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Reviewer on Comparative Police Systems

(Prepared by: Victor O. Delos Santos, Ph.D.)
Introduction

Comparative police system

It is the science and art of investigating and comparing the police system of nations. It covers the
study of police organizations, trainings and methods of policing of various nations.

Model system

In this book, model system is used to describe the countries being used as topics of discussion.
These countries were chosen not because they are greater than others but because of the availability of
information about them. Aside from Asian countries being compared, the following countries police
system, criminal justice and court system are covered in this book.

Comparative Research Methods

Comparative research is usually carried out by the following:

"Safari" method (a researcher visits another country) or "collaborative" method (the researcher
communicates with a foreign researcher). 

Published works tend to fall into three categories:

Single-culture studies (the crime problem of a single foreign country is discussed)

Two-culture studies (the most common type)

Comprehensive textbooks (it covers three or more countries).  The examination of crime and its
control in the comparative context often requires an historical perspective since the phenomena under
study are seen as having developed under unique social, economic, and political structures. 

Historical-comparative is method the most often employed by researchers. It is basically an alternative to

both quantitative and qualitative research methods that is sometimes called historiography or holism.  In
historiography, there are at least eight ways to do history: the Great Man approach, the historical forces
approach, the crisis of civilization approach, the dialectic approach, the evolutionary approach, the
geographic factors approach, the conflict or "who won" approach, and the serendipity or accidental
discovery approach.  In holism (which is a term that describes when a whole gives meaning to parts),
there is an emphasis upon inductive inference from description, which is similar to Max Weber's notion of
"ideal types" that are general to many cases.  It should be noted that historical-comparative method is tied
to the origins of sociology.  Patterns, trends, and syndromes are the words most often used in
comparative criminal justice with the same meaning as ideal-types.

What Is Globalization?
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Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and
governments of different nations, a process driven by international trade and investment and aided by
information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political systems, on
economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.

Effects of globalization

Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways such as:

Industrial - emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign
products for consumers and companies. Particularly movement of material and goods between and within
national boundaries. International trade in manufactured goods increased more than 100 times (from $95
billion to $12 trillion) in the 50 years since 1955. China’s trade with Africa rose sevenfold during 2000-07
alone.

Economic - realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods and
capital. The interconnectedness of these markets, however meant that an economic collapse in any one
given country could not be contained.

Political - some use "globalization" to mean the creation of a world government. This regulates the
relationships among governments and guarantees the rights arising from social and economic
globalization. Politically, the United States has enjoyed a position of power among the world powers, in
part because of its strong and wealthy economy. With the influence of globalization and with the help of
The United States’ own economy, the People's Republic of China has experienced some tremendous
growth within the past decade. If China continues to grow at the rate projected by the trends, then it is
very likely that in the next twenty years, there will be a major reallocation of power among the world
leaders. China will have enough wealth, industry, and technology to rival the United States for the position
of leading world power.

Informational - increase in information flows between geographically remote locations. Arguably this is a
technological change with the advent of fibre optic communications, satellites, and increased availability
of telephone and Internet.

Language - the most popular language is Mandarin (845 million speakers) followed by Spanish (329
million speakers) and English (328 million speakers).

Competition - Survival in the new global business market calls for improved productivity and increased
competition. Due to the market becoming worldwide, companies in various industries have to upgrade
their products and use technology skillfully in order to face increased competition.

Ecological - the advent of global environmental challenges that might be solved with international
cooperation, such as climate change, cross-boundary water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean,
and the spread of invasive species. Since many factories are built in developing countries with less
environmental regulation, globalism and free trade may increase pollution. On the other hand, economic
development historically required a "dirty" industrial stage, and it is argued that developing countries
should not, via regulation, be prohibited from increasing their standard of living.
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Cultural - growth of cross-cultural contacts; advent of new categories of consciousness and identities
which embodies cultural diffusion, the desire to increase one's standard of living and enjoy foreign
products and ideas, adopt new technology and practices, and participate in a "world culture". Some
bemoan the resulting consumerism and loss of languages. Also see Transformation of culture.

Social - development of the system of non-governmental organisations as