cost of risks
c. To minimize the probability of risks occurring
d. To minimize the impact of risks
Z
How might an individual's subjective probabilities change over time?
Select one:
. They will remain constant, as subjective probabilities are based on objective, observable
a
data and statistical analysis
EN
b. They may change based on new beliefs, opinions, and experiences
c. They will remain constant, as subjective probabilities are based on a coin flip
d. They may change based on the outcome of a coin flip
What is a potential drawback of data mining?
Select one:
R
a. All of the above
b. It can be time-consuming and resource-intensive
c. It can be biased if the data is not representative of the population
d. It can be inaccurate if the data is not properly cleaned and processed
If there are two events, each with a probability of 50%, what is the probability that at least
one of them will occur?
Select one:
a. 25%
b. 0%
c. 75%
d. 50%
Which of the following is NOT a typical application of breadth-first search?
Select one:
a. Traversing a tree or graph data structure
b. Pathfinding in a maze or grid
Z
c. Searching a database for a specific record
d. Sorting a list of numbers
What is the main difference between IDA* search and depth-first search (DFS)?
EN
Select one:
a. IDA* search is faster than DFS
b. IDA* search is more memory-efficient than DFS
c. IDA* search is more accurate than DFS
d. IDA* search uses a heuristic function to guide the search, while DFS does not
R
What does "P(B|A)" represent in Bayes' theorem?
Select one:
a. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred
b. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not
c. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred
d. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred
What is a fuzzy set in the context of fuzzy logic?
Select one:
a. A set of values that are defined with imprecise boundaries
b. A set of values that are defined with probabilistic boundaries
c. A set of values that are defined with precise boundaries
d. A set of values that are defined with heuristic boundaries
What is the main difference between depth-first search and breadth-first search?
Select one:
Z
. Depth-first search explores all the children of a node before exploring its siblings, while
a
breadth-first search explores all
the siblings of a node before exploring its children
EN
b. Breadth-first search is more efficient than depth-first search
c. Depth-first search is more efficient than breadth-first search
. Depth-first search is only used to search trees, while breadth-first search is only used to
d
search graphs
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of an event occurring given multiple
C
R
other events that are not independent of
each other?
Select one:
a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
b. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
c
given another event
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
d
independently of any other events
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "normalization rule" is used to:
Select one:
a. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized
b. Determine the level of uncertainty about an event
c. Calculate the probability of an event occurring
d. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events
Which of the following is NOT a type of heuristic search algorithm?
Z
Select one:
a. A* search
b. Hill climbing
c. Best-first search
EN
d. Dijkstra's algorithm
hat is the time complexity of a breadth-first search algorithm when applied to a graph with
W
V vertices and E edges?
Select one:
a. O(E)
R
b. O(V * E)
c. O(V)
d. O(V + E)
What is a common application of data mining in business?
Select one:
a. To increase sales
b. To optimize production processes
c. All of the above
d. To improve customer service
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
what is the probability of both event A and
B occurring?
Select one:
a. 1
b. 0.25
Z
c. 0.5
d. 0
hat is a common method used in data mining to discover patterns and relationships in
W
data?
EN
Select one:
a. Data visualization
b. Machine learning
c. Data collection
d. Data storage and organization
R
hich of the following is NOT a way that the principle of maximum entropy can be used in
W
economics?
Select one:
a. To calculate the cost of production
b. To predict consumer behavior
c. To model risk and uncertainty
d. To model market equilibrium
In a cost matrix, what does the cost of a risk refer to?
Select one:
a. The duration of the risk
b. The severity of the risk
c. The probability of the risk occurring
d. The estimated cost of mitigating the risk
In a cost matrix, what does the risk priority refer to?
Select one:
Z
a. The risk rating
b. The duration of the risk
c. The severity of the risk
d. The probability of the risk occurring
EN
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "belief function" is defined as:
Select one:
a. The probability that an event will occur
b. The degree of belief that an event will occur
c. The likelihood that an event will occur
R
d. The level of uncertainty about an event
What is maximum entropy without explicit constraints?
Select one:
a. A statistical model that assumes the data is random
b. A statistical model that makes the least amount of assumptions about the data
c. A statistical model that assumes the data follows a specific distribution
d. A statistical model that makes the most amount of assumptions about the data
How do subjective probabilities differ from objective probabilities?
Select one:
. Subjective probabilities are based on a coin flip, while objective probabilities are based on
a
an individual's beliefs, opinions,
and experiences
. Subjective probabilities are based on statistical analysis, while objective probabilities are
b
based on an individual's beliefs,
opinions, and experiences
Z
. Subjective probabilities are based on an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences,
c
while objective probabilities are
based on objective, observable data
EN
. Subjective probabilities are based on objective, observable data, while objective
d
probabilities are based on an individual's
beliefs, opinions, and experiences
What is the main advantage of heuristic search over other search algorithms?
