Scribd
Upload
149 views24 pages

Concept of Atomic Structure

This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of chemistry, specifically focusing on atomic structure. It discusses early atomic models proposed by Thomson, Rutherford, and others. Thomson's "plum pudding" model depicted electrons distributed uniformly throughout a positively charged atom. Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that the mass is concentrated in a tiny, positively charged nucleus. This led to Rutherford's solar system model of the atom with electrons orbiting the nucleus. However, this model has limitations as it does not account for the quantized energy levels of electrons or explain atomic line spectra.

Uploaded by

Noor Mohammad Nofaer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
149 views24 pages

Concept of Atomic Structure

This document provides an introduction to the fundamentals of chemistry, specifically focusing on atomic structure. It discusses early atomic models proposed by Thomson, Rutherford, and others. Thomson's "plum pudding" model depicted electrons distributed uniformly throughout a positively charged atom. Rutherford's gold foil experiment showed that the mass is concentrated in a tiny, positively charged nucleus. This led to Rutherford's solar system model of the atom with electrons orbiting the nucleus. However, this model has limitations as it does not account for the quantized energy levels of electrons or explain atomic line spectra.

Uploaded by

Noor Mohammad Nofaer
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 24

Introduction

SUBJECT: Fundamentals of Chemistry


(Section A)

BOOK 1. Modern Inorganic Chemistry


REFERENCES: – S. Z. Haider
2. Essentials of Physical Chemistry
– B. S. Bahl, G. D. Tuli & Arun Bahl
3. A Textbook of Organic Chemistry
– Arun Bahl and B. S. Bahl
Concept of Atomic Structure
Atom

Atom
The smallest
piece of an
element that
contains all
properties of
that element.
Components of an Atom
Nucleus
Dense positively charged center of the
atom.
Can contain two types of subatomic
particles; protons with positive charge and
neutrons with no charge.
Nucleus
- Proton
- Neutron
Components of an Atom

Proton
Positively charged atomic particle.
Has a mass of 1.67x10-24 g.
Each atom of the same element must contain
the same number protons.
Components of an Atom

Neutron
Neutral charged atomic particle.
Has approximately the same mass of a proton.
Each atom of the same element contain
different number of neutron.
Components of an Atom

Electron
Has a mass of 1/1836 the mass of a proton.
Has a charge opposite of proton but equal in
magnitude.
Since atoms overall charge is neutral, the
number of protons must equals the electrons.
Atomic Number and Mass Number
Atomic Number
Atomic number (Z) of an element is the number of
protons in the nucleus of each atom of that
element.

Mass Number
Mass number is the number of protons and
neutrons in the nucleus of each atom of that an
element or isotope.
Mass number = p+ + n0
Atomic Number and Mass Number

Nuclide p+ n0 e- Mass
Number
Oxygen - 18 8 10 8 18
Arsenic - 75 33 42 33 75
Phosphorus - 31 15 16 15 31
Atomic Number and Mass Number
ATOMIC NUMBER (Z)
= number of protons in nucleus
= atomic number (Z)
MASS NUMBER (A)
= atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons

Mass Number A
ZX
Element Symbol
Atomic Number

Examples: 1 48 7
1H 22 Ti 3 Li
Isotopes
Atoms of the same elements contain same
number of protons. It is possible however to
contain different number of neutrons.
Atom of the same elements with different
number of neutron, and hence different mass
number is called isotopes.

Examples:

1 2 3 12 13
1H 1 H 1H 6C 6C
Isotopes of hydrogen Isotopes of carbon
Isotopes
Isotope Protons Electrons Neutrons Nucleus
Hydrogen–1 1 1 0
(protium)

Hydrogen-2 1 1 1
(deuterium)

Hydrogen-3 1 1 2
(tritium)
Isotopes
Isobars
The atoms which have the same mass numbers
but different atomic numbers are called Isobars.
40 40 40
18 Ar 19 K 20 Ca

Isotones
Atoms which have different atomic numbers and
different atomic masses but the same number of
neutrons are called Isotones.
14 15 16
6 C 7 N 8O
Discovery of the Electron
In 1897, J.J. Thomson used a cathode ray tube to deduce the
presence of a negatively charged particle.

A ray is traveled
from negative piece
of metal to the
positive piece of
metal and the ray
was attracted to the
positive end of a
magnet

Cathode ray tubes pass electricity through a gas that is


contained at a very low pressure.
Discovery of the Electron
Cathode rays have identical properties
regardless of the element used to produce them.
All elements must contain identically charged
electrons.

Atoms are neutral, so there must be positive


particles in the atom to balance the negative
charge of the electrons.

Electrons have so little mass that atoms must


contain other particles that account for most of the
mass.
Thomson’s Atomic Model
Electrons Positive pudding
+ -
- + +
+ - -
+ -
- +
+ -
+ -
-
-+

Thomson believed that the electrons were like


plums embedded in a positively charged
“pudding,” thus it was called the “plum pudding”
model.
Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
Scattering of -rays and the idea of nucleus:

Alpha () particles are helium nuclei.


Particles were fired at a thin sheet of gold foil.
Particle hits on the detecting screen (film) are recorded.
Scattering of -rays and the idea of nucleus

Most of the particles passed right through.


A few particles were deflected.
VERY FEW were greatly deflected.
Scattering of -rays and the idea of nucleus

From this experiment Rutherford assumed that:


The mass of an atom is concentrated in a central body
called the Nucleus which is exceedingly small as compared
to total size of the atom.

The nucleus also carry the entire positive charge of the


atom.

The number of positive charge on the nucleus is


approximately one-half of the atomic weight of the element
and also equal to the number of free electron in the atom.
Rutherford Atom Model
Rutherford’s solar system model may be
described as follows:
An atom consist of a small nucleus containing all
the positive charges of the atom and practically
whole of its mass.
The nucleus is surrounded by a number of
electrons equal to the number of positive charges
on the nucleus.
The electrons are in constant motion round the
nucleus like that of planets round the sun in such a
way that the electrostatic force of attraction between
the electron and positive nucleus is counter
balanced by the centrifugal force.
Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model

Newton’s Law of motion and gravitation can


only be applied to neutral bodies such as planets
and not to charged bodies such as tiny electron
moving round a positive nucleus. The analogy
does not hold good since the electron repel one
another, whereas planets attract each other
because of gravitational forces. Besides there is
electro static attraction in a nuclear atom model.
Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model
Charged body such as electron rotating in an orbit must
radiate energy continuously thereby losing kinetic
energy. Hence the electron must gradually spiral in
towards the nucleus and will ultimately fall into the
nucleus, thus annihilating the atom model.
Limitations of Rutherford’s Atomic Model
Since the process of radiating energy would go
on continuously, the atomic spectra should also
be continuous and should not give sharp and well
defined lines.
Thank you

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy