MALNAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HASSAN

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Survey Camp 2020-2021

ADVANCE SURVEY TRAINING

Subject Code : CV608 IA Marks : 50

Exam Hours : 03 Exam Marks : 50

Mr. Guruprasad K Dr. A J Krishnaiah

Mr. Darshan G C Prof. and Head
Survey Camp Officers

Batch No.: .......................................................................

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 Department of Civil Engineering

Malnad College of Engineering, Hassan

VI Sem. B. E. (Civil) – Advance Survey Training – 2021

The students of VI Sem. B. E. (Civil) are here by informed to note down the detailed
information about the survey camp.

An Advance Survey Training programme involving investigation and design of the following
projects to be conducted for specified period. The student shall submit a project report
consisting of design and drawings.

Syllabus
CV 608 (0-0-6) 3

ADVANCED SURVEY TRAINING

Course objectives: This course will enable students to

1. Understand the practical applications of Surveying.
2. Use Total station and other Measurement Equipment’s.
3. Work in teams and learn time management, communication and presentation skills
___________________________________________________________________________
• To be conducted between 5th & 6th Semester for a period of 2 weeks including training on
total station.
• Viva voce conducted along with 6th semester exams
• An Advance Survey Training involving investigation, collection of data is to be
conducted. Use of Total Station is compulsory for ALL projects.
• The student shall submit a project report consisting of designs and drawings.
• Drawings should be done using CAD and survey work using total station
• Students should learn data download from total station, generation of contours, block
leveling, longitudinal and cross sectional diagrams, and capacity volume calculation by
using relevant soft wares
• The course coordinators should give exposure and simulate activities to achieve the course
outcomes
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 PART-A
Preliminary Training:
During the Preliminary Training, the students will learn the following survey exercises using
total station.
1. Measurement of the distance, vertical and horizontal angles, bearings, heights, reduced
Levels (RL)
2. Transfer of data from total station to computer and vice- versa.
3. Preparation of drawings after processing of the data.

PART-B

Six days Advanced Training: during the vacation between Vth and VIth semesters

1. Highway Project:
1) Preliminary and detailed investigations to align a new road between two arbitrary
points. The investigations shall consist of topographic surveying of strip of land for
considering alternative routes and for deciding final alignment.
2) Preparation of report to justify the selected alignment with details of all geometric
design details.
3) Preparation of Drawings including key plan initial alignment, final alignment,
longitudinal section along with final alignment and typical cross sections of road.

2. Layout planning of a housing colony

Works involved :
1) Preparation of site map
2) Planning and marking of sites, roads, cross drainage works and amenities like: water
supply, electricity, sanitation, location of GLSR, overhead tank and UGD system with
STP.

3. Survey of an existing Old Tank

Works involved:
1. Survey of existing bund, longitudinal and cross sections showing the details of Sluice,
Waste-weir and other facilities.
2. Plotting of capacity contours
3. Measurement of gradient of existing channel.
4. Preparation of drawings, indicating cross sections and locations of waste weir and sluice.

4. Marking of proposed building centre line:

Works involved:
1) Selection of location for setting of the instrument
2) Working out the coordinates of points on centreline with reference to the instrument
location.
3) Transferring of the coordinates on to the ground.

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 General Instructions:
1. Reconnaissance survey of the proposed project shall be done on the relevant
Topographic sheet and the actual work shall begin after field reconnaissance.
2. Each batch shall bring a Laptop computer and process the data using QGIS.

Note: Use Total Station, Commuter Aided Drawing, E-Surveying software for the work.

