i TECH MAG Vol 1 (2019) 03-08

i TECH MAG
DOI : http://doi.org/10.26480/itechmag.01.2019.03.08

ISSN : 2710-5873 (Online)

CURRENT DEVELOPMENT ON BIOPLASTICS AND ITS FUTURE PROSPECTS: AN

This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

ARTICLE DETAILS ABSTRACT

Article History: Bioplastics are kind of plastics produce from natural and renewable raw materials biomass sources such as sugarcane,
corn starch, wood, waste paper, vegetable oils and fats, bacteria, algae, etc. Mostly, the commercial plastics in the
Received 30 August 2019 marketplace are made from non-renewable petroleum based and this product can cause damaging to the ecosystem of
Accepted 10 September 2019 the nature. Bioplastics are not harmful to nature environment because it can decompose back into carbon dioxide.
Available online 20 September 2019 Thus, the demand for applications of bioplastics are growing rapidly. The products made from bioplastics should be
commercialize because they are renewable, biodegradable, compostable and environmentally friendly. The aims of this
short review are to present about classifications of bioplastic, their advantages and disadvantages, processing,
applications and challenges. Finally, the possible future developments of bioplastics are prospected.

KEYWORDS

Biodegradable, bioplastics, renewable, environmentally friendly.

1. INTRODUCTION
2. CLASSIFICATION OF BIOPLASTICS
Plastics is a synthetic polymeric molecules which exhibits desirable
features like softness, heat seal ability, good strength to weight ratio and Plastic can be made from fossil-based or bio-based materials and can be
transparency [1]. Petrochemical-based plastics like polyethylene (PE), biodegradable or non-biodegradable plastics while bioplastic can be fully
Polypropylene (PP), Polystyrene (PS) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), made from renewable-material, whereas biodegradable plastic is made of
Polyurethene (PUR), Poly ethyl terepthalate (PET), Polybutylene either fossil-based polymer or a combination of renewable and fossil
terephthalate (PBT), and Nylons are the most widely used polymers in materials. There are three main types of bioplastics which are
daily life due to their versatile, light weight, excellent thermal and biodegradable and biobased, biodegradable and fossil-based, and non-
rheological properties, inexpensive, easy to manipulate and easily formed biodegradable and biobased while non-biodegradable and petroleum
into diverse products [1, 2, 3]. based are known as plastic. The Table 1 summarizes types of bioplastics:

For over the years, overuse of plastics has brought significant impact to Table 1: Types of bioplastics
environment, it is estimated 34 million tons of plastic produced per year
and only 7 percent is recyled with remaining 93 percent dumped into Bio-Based Petroleum Ref.
oceans and landfills [4]. Synthetic polymeric materials are non- Based
biodegradable [5] have caused a serious environmental problems to the Bioplastics Bioplastics
freshwater, natural terrestrial and marine habitats [3]. They are taking -Eg: -Eg:
decades to degrade in nature or environment and also produced from non- Polylactic acid, Polybutylene [9],
renewable sources like petroleum, coal and natural gas [6]. Therefore, the
Biodegradable Polyhydroxy succinate, [25],[26],[27]
advancements of new materials were developed biodegradable and
alkanoates, Polybutylene
environmentally friendly alternative to conventional plastics [7].
Cellulose, adipate
Recently, bioplastics are one of the most innovative materials that are Starch terephthalate,
biobased and biodegradable which is made from waste, biomass and Polycaprolactone
renewable sources such as jackfruit [8], waste banana peels [9], organic Bioplastics Conventional
waste [10], agriculture waste [11], newspaper waste[12], oil palm empty -Eg: plastics
fruit bunch [13], sugar cane [14]，corn starch [15], potato starch [16], rice Non- Bio- -Eg:
straw [17], rapeseed oil [18],vegetables oil, cellulose from plants, starch, biodegradable polypropylene, Polypropylene, [6],
cotton, bacteria [19] and sometimes from several nanosized particles like Bio- Polyethylene, [25],[26],[28]
carbohydrate chains (polysaccharides) [20]. Bioplastic can be degraded by polyethylene Polystrene,
the natural microorganisms such as bacteria [21, 22, 23], algae and fungi Polyvinyl
[24]. This article begins with briefly describes about classification of chloride
bioplastics then followed by advantages and disadvantages of bioplastics.
The article also covers the processing, applications, challenges of
bioplastics and finally explain on future prospects of bioplastics.

