DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

DERIVATIVES dt dx
4. y = exlnx 2. Find the third derivative of y = sin2x where is the reciprocal of .
dx dt
1. y = 2x3 – 5x2 + 7x – 4
Solution: Solution:
1 1. Find the first and second derivative of x = 4cos
Solution: y’ = ex  x +  ln x  e x y’ = 2sinxcosx = sin2x - 1, y = 2sin
y’’ = 2cos2x
y’ = 6x2 – 10x + 7 e x  1  x ln x  y’’’ = - 4sin2x Solution:
y’ = dx dy
x  4 sin  2 cos 
2. y= 2x 2  3 at x = 1 3. Find the second derivative of x2 - 4y2 = 16. d d
5. x2 + 4y2 = 8
Solution: a) first derivative
Solution:
Solution: By first differentiation: 2x – 8yy’ = 0
y = 2x 2  3 x – 4yy’ = 0 ------ ( 2 ) dy d 2 cos  1
2x + 8yy’ = 0 y’ = = =  cot 
At x = 1: x dx d  4 sin 2
1 8yy’ = –2x y’ = --- ( 3 )
y’ = (4x) 4y
x
2 2x 2  3 y’ =  b) second derivative
4y
2( 1 ) By 2nd differentiation of ( 2 ):
y’ = 6. y = xlnx  d  d
1 – 4( yy” + y’·y’ ) = 0 y” =   y'  
2( 1 )  3
2
 d  dx
Solution: 2
1 – 4yy” – 4( y’ ) = 0 -------- ( 4 )
y’ =
2x ln y = ln xlnx
ln y = ( ln x )( ln x ) Substitute ( 3 ) to ( 4 ): y’’= 
1
 
1
 csc2    csc
2x 2  3 2 4
ln y = ln2 x  x 
2
1
2 1 – 4yy” – 4   0
 y’’ =  csc3 
y’ =  4y  8
 y'   2 ln x  
5 1 1
y x x2
1 – 4yy” - =0 Slope of a Polar Curve:
4y 2
y'   2 ln x  
sin3x 1
3. y= y
1  cos 3x x x2 r ' sin  r cos 
4yy” = 1 - Slope = y’ =
r ' cos   r sin
y'   2 ln x    xln x
1 2
Solution: 4y
x
4y2  x2 dr
y’ = xlnx – 1( ln2 x ) Where: r’ =
y’ =
 1  cos 3x  3 cos 3x   sin 3x 3 sin 3x  4yy” =
4y2
d
1  cos 3x  2 7. sinxcosy = 4
From ( 1 ): x2 – 4y2 = 16: Example 1: Find the slope of the curve r = 2sin
3 cos 3x  3 cos2 3x  3 sin2 3x when  = /3.
y’ = Solution: 16
1  cos 3x  2 sinx( – sinyy’ ) + cosy( cosx ) = 0 4yy” =
4y2
sinxsinyy’ = cosxcosy Solution:
3 cos 3x  3( cos2 3x  sin2 3x ) 1
y’ = cos x cos y y” =
1  cos 3x  2 y’ =
sinx siny y3 r = 2sin at  = /3 ------ r = 2sin( /3 ) = 3
3 cos 3 x  3 y’ = cotxcoty r’ = 2cos at  = /3 ---- r’ = 2cos( /3 ) = 1
y’ =
1  cos 3 x  2 DERIVATIVES OF PARAMETRIC EQUATIONS
HIGHER ORDER DERIVATIVES r ' sin  r cos 
3  1  cos 3 x  Differentiating the parametric equations x = f( t ), Slope = y’ =
y’ = r ' cos   r sin
1  cos 3 x  2 1. Find the third derivative of y = g( t ) in terms of the parameter t, we obtain
 
3 y = 2x4 + 4x3 – 3x2 – 7x + 8. dx dy ( 1 ) sin  3 cos
y’ = and 3 3
dt dt y’ =
1  cos 3x  
Solution: dy dy dt ( 1 ) cos  3 sin
Then y’ = = -------- first derivative 3 3
By 1st differentiation: y’ = 8x3 + 12x2 – 6x – 7 dx dx dt
y’ = - 3
By 2nd differentiation: y’’ = 24x2 + 24x – 6 d2 y d  dt
and y” = =   y'   , ---second derivative
By 3rd differentiation: y’’’ = 48x + 24 dx 2  dt  dx
Tangent and Normal: The triangle has base e2 + 1 and height e. 10  x Angle Between Two Curves:
y= –1
A=
2
 
e 1 e 
1 2 2x  2
12  3x
The angle between two curves at the point
of intersection is defined as the acute angle between
y = f( x ) y= --------------- ( 3 )
2x  2 their tangents at the point of tangency. The figure
A = 11.402 sq. units
below shows two intersecting curves with tangents T1
Substitute equation ( 3 ) to the equation of the and T2 respectively. If m1 and m2 are the slopes
P1( x1, y1 ) Example 16: Find the normal to the parabola parabola. respectively of the two curves and angle  is the
y = x2 – 2x + 3 which passes through ( 10, - 1 ). y = x2 – 2x + 3 acute angle between them, then
12  3x m2  m1
Solution: = x2 – 2x + 3 tan = .
ST SN
2x  2 1  m2  m1
Reduce the equation to the standard form. An absolute value symbol is affixed on the right side
tangent
normal Multiplying by 2x – 2 and simplifying, we obtain in order to obtain an acute angle.
y = x2 – 2x + 3 2x3 – 6x2 + 10x – 6 = 0.
For Tangent: y – y1 = mT( x – x1 ) where: mT = y’ 2
T2
x – 2x = y – 3 Solving for x, we obtain x = 2 as the real root, the
For Normal: y – y1 = mN( x – x1 ) where: mN = -1/y’ T1
x2 – 2x + 1 = y – 3 + 1 rest are complex.

( x – 1 )2 = y – 2 Substituting x = 2 to the parabola, we obtain 

Example 15: Find the area of the triangle formed by y = ( 2 )2 – 2( 2 ) + 3 = 3
The parabola has vertex at ( 1, 2 ) and opening y2 = g( x )
the x – axis, the tangent, and normal to y = ex at the y1 = f( x )
upward.
point ( 1, e ).
Therefore the point of tangency is ( 2, 3 ).
Let P( x, y ) be the point of tangency.
Solution: Substitute to equation ( 2 ) to solve the slope of the
x From the parabola: y = x2 – 2x + 3
From: y=e 3 1
y’ = ex at ( 1, e ) y’ = 2x – 2  mT normal mN = = - 1/2 .
2  10
y’ = e  mT

The equation of the normal is

y = ex y – y1 = mN( x – x1 ) Example 17: Find the acute angle between the
1 curves x2 + y2 = 5x and y2 = 2x.
y–3 =– (x–2)
tangent 2 Solution:
normal 2y – 6 = – x + 2
x + 2y – 8 = 0 Solve the 2 equations to solve for the intersection:

P1( 1, e ) Example 8: For the curve x = t2, y = 2 – t, find the x2 + y2 = 5x---------- ( 1 )

triangle equation of the tangent to the curve at t = 1. y2 = 2x --------- ( 2 )