Select one:
a. It is faster
R
b. It can find solutions to problems with a large search space more efficiently
c. It can find solutions to problems with a small search space more efficiently
d. It is more accurate
hat is the name of the godelized system of logic that is based on the axioms of intuitionistic
W
type theory?
Select one:
a. PA set theory
b. ZFC set theory
c. PA+ set theory
d. ZF set theory
How does minmax search work?
Select one:
a. By evaluating all possible moves and selecting the one with the highest score
. By evaluating all possible moves and selecting the one that leads to the lowest score for
b
Z
the player and the highest score for
the opponent
c. By evaluating all possible moves and selecting the one with the lowest score
. By evaluating all possible moves and selecting the one that leads to the highest score for
d
the player and the lowest score
EN
for the opponent
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
truth of at least one of multiple other statements?
R
Select one:
a. Affirming the consequent
b. Disjunction
c. Modus tollens
d. Modus ponens
Alpha-beta pruning is based on the idea that:
Select one:
. When the alpha value is greater than the beta value, the search can be stopped because
a
the maximizing player will not
choose a move that leads to a worse score
b. None of the above
. When the alpha and beta values are equal, the search can be stopped because both
c
players will choose the same move
. When the beta value is greater than the alpha value, the search can be stopped because
d
Z
the minimizing player will not
choose a move that leads to a worse score
EN
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
truth of another statement and the truth of a third statement?
Select one:
a. Affirming the consequent
b. Modus ponens
c. Hypothetical syllogism
R
d. Modus tollens
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is NOT a valid inference rule?
Select one:
a. Modus ponens
b. Affirming the consequent
c. Denying the antecedent
d. Modus tollens
What makes A* search different from other search algorithms?
Select one:
a. It uses a heuristic function to guide the search
b. It only considers paths that are at least as good as the current path
c. It only considers paths that are better than the current path
d. It considers all possible paths, regardless of their cost
Z
hat is the space complexity of depth-first search in terms of the maximum depth of the
W
search tree, d?
Select one:
EN
a. O
b. O(m)
c. O(d)
d. O(1)
Which of the following is NOT a requirement for using LEXMED?
R
Select one:
a. A valid medical license
b. A valid LEXMED subscription
c. A stable internet connection
d. A valid legal license
In a cost matrix, what does the columns represent?
Select one:
a. The cost of making a prediction
b. The predicted class
c. The probability of a prediction
d. The actual class
What is the purpose of using a cost matrix in the binary case?
Select one:
a. To penalize correct predictions differently based on the actual class
b. To penalize correct predictions differently based on the predicted class
Z
c. To penalize incorrect predictions differently based on the predicted class
d. To penalize incorrect predictions differently based on the actual class
How might subjective probabilities be used in risk assessment?
EN
Select one:
a. By relying solely on objective, observable data and statistical analysis
. By taking into account an individual's beliefs, opinions, and experiences about the
b
likelihood and consequences of
potential risks
R
c. By calculating objective, observable data and statistical analysis
d. By using a coin flip to determine the likelihood of potential risks
In a cost matrix, what does the rows represent?
Select one:
a. The cost of making a prediction
b. The predicted class
c. The probability of a prediction
d. The actual class
In supervised learning, which of the following is NOT a common problem that can occur
during the training process?
Select one:
a. Overfitting
b. Data leakage
c. Underfitting
Z
d. Class imbalance
hich of the following is NOT a factor that should be considered when deciding whether or
W
not to use LEXMED?
Select one:
EN
a. The specific needs of the medical practice
b. The legal and ethical implications of using LEXMED
c. The preferences of the medical professionals
d. The cost of the LEXMED subscription
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
R
what is the probability of either event A or B
occurring?
Select one:
a. 1
b. 0.6
c. 0.4
d. 0.1
In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the second row and second column
represent?
Select one:
a. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative
b. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive
c. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive
d. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative
Z
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
falsehood of all other statements in a given set?
Select one:
a. Exclusive disjunction
EN
b. Modus ponens
c. Affirming the consequent
d. Modus tollens
What is the process of using A* search to find the shortest path between two nodes called?
Select one:
R
a. Pathfinding
b. Node expansion
c. Route planning
d. Graph traversal
IDA* search is a type of search algorithm used for what purpose?
Select one:
a. Solving problems involving game trees
b. Sorting data in ascending or descending order
c. Finding patterns in large datasets
d. Storing and retrieving data from a database
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of greedy search algorithms?