Cite The Article: Izathul Shafina Sidek, Sarifah Fauziah Syed Draman, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah, Nornizar Anuar(2019) Cur rent Development
On Bioplastics And Its Future Prospects: An Introductory Review. i TECH MAG, Vo 1: 03-08.
 i TECH MAG Vol 1 (2019) 03-08

Bio-based plastics are made using polymers derived from plant based Table 2: Advantages and disadvantages of bioplastics compare to
sources e.g. starch, cellulose, oils, lignin etc [29]. Bio-based polymers can conventional plastics
be used to make plastic packaging [30] that behaves like conventional
plastic. It can also be used to make biodegradable and compostable Types Advantages Ref. Disadvantages Ref.
plastics. Both types are referred to as bioplastics [31]. Bioplastic [19] Costly [42],[43]
Sustainable
Petroleum-based plastics is made from a wide range of polymers derived
Reduced [19], Thermal [20],
from petrochemicals. Petroleum based plastic is generally long lived,
durable and non-biodegradable [32]. This is usually referred to as Carbon [31], instability [31]
conventional plastics. However, petroleum-based plastic also can be Footprint [44]
designed to biodegradable plastic and this type is considered as bioplastic Reduce [19], Recycling [43],[45]
[6]. energy [31],[44] problem
efficiency
To produce biodegradable plastics and compostable biopolymers, the Partly based [19], Brittleness [20],[25]
renewable raw materials are commonly used are wood and annual plants on natural [31],[43]
(cellulose, lignin, hemicellulose), maize, wheat, potatoes, rice, tapioca, feedstock
sunflower, rapeseed, etc. (starch, vegetable oils, proteins), Sugar from
sugar beet and sugarcane (biosynthesis: PLA, PHA, dextran, pullulan,
Conven- Low cost [27], Based on [27]
xanthan [25]. tional petrochemical
plastic
However both starch and cellulose are not plastic in the native form but it
can be converted to plastics thorough innovative fermentation or through Good and [27],[46] Difficult to [27]
excellent recycle
polymer technology [33] by using techniques such as casting [34], internal
technical
mixing [35] , extrusion [36] and injection molding [37].
properties
Most plastic products are made from petroleum [38] which are have been Can save [27],[46] Mostly not [27]
widely used for food packaging applications due to their excellent thermal energy and biodegradable
and rheological properties, lightweight, easy to manipulate and install in a resources
diverse range of applications, gas and water barrier properties, esthetic Thermal [27] Uncontrolled [27]
qualities and cost [25]. recycling combustion can
possible release toxic
This group of mixed sources (bio/petro) includes biopolymers based on substances
blends of Polyhydroxy alkanoates (PHA), Polylactic acid (PLA) produced
by fermentation, biobased epoxy, biobased polyesters such as 4. PROCESSING OF BIOPLASTICS
polytrimethylene terephthalate which are obtained from sugarcane bio-
methanol. The demand to process development of bioplastics into large scale of
production are still ongoing. Bioplastics materials can be processed by
All these polymers have the prefix bio-, indicating that they are several different techniques according to the final purpose of the desired
synthesised from a renewable raw material, but their properties are material. The selected processing method is important because the quality
identical to the properties of standard polymers synthesised from of particle dispersion is major challenge in nanocomposite processing.
petrochemical raw materials [39]. Table 3 shows an overview of techniques normally used to produce
bioplastics depend on their material.
3. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BIOPLASTICS
The fermentation processing for bioplastics are received widespread
It is known that plastic is one of the main pollutants resources in the interests among researchers. This processing is worked at two stage
environment which is daily produce [22]. Therefore, to decrease the process whereby in the first stage (growth) is to develop a high cell density
environmental pollution, an alternative must be developed by changing the culture and then in the second stage is to increase materials concentration
use of conventional plastic. The progress in bioplastics offerings the valuable [47]. For examples in PHA materials, the limited production in pure
potential to nature and the world. Many environmental issues can be solved cultures can occur by an external nutrient whereas production in mixed
by using natural fibers with polymers based on renewable resources. For cultures is encouraged by an intracellular limitation. The usage of
examples, by adding biofibers with renewable resource-based biopolymers activated sludge in mixed cultures can reduce of materials cost, hence can
such as starch plastics, cellulosic plastics, soy-based plastics, increase the market potential of bioplastics [48].
polyhydroxyalkanoates and polylactides [40].
As mentioned by Kargarzadeh et al., (2017), the nanomaterials formed by
The properties of bioplastics like aroma barrier and facilitate of moulding casting and evaporation processing are dumped from suspensions of
which is make bioplastics is good alternatives compare to conventional nanoparticles and polymers. The films are obtained after solvent is
plastics. Besides, bioplastics also have unique features such as removal by evaporation. Highest mechanical reinforcement properties of
biodegradable, eco-friendly, energy efficient and compostable [19]. nanocomposite can be produced since the sample preparation is taking
place over long time periods and can make the particles have adequate
Conventional plastics have various hazardous effects to the environment time to react toward polymer and create an excellent bonding. Usually, this
likely nonbiodegradable, hard to recycle and create pollutions to processing method is limited to the laboratory scale or small scale only.
environment [40]. Therefore, the need of rethinking first before using this
kind of materials is crucial to save atmosphere. Thus, replacement The polymerization of nanomaterials is such an effective alternative
conventional plastic to bioplastic materials can be a revolutionary way for method to simple mixing of dispersing particles in a matrix which can
sustainable because of the similarity properties between conventional involve a previous step of drying with existence of nanofillers [49]. The
plastic and bioplastics materials. Moreover, in certain case bioplastic exhibit adding of nanofiller can adjust the properties of viscosity materials and it
better properties compare to conventional plastic such as good in also can increase the reaction time to complete the polymerization
mechanical properties, thermal properties, oxygen permeability, gas barrier process. The amount used of nanofillers usually moderate loading can
and water vapour transmission rate [41]. Table 2 describes briefly the provide better dispersion during a polymerization reaction.
advantages and disadvantages of bioplastics compare to conventional
plastics that reported by previous researchers. Injection molding method is one of the solid-state process to develop
materials with outstanding surface softness and multifaceted shapes. This
method is most appropriate to form polymer granules or mixtures
granules within a metallic barrel whereby the petite fibers can be added,
mixed and heated. Hence, the smoothness material is carrying out into the
mold cavity using air pressure [48].