Substitute ( 2 ) to ( 1 ):
Solution: x2 + 2x = 5x
For tangent: y – y1 = mT( x – x1 ) 1 dx dx x2 – 3x = 0
The slope of the normal is mN = . ----- ( 1 )  2t , at t = 1, 2
y – e = e( x – 1 ) 2x  2 dt dt x( x – 3 ) = 0
y – e = ex – e x=0&x=3
dy
y = ex From the figure, the slope of the normal is  1 Substitute to ( 2 ): if x = 0, y = 0 and if x = 3,
y 1 dt
When x = 0, y = 0. This means that the mN = .----------( 2 ) y=  6 .
x  10 1
tangent passes through the origin. The slope, m = y’ =
2 The graph is shown below.
1 Solving equations ( 1 ) and ( 2 ), we have At t = 1, x = ( 1 )2 = 1 and y = 2 – 1 = 1
For Normal: mN =  Reducing the circle to standard form, we have,
e
1 y 1 For tangent: y – y1 = m( x – x1 )
y – y1 = mN( x – x1 ) =
2x  2 x  10 x2 + y2 = 5x
1 y – 1 = ( - ½ )( x – 1 )
y–e=  (x–1) 10  x
e =y+1 2y – 2 = -x +1 25 25
2x  2 x2 – 5x + + y2 =
When y = 0, x = e2 + 1 = 8.389 x + 2y – 3 = 0 4 4
 ( x – 5/2 )2 + y2 = 25/4 volume of a certain solid figure is decreasing then x = 229.13 ft Maxima and Minima Problems:
y dV Substitute to ( 1 )
is negative. Steps in solving max – min problems
( 3, 6 ) dt
T2 dS x dx
 =  1. Draw figure
The following steps are suggested in solving time dt S dt 2. Identify the quantity to be maximized or minimized
rate problems: 3. form equation, y = f( x )
T1 dS 229.13
= (4) 4. differentiate and set y’ = 0
1. Draw the figure if necessary dt 250 5. solve for x( the independent variable )
2. Identify and classify the given quantities as 6. final answer
dS
2 2
constant, variable, or rate. = 3.67 ft/sec
x + y = 5x dt
3. In the figure, do not place values of variables.
Problem 71: Find the volume of the largest box that
( 3, - 6 ) Variables should be represented by letters. Example 2: A light is placed on the ground 60 ft can be made by cutting equal squares out of the
2
y = 2x 4. Identify the requirement. Usually the from a building. A man 6 ft tall walks from the light corners of a piece of cardboard of dimensions 15 in.
requirement is a rate of a certain quantity. toward the building at the rate of 5 ft/sec. Find the by 24 in., and then turning up the sides.
5. Form an equation involving the required rate at which his shadow on the wall of the building is
Using the intersection, we compute the slopes.
quantity or the quantity whose rate is to be Solution:
changing when he is 30 ft from the building.
2 2
From x + y = 5x determined.
6. Differentiate the equation formed in step 5. Solution:
2x + 2yy’ = 5
7. Answer the requirement using the stated
2( 3 ) + 2 6 y’ = 5 conditions in the problem.

y’ = – 0.204  m1 Example 18: A kite at a height of 100 ft is moving

horizontally away from a boy who flies it at a rate of 4
ft/s. Find how fast the string is being released when
From y2 = 2x there is 250 ft of string out.
2yy’ = 2
Solution:
yy’ = 1 dx
 4ft / s
6 y’ = 1 dt

y’ = 0.408  m2 dS S

dt 100 ft
m 2  m1
Then tan =
1  m 2  m1
y 6 Maximize the volume of the box:
x By Ratio and Proportion: 
0.408  ( 0.204) 60 x V = x( 15 – 2x )( 24 – 2x )
tan =
1  (0.408)( 0.204) 360 V = 360x – 78x2 + 4x3 ----------- ( 1 )
y
dS x
dV
 = 33.73o Find when S = 250 ft. dy 360 dx = 360 – 156x + 12x2
dt   2  dx
By Pythagorean Theorem: dt x dt
Time Rates: 12x2 – 156x +360 = 0
2 2 2
S = x + 100 When x = 30 ft. x2 – 13x + 30 = 0
Time rate is the rate of change of a given
quantity with respect to time. If t represents time, A
 5 
dS dx dy 360 x = 3 in. and x = 10 in. ( discard )
represents area, and V represents volume, then the 2S = 2x 
dt dt dt 30 2
dA dV
quantities and represents area rate and dS x dx Substitute to ( 1 ):
dt dt =  ------------ ( 1 ) dy
volume rate respectively. A
dt S dt  2 ft / sec Vmax. = 360( 3 ) – 78( 3 )2 + 4( 3 )3
dt
rate is positive if the quantity is increasing and Vmax. = 486 in3
negative if the quantity is decreasing. Let’s say for When S = 250 ft:
2 2 2
x = S – 100
example, if the area of a certain figure is increasing
dA x2 = 2502 – 1002
then is positive. On the other hand, if the
dt x2 = 52,500