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4 Differential Leveling

Differential leveling is a surveying technique used to determine elevation differences between points. It involves taking backsight readings from benchmarks of known elevation to calculate the height of the instrument, then taking foresight readings to calculate the elevation of other points by subtracting the foresight from the height of the instrument. Turning points are intermediate points that allow the level to be repositioned between benchmarks and points of unknown elevation.

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138 views19 pages

4 Differential Leveling

Differential leveling is a surveying technique used to determine elevation differences between points. It involves taking backsight readings from benchmarks of known elevation to calculate the height of the instrument, then taking foresight readings to calculate the elevation of other points by subtracting the foresight from the height of the instrument. Turning points are intermediate points that allow the level to be repositioned between benchmarks and points of unknown elevation.

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Inter Galactic
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Differential Leveling

IMPORTANCE OF VERTICAL POSITIONS

A vertical position is the height of a point


relative to some reference surface, such as
mean sea level, a geoid, or an ellipsoid.

Surveyors extended the control network inland


using a surveying technique called leveling.
Differential Leveling
• Process of determining the difference in
elevation between two or more points some
distant apart
Benchmark (BM)

• A fixed point of reference where elevation


is either known or assumed
Backsight (BS)

• Reading taken on a rod held on a point of


known or assumed elevation

Foresight (FS)

• Reading taken on a rod held on a point


whose elevation is to be determined
Backsight Distance (BSD)

• Measured from the center of the instrument


to the rod on which a backsight is taken

Foresight Distance (FSD)


• Horizontal distance from the center of the
instrument to the rod on which a foresight is
taken
Turning Point (TP)

• Intervening point between two bench marks


upon which point foresight and backsight
rod readings are taken to enable a leveling
operation to continue from a new
instrument position
Height of Instrument (HI)

• Elevation of the line of sight of an


instrument above or below a selected
reference datum
• HI = Elev BM + BS
• Elev TP = HI - FS
Illustrative Problem
• Prepare and complete the differential level notes for the
information shown.
A. Compute for the HI’s and elevation of each station
B. Arithmetic check

BMb

BMa TP3
(Elev 125.45m)

TP1
TP2
Illustrative Problem
STA BS, m HI, m FS, m ELEV, m
BMa 0.68
TP1 0.98 3.75
TP2 3.52
TP3
BMb

BMb

BMa TP3
(Elev 125.45m)

TP1
TP2
Differential Leveling
•The initial backsight (BS) is taken to a point of known
elevation.

•The backsight reading is added to the elevation of the known


point to compute the height of the instrument (HI).

•The level may be moved to a temporary point called a turning


point (TP).

•The elevation of a point is the height of the instrument (HI)


minus the foresight (FS).

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