Cite The Article: Izathul Shafina Sidek, Sarifah Fauziah Syed Draman, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah, Nornizar Anuar (2019) Current Development
On Bioplastics And Its Future Prospects: An Introductory Review. i TECH MAG , 1(1) : Vo 1: 03-08.
 i TECH MAG (2019) 03-08

The extrusion equipment is classified into three main categories which are The development of bioplastics in packaging industry is being slowly by
ram, radial screen and screw extruders [50]. This processing method grocery store delis or food service industry for examples as film for
ensues by mixing the materials with the support of a screw and without sandwich wraps, for clamshell packaging or for fresh products packaging
essentially shaping the melt material in an equipment die. The extrusion such as vegetables, fruits, salads, pasta or bakery goods [71]. Therefore, it
parameters are important factors because the retaining time of the is looking forward to becomes important materials as biodegradable or
polymer within the machine and the screw-imposed stress can avoid the durable plastic alternatives especially in instant packaging and disposable
creation of a percolation network. However, typical problems in the applications. Table 4 is showing the various application of bioplastics
extrusion processed materials are directly connected to the physical depend on their material.
response of the screw-imposed stress [49].
Table 4. Applications of bioplastics
Table 3. Techniques processing of bioplastics
Material Application Ref.
Material Techniques Source Material Ref. Starch Food packaging, medical devices, agriculture [72],
PHA Fermentation Bacterial [51] foils, textiles, automotive and transport, [73],
Casting Bacterial [52] building and construction [74],
Evaporation Bacterial [53] [75]
Evaporation Bacterial [54]
PLA Polymerization Commercial PLA [55]
Polymerization Lactic acid [56]
Cellulose Reinforced films, packaging, disposal [74],
Polymerization Waste paper [57]
household, medical devices, electronic [75],
PVA Casting Commercial PVA [8]
Casting Commercial PVA [58] devices [76],
Casting Commercial PVA [59] [77]
Cellulose Polymerization Rice straw [60] PLA Films, food packaging [14],
Casting/Evaporation Oil Palm fruit [61] [78]
Polymerization bunch [62]
Polymerization Citrus waste [63] PHA Coating, food packaging, medical implant [14],
Corn leaf biomass [19],
Starch Casting Corn starch [17] [79]
Polymerization Potato peels [10]
Polymerization Banana peels [64] 6. CHALLENGES OF BIOPLASTICS
Casting Cassava [65]
Protein Injection Rapeseed Oil [18] Bioplastics are usually promoted as a sustainable and alternative to
Extrusion Oil palm mesocarp [66] conventional plastics. However, production of bioplastics become most
fibre challenging point because the production must be not to disturb the
potential food sources. This circumstance can be reduced by utilizing the
5. APPLICATIONS OF BIOPLASTICS non-food resources for the purpose. There are called as second-generation
bioplastics. However, these must be manufacture via processing ways
Bioplastics are receiving more attention in various application in such as extrusion, compression and injection molding. The possible
industries [27]. This is because develop bioplastics materials is good environmental problems and the impacts of bioplastics have not yet been
alternative in order to decrease the capacity of inert materials disposed in completely investigated and understood. Therefore, further study is
landfills and create sustaining the pollution free environment which is too needed to overcome limited sources available, increase resource efficiency
importance to both consumers and also industries. and reduce environmental problems.