Course outcomes:
After studying this course, students will be able to:
1. Apply Surveying knowledge and tools effectively for the projects
2. Understanding Task environment, Goals, responsibilities, Task focus, working in Teams
towards common goals, Organizational performance expectations, technical and behavioral
competencies.
3. Application of individual effectiveness skills in team and organizational context, goal
setting, time management, communication and presentation skills.
4. Professional etiquettes at workplace, meeting and general
5. Establishing trust based relationships in teams & organizational environment
6. Orientation towards conflicts in team and organizational environment, Understanding
sources of conflicts, Conflict resolution styles and techniques

Program Objectives:
• Engineering knowledge
• Problem analysis
• Interpretation of data

References :
1. Basak.N.N., “Surveying”, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., ltd, 2004
2. Punmia . B.C, “Irrigation and Water Power Engineering”, Laxmi Publications, New Delhi,
1992.
3. Khanna.S.K. & Justo CES, “Highway Engineering”, Nemchand Brothers, Roorkee, 2003
4. Garg.S.K., “Water Supply Engineering”, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi, 2007.

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 1 - HIGHWAY PROJECT

Introduction

Transportation is a vital infrastructure for the speedy economic growth of a developing country.
Road transportation is one of the important modes of transport having many desirable
characteristics. Such as flexibility, door to door service and accessibility to remote areas.

Highways in road transport system have been rightly compared to the arteries of a human being
and their importance in the social and economic up lift of a nation cannot be over emphasized.

In the present era planning is considered as a pre-requisite and basic need for any new project
or an expansion program. Thus, highway planning is also a basic need for highway
development. Since, we have undertaken ‘HIGHWAY PROJECT’ as our project work; we
have considered the following objectives:

• Efficient and safe traffic operation but a minimum cost.

• Attainment of maximum utility.

• Construction with locally available resources to minimize the cost of project.

• Future requirements and improvements in view of anticipated developments.

• Availability of funds and economic considerations.

• Incorporation of technical recommendations framed by Indian Roads Congress

(IRC) for various aspect of Highway construction.

Engineering Surveys for Highway Location

The engineering surveys have to be carried out before finalizing the highway project. The
stages of engineering surveys are:

Map Study
Map study gives a rough guidance of routes to be surveyed in the field. The main features like
river, hills and valleys, etc. are known by map study. B y careful study of maps, the idea of
aligning a new highway can be obtained.
Reconnaissance Survey
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 In this survey, the land along the various proposed highway routes are inspected. All
the relevant details not available in the map study are collected and noted down.

Preliminary Survey
This is carried out to collect all the physical information’s, which is necessary in
connection with the proposed highway alignment. The quantity of earth work and cost of
construction are worked out. The best proposal is selected after preliminary survey.

Detailed Survey

After preliminary survey, a detailed survey is carried out. Here Temporary

Benchmarks are fixed, and levelling works are performed. Here an elaborate and complete data
are collected for preparing detailed plan and estimates of the project.

Curves

Curves are usually employed in the lines of communication in order that the change in
direction at the intersection of the straight lines shall be gradual. The curves are generally
circular arcs.

Circular Curves

The circular curves are divided into three types, namely;

• Simple curve: It is a single arc connecting two tangents.

• Compound curve: It consists of two arcs of different radii bending in the same direction
and lying on the same side of their common tangent.

• Reverse curve: A reverse curve is composed of two arcs of equal or different radii
bending in opposite direction

Transition Curves

A transition curve has a radius, which decreases from infinity at the tangent point to a designed
radius of circular curve. The rate of change of radius of transition curve will depend on the
equation of the curve or its shape.

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Vertical Curve

There are two types of vertical curves, namely

• Summit curve: These are the curves with convexity upwards.

• Valley curve: These are also called as sag curves, where the convexity is downwards.

Super Elevation

In order to counteract the effect of centrifugal force and to reduce the tendency of
vehicles to overturn or skid, the outer edge of the pavement is raised with respect to its inner
edge, thus providing transverse slope throughout the length of a horizontal curve. This
transverse inclination of the pavement surface is known as Super elevation

Surveying Details
Introduction
In road survey, the first step is levelling. This is carried out using, instruments such as
dumpy level, cross staff and levelling staff. Other instruments used are prismatic compass to
note the bearings, arrows and ranging rods which are used to mark the points on the field. The
levelling operation starts from the benchmark. A benchmark is a point of known elevation. The
road is aligned by two operations, namely,

• Longitudinal Sectioning.
• Cross Sectioning
Where ever there is a necessity of providing a culvert, block levelling is carried out.