Select one:
a. They are complete (meaning they will always find a solution if one exists)
b. They are efficient (meaning they can search large spaces quickly)
Z
c. They are optimal (meaning they will always find the best solution)
. They are systematic (meaning they consider all possible options before making a
d
decision)
EN
Alpha-beta pruning is a technique used in:
Select one:
a. Graph traversal algorithms
b. Search algorithms
c. Hash table algorithms
d. Sorting algorithms
R
IDA* search is an example of what type of search algorithm?
a. Depth-first search
b. Iterative deepening search
c. Breadth-first search
d. Best-first search
an Bayes' theorem be used to calculate the probability of multiple events occurring
C
simultaneously?
a. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
b
independently of any other events
c. Yes, by using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
. No, Bayes' theorem can only be used to calculate the probability of one event occurring
d
given another event
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
Z
truth of its opposite?
Select one:
a. Modus tollens
b. Affirming the consequent
EN
c. Denying the antecedent
d. Modus ponens
hat is the advantage of using maximum entropy without explicit constraints over other
W
statistical models?
Select one:
a. It can handle missing data
R
b. It can handle outliers
c. It can handle a large number of variables
d. All of the above
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of philosophy of language?
Select one:
a. They have led to the development of new theories about the nature of language
b. They have sparked debates about the relationship between language and thought
c. They have led to new discussions about the nature of meaning
d. They have led to the abandonment of the study of the philosophy of language
IDA* search is used in what type of problems?
a. Problems with a large number of possible solutions
b. Problems with a small number of solutions
c. Problems with a known solution
d. Problems with a fixed number of steps
Z
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of either event A or
B occurring?
EN
a. 1
b. 0.6
c. 0.4
d. 0.1
What is an example of a real-world application of fuzzy logic?
R
Select one:
a. Automatic temperature control systems
b. Automatic traffic control systems
c. Automatic image recognition systems
d. Automatic stock trading systems
In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the first row and first column represent?
a. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative
b. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive
c. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive
d. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative
In a binary cost matrix, what do the elements in the second row and second column
represent?
a. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is negative
b. The cost of predicting the positive class when the actual class is positive
c. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is negative
Z
d. The cost of predicting the negative class when the actual class is positive
In which of the following scenarios would a heuristic search algorithm be least useful?
Select one:
EN
a. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is important
b. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is important
c. When the search space is large and the optimal solution is not important
d. When the search space is small and the optimal solution is not important
hat is the main advantage of heuristic search algorithms over traditional search algorithms,
W
such as breadth-first or depth-first
R
search?
Select one:
a. They use less memory
b. They can find solutions more quickly in some cases
c. They are faster
d. They can find solutions more accurately in some cases
What is an example of a heuristic search algorithm?
Select one:
a. A* search
b. Depth-first search
c. Breadth-first search
d. Dijkstra's algorithm
What is the primary benefit of using a cost matrix to assess and manage risks?
Select one:
Z
a. It allows for the identification of previously unrecognized risks
b. It provides a comprehensive analysis of risks
c. It allows for the quantification of risks
d. It allows for quick and easy comparison of risks
EN
What are some factors that can influence an individual's subjective probability?
Select one:
a. The outcome of a coin flip
b. Personal beliefs, opinions, and experiences
c. All of the above
R
d. Objective, observable data and statistical analysis
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "conflict resolution rule" is used to:
Select one:
a. Ensure that the belief and plausibility functions are properly normalized
b. Combine the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events
c. Calculate the probability of an event occurring
d. Resolve conflicts between the beliefs and plausibilities of multiple events
In first-order predicate logic, what is a Herbrand interpretation?
a. A set of logical symbols that satisfy a given formula
b. A set of objects that satisfy a given formula
c. A set of functions that satisfy a given formula
d. A set of predicates that satisfy a given formula
Can subjective probabilities be used to make decisions in a group setting?
Z
. Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to make group decisions by relying on a majority
a
vote
. Yes, subjective probabilities can be used to inform group decisions by taking into account
b
the beliefs, opinions, and
experiences of all group members
EN
. No, subjective probabilities are based on a coin flip and cannot be used to make group
c
decisions
. No, subjective probabilities are based on individual beliefs, opinions, and experiences and
d
cannot be used to make group
decisions
R
In Dempster-Shafer theory, the "plausibility function" is defined as:
a. The likelihood that an event will occur
b. The degree of belief that an event will occur
c. The probability that an event will occur
d. The level of uncertainty about an event
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
truth of another statement?
Select one:
a. Affirming the consequent
b. Modus ponens
c. Denying the antecedent
d. Modus tollens
ow do you calculate the probability of multiple events occurring independently of each
H
Z
other using Bayes' theorem?
a. By using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B) + P(C) / P(D) + ...
b. By using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) * P(C|A) * ...
c. By using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) / P(B) * P(C) / P(D) * ...