Natural polymers and polysaccharides when fabricated into hydrophilic Furthermore, some of bioplastics which modified from bacterial polymer
matrices is well popular in biomaterials for controlled-release dosage PLA are only biodegradable in certain conditions of temperature and
forms by creating a prolongation of release dosage form as reported by humidity because the properties of this materials only fixed on that
Kalia et al., (2011). Once bioplastics is blended with other pharmaceutical condition to degradable [11]. This restriction must be overcome to ensure
excipients, the material becomes extremely good compaction properties that bioplastics can be degrade any condition in landfills. The usage of
whereby the drug-loaded tablets form dense matrices suitable for the oral agricultural fibres as bioplastics production can give a good chance for
administration of drugs. Crystalline nanocellulose is advanced pelleting fortune market. However, economic influences alone will not cause this
systems which is the rate of tablet disintegration and drug release can be technology to take off. The improvement performance in natural fiber
controlled by tablet coating or microparticle inclusion [67]. composites and green composites is required to provide more
applications by industries [33].
Moreover, in biomedical industry based bioplastics has been named as the
eyes of biomaterial because it is highly applicable in skins replacements The production of bioplastics increases significantly comparable to the
for burnings and wounds, scaffolds for tissue engineering, bone conventional plastics whereby bioplastics can give a positive impact on the
reconstruction, nerves and gum reconstruction, drugs releasing system, environment, by reducing space for waste storage, decrease the
blood vessel growth and stent covering [40, 51, 66]. Besides, in dental greenhouse gas emissions and reducing the risk of for marine pollution
industry bioplastics based nanocellulose has been used in dental tissue and human health [80]. Therefore, the assimilation of bioplastics might be
regeneration in humans which is produced from microbial cellulose by the the great resolution for reducing the problems. This is because bioplastics
Glucanacetobacter xylinus strain [69]. have good properties such as biodegradable, environmentally friendly,
sustainable etc [31].
Bioplastics have been the great of interesting exploration such as in
The development of bioplastic is mainly exposed to the authenticity
construction and building industry. However not only builder but home
achieved by the new technology and the legitimacy of the companies who
owners are also attracted to use bioplastics for different products such as
manufacture, marketing and encourage the sustainable technology [81].
in fencing, decking and so on [65].
The sustainability requires a communication with societies about how
bioplastics takeover in service in the future? How to improve a
Furthermore, in companies that manufacturing the electroacoustic
biodegradability? Recovering agricultural applications? Reasonable and
devices, bioplastics is purpose as a membrane for high quality sound [70].
appropriate recycling plants?[82].
The advantage of this kind materials is providing the same sound velocity
as an aluminium or titanium diaphragm and along with the delicate sound.
7. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
Besides, it also produces the trebles sparkling clear sound and bass notes
are remarkably deep. On the other hand, bioplastics also is applied in The environmental impact caused by the large quantity of non-degradable
membrane for reinforcement for high quality electronic paper (e-paper), waste materials is promoting research to develop new biodegradable
combustible cells (hydrogen) and as an ultrafiltration membrane for water materials that can be manufactured from natural resources like biomass,
treatment [40]. plants, bacteria. The new developments of bioplastics in the future can

Cite The Article: Izathul Shafina Sidek, Sarifah Fauziah Syed Draman, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah, Nornizar Anuar (2019) Current Development
On Bioplastics And Its Future Prospects: An Introductory Review. i TECH MAG , Vo 1: 03-08.
 i TECH MAG Vol 1 (2019) 03-08

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Cite The Article: Izathul Shafina Sidek, Sarifah Fauziah Syed Draman, Siti Rozaimah Sheikh Abdullah, Nornizar Anuar (2019) Current Development
On Bioplastics And Its Future Prospects: An Introductory Review. i TECH MAG , Vo 1: 03-08.