Longitudinal Sectioning or Profile Levelling

Profile levelling is a process of determining the elevation of points at fixed intervals
along the chain line. Here the line along which the section to be taken is marked by ranging
rods, and the fore bearing of the line is taken with the help of a prismatic compass. The level
is then setup at a point. The telescope is then directed to a staff, held on the temporary
benchmark of R. L. 100.00 m and the reading is taken. This reading is called as the back sight.
Height of collimation is determined. All these readings are noted down in a level book. Then
the intermediate sight is taken on the starting point of the line by holding the staff. For each
setup, intermediate sights should be taken after the fore sight on the next turning station has

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been taken. To find the R.L. the intermediate sights are subtracted from the height of
collimation. When the instrument is removed, a change point is selected and a staff is held on
the same point and read it, which is fore sight.
It is then subtracted from the height of instrument to find the R.L. of the change point.
The instrument is then transferred to the second position. Having adjusted the instrument, a
back sight is taken on the change point just established. This reading when added to the change
point gives the R.L. of the new line of collimation. Then successive intermediate sights are
taken.
The horizontal distances are plotted along the horizontal axis to some convenient scale
and the distances are also marked. The elevations are plotted along the vertical axis. The
various points obtained are joined by straight lines.

Checking the levels

For checking the levels, we use the technique called Fly Levelling. In this, we start from
the last point and go to the first point, taking back sights and fore sights only, At the end, the
last point should be in the vicinity of the bench mark.

Cross Sectioning

Cross sections arc run at right angles to the horizontal profile and at either side of it for
the purpose of lateral outline of the, round surface. It provides data for estimating quantities of
earth work and other purposes. The cross sections are plotted in the same manner as the
longitudinal sections.

Contouring

On a plan, the relative altitudes of the points can be represented by contour lines as they
indicate the elevators directly. The area to be surveyed is divided into a number of squares. The
levels on the comer of these squares are determined by direct levelling. The contour
interpolation is done by graphical methods

Design Speed
It is the speed to which a road is designed.
• Design speed on rural highways.
• Design speed in kmph for various terrains.
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Width of Roadway or Formation
It is the sum of widths of pavements or carriageway including separators if any and
shoulders. Formation width is the top width of the highway embankment or the bottom
width of the highway cutting excluding the side drains.

Width of roadway recommended by IRC

SL. No. Road Classification Roadway width for

plain & rolling
terrain, m

NH & SH
1. a) Single lane 12

b) Double lane 12

MDR
2. a) Single lane 9

b) Double lane 9

Camber
Cross slope or camber is the slope provided on the road pavement to drain off the
rainwater from the road pavement surface. It usually maximum at center of the road & at edge
camber value is zero in a stretch.
IRC recommended values of camber

Range of cambers in areas of rainfall

SL. No. Types of road range
Surfaces
Heavy to light
Cement concrete and
1.
high type bituminous
1 in 50 (2%) 1 in 60 (1.7%)
surface
Thin bituminous
2.
surfaces 1 in 40 (2.5%) 1 in 50 (2%)
WBM and gravel
3.
pavement 1 in 33(3%) 1 in 40 (2.5%)
4. Earth 1 in 25(4%) 1 in 33(3%)

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Kerb
Kerbs are provided at the edge of road b/w the road & shoulders. It prevents the direct
entry of road vehicles in to the shoulders.

Shoulders
It is the thin strip of land provided along the road edge for the emergency lane for parking
or to repair the damaged vehicles.