EN
d. By using the formula P(A|B) = P(A) * P(B|A) + P(C|A) + ...
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of event B
occurring given that event A has already occurred?
a. 0.6
b. 0
R
c. 0.4
d. 1
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of either event A or
B occurring?
Select one:
a. 0.4
b. 0.1
c. 0.6
d. 1
In what type of search problem is it guaranteed that a heuristic search algorithm will find the
optimal solution?
Select one:
a. Constraint satisfaction problems
b. Decision tree problems
Z
c. None of the above
d. Traveling salesman problems
What is the purpose of minmax search?
EN
Select one:
a. To find the minimum value in a set of numbers
b. To find the optimal move in a two-player game by minimizing the maximum possible loss
c. To find the maximum value in a set of numbers
d. To find the optimal move in a two-player game by maximizing the minimum possible gain
R
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.5 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.5,
what is the probability of neither event A
nor B occurring?
Select one:
a. 0
b. 0.5
c. 1
d. 0.25
What is the main disadvantage of using a greedy search algorithm?
Select one:
a. They are not guaranteed to find the optimal solution
b. They are not guaranteed to find a solution
c. They can be slow when searching large spaces
d. They may not consider all possible options before making a decision
In what type of search problem is it guaranteed that a heuristic search algorithm will find the
Z
optimal solution in a reasonable amount
of time?
Select one:
a. None of the above
EN
b. Decision tree problems
c. Constraint satisfaction problems
d. Traveling salesman problems
hich of the following is NOT a way in which Gödel's incompleteness theorems have
W
influenced the field of philosophy of
mathematics?
R
Select one:
a. They have sparked debates about the relationship between mathematics and reality
b. They have led to new discussions about the nature of mathematical truth
c. They have led to the development of new philosophical theories about mathematics
d. They have led to the abandonment of the study of the philosophy of mathematics
ow is the maximum entropy distribution found in maximum entropy without explicit
H
constraints?
Select one:
a. By using a gradient descent algorithm
b. By using a support vector machine algorithm
c. By using a least squares algorithm
d. By using an iterative optimization algorithm
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of event B
occurring given that event A has already occurred?
Z
a. 0.6
b. 0
c. 0.4
d. 1
EN
How often is the medical terminology in LEXMED updated?
a. Weekly
b. Monthly
c. Annually
d. Daily
R
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
what is the probability of neither event A
nor B occurring?
a. 0.4
b. 0
c. 1
d. 0.6
hat is the main advantage of using iterative deepening over a breadth-first search
W
algorithm?
Select one:
a. It allows the search to cover more nodes in more time
b. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in more time
c. It allows the search to cover fewer nodes in less time
d. It allows the search to cover more nodes in less time
Z
In what year was the godelization process first described by Kurt Godel?
Select one:
a. 1931
b. 1952
EN
c. 1975
d. 1879
What is the main disadvantage of using a greedy search algorithm?
Select one:
a. They can be slow when searching large spaces
R
b. They are not guaranteed to find the optimal solution
c. They may not consider all possible options before making a decision
d. They are not guaranteed to find a solution
Which of the following statements about Gödel's incompleteness theorems is NOT true?
Select one:
a. They prove that all formal systems are complete
b. They demonstrate the inherent limitations of any formal system
c. They show that some statements within a formal system are undecidable
d. They prove that all formal systems are consistent
In uncertain knowledge, which of the following is a valid inference rule that allows you to
infer the truth of a statement based on the
truth of its opposite?
Select one:
a. Modus tollens
b. Modus ponens
Z
c. Denying the antecedent
d. Affirming the consequent
What is the "fuzzy envelope" in the context of fuzzy logic?
EN
Select one:
a. The area of uncertainty surrounding a fuzzy set
b. The area of probabilistic values surrounding a fuzzy set
c. The area of precision surrounding a fuzzy set
d. The area of heuristic values surrounding a fuzzy set
R
What does "P(A)" represent in Bayes' theorem?
Select one:
a. The probability of event A occurring regardless of whether event B has occurred or not
b. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has occurred
c. The probability of event B occurring given that event A has occurred
d. The probability of event A occurring given that event B has not occurred
hat is the relationship between the maximum entropy distribution and the underlying
W
distribution in maximum entropy without
explicit constraints?
Select one:
a. The maximum entropy distribution is the same as the underlying distribution
b. The maximum entropy distribution is independent of the underlying distribution
c. The maximum entropy distribution is similar to the underlying distribution
d. The maximum entropy distribution is different from the underlying distribution
If the probability of event A occurring is 0.6 and the probability of event B occurring is 0.4,
Z
what is the probability of neither event A
nor B occurring?
Select one:
a. 0
EN
b. 0.4
c. 1
d. 0.6
R
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