The minimum shoulder width recommended by IRC is 2.5m

Design of horizontal alignment

Horizontal curves
When the centreline of the road changes the direction along the horizontal plane,
horizontal curves are provided & the same are designed as follows:

Super Elevation

To counteract the effect of centrifugal force and to reduce the tendency of vehicle to overturn
or skid the, outer edge of pavement is raised with respect to inner edge. Such provision of
transverse slope is provided on horizontal curves. The design of super elevation is illustrated
as below

Extra Widening
Extra widening is provided to provide extra space required for mechanical and
psychological reasons along the horizontal curve, which is provided as per the table below

Extra Widening

SL. No. Radius of curve (m) Extra width for two lane road (m)
1 Up to 20m 1.5
2 20-40m 1.5
3 41-60m 1.2
4 61-100m 0.9
5 101-300m 0.6
6 Above 300m nil

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Sheets for Submission:

Sl. No. Description Faculty Sign

1 Plan of alignment with horizontal curves and other details.

2 Longitudinal profile of the alignment with suitable formation line

3 Cross section Profiles

4 Block Levelling of the Required sites of Culverts or bridges

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 2 LAYOUT PLANNING OF A HOUSING COLONY

General:

The term town planning is used to indicate the arrangement of various component or units
of town in such a way that the town as such attains the significance of living organism. It also
includes the ways and means to adopt for the improvement of existing towns or for the
extension of town.

Necessity:-

The town main advantages of fully documented and vividly illustrated survey are as
follows,

i) The survey draws attention to the inter relation between various complicated activities
of a town life.
ii) The survey stresses the local requirements and appropriate treatment to be given
socially, conveniently and artificially. It works as a diagnosis before treatment of the
disease.

Thus the role played by survey in the science of town planning is as follows,

i) To evaluate the effects of development.

ii) To present detailed reasoned reports.
iii) To provide the necessary understanding before decisions for development are made and
iv) To study the situation objectively and factuality.

OBJECTS OF TOWN PLANNING:

The four objects of any town planning scheme are beauty, convenience, health and
environment. The object of beauty is achieved by taking the most possible advantages of
natural conditions surrounding the town and also by giving architectural finishing to various
components of town. The object of convenience is understood in the form of various economic,
social, recreational amenities to the public. Theses amenities include cheap power and
electricity, proper sites for industrial units, transport facilities, adequate water supply, easy
disposal of sewage and industrial wastes, facilities to commercial units etc.

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The object of health is accommodated in a town planning scheme by making right use of land
for right purpose, by providing parks and playgrounds for the public, by maintaining the
pollution of various forms to the lowest possible degree etc.

The object of environment is important in the sense that the environment should be molded in
such a way that the man can go about his normal activities with least amount of strain. The
town planning is mainly concerned with bringing about a better relation between man and his
environment.

It is however, necessary for the town planner to maintain a proper balance between the four
objects mentioned above and not to give emphasis on any one of them at a disadvantage of the
others.

ORIGIN OF TOWN:

If a survey is carried out regarding the origin of some of the important existing towns and cities
of the world, it can be easily established that any town or city has originatated because of
certain specific cause. The contributing forces for the origin of towns and cities can broadly be
divided into two categories, namely, topographical and functional.

The topographical features contributing to the origin of town are,

i) Conditions favour able for industrial units.

ii) Hilly areas to achieve the object of defense.
iii) Plane areas useful for business activities.
iv) River bank, and
v) Sea or ocean fronts.
The functional aspects responsible for the origin of towns are
i) Education
ii) Health resorts
iii) Political
iv) Religious

PRINCIPLES OF TOWN PLANNING:-

The object of town planning demands knowledge of various professions, especially those
of engineering, architecture and surveying. The town should not be designed only to satisfy the
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needs of the future generation. But the probable growth and development of town should be
suitably conceived by the town planner and it should be seen that the town does not develop in
any haphazard fashion. Some of the guiding principles are as follows.

1. Green belt
2. Housing
3. Public building
4. Recreation centers
5. Road systems
6. Transport facilities
7. Zoning

Each of the above principles of town planning is briefly explained below.

1. Green belt :-
The provision of a green belt on the periphery of town results in the limitation of its
size and hence the final size of town can well be anticipated.
2. Housing :-
Extreme care should be taken to provide housing accommodation to various categories
of people. It should be observed that there is no development of slums and further, if
slums are existing, they are cleared by the provision of some alternating arrangements.
3. Public building :-
There should be a well balanced grouping and distribution of various public buildings
throughout the town. Unnecessary concentration of public buildings at certain spots of
the towns should be avoided.
4. Recreation centre:-
Depending upon the size of town, enough space should be reserved for the
development as recreation centers for the general public.
5. Road systems:-
A nicely designed road system puts a great impression in the minds of people,
especially the visitors of town. The provision of faulty road system in the initial stages
of town formation proves to be too difficult and costly to repair or to rearrange in future.
6. Transport facilities :-

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 The town should be provided with suitable transport facilities so that there is
minimum loss of time from place of work to the place of residence.

7. Zoning :-

The town should be divided into suitable zones such as commercial zone, industrial
zone, residential zone etc and suitable rules and regulations should be formed for the
development of each zone.

INTRODUCTION OF VILLAGE CITY SURVEYING:-

This is extensive co ordinate survey of the area with in the limits of a village. The
principle of city surveying do not metrically differ from those of land survey but a relatively
high degree of accuracy required in a city survey because of high value of land in an urban
area. The first step in city survey is to establish a horizontal control. Thus the main skeleton
consists of a closed traverse established. There by compass traversing the details of such as
outlines of streets, buildings etc.

The city property survey work is done in two steps

1. Surveying the streets and the main frontages of buildings only,

2. Location of details such as outline of buildings, gulley’s, pavements, gardens, fence etc.

PROCEDURE: -

To begin with two traverses the lines are run as long as possible and as nearly as possible in
the centre of street by fixing station at the junction of all principal streets.

The angle between the traverse lines is accurately measured and the stations are marked by
driving arrows and by these measurements. The details are located by means of linear
measurements with reference to main frontage lines. The details are sketched by hand on the
sheet and the measurements recorded on the sketch. Plotting of details is then done in the office.

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 3. OLD TANK PROJECT

Introduction
Reservoir and lakes continue for mankind, the preliminary source water for his needs. However
these constitute very much less than of the available water on the earth. The management of
such resource is very essential in light of vagaries of rainfall flood droughts etc. One of the
ways of elevating or mititigating this problem is by conserving the storages such storage can
be underground water storage like wells or surface water like ponds tanks or large reservoirs.
Tank is general term used for surface water storage of small size. Closing the openings of a
natural saucer shaped land by constructing bunds is called tanks.
Restoration of old tank is nothing but the improvement of existing bund by increasing the bund
height. This is because the existing depth may be insufficient, may be filled up with deposition
of silt or sediment, or the bund may be weak due to erosion of soil during the rainy season or
the inflow from the catchments area may increase etc.
Object
The object of this project is to improve or increase the capacity of old tank by increasing the
bund height and weir height and also to improve the condition of the old tank such that it should
stand safely against large quantity of stored water.
Division of the project
1. Location of existing bund
2. Calculation of existing capacity
3. Alignment of new location of the bund due to increased height of bund by 1m
4. Location of the waste weir with respect to the height of the bund and capacity
of the tank and block levelling at the waste weir
5. Locations of capacity contour after increasing height of the bund
6. Estimation of earthwork and its cost

The work shall consist of the following including submitting the sheets for the following:
i) Alignment of centre line of the existing bund, Longitudinal and cross sections of the centre
line.
ii) Capacity surveys to explore the quantity.
iii) Details at existing Waste weir and sluice points.

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 Sl. No. Description Faculty Sign

1 Longitudinal Section of the old tank with proposed rise in height

2 Cross Section at Regular interval of the bund

3 Block Levelling at Waste weir or Sluice

4 Contour Profile Showing the capacity of the Tank

4. Marking of proposed building centre line:

Works involved:
1) Selection of location for setting of the instrument
2) Working out the coordinates of points on centreline with reference to the instrument
location.
3) Transferring of the coordinates on to the ground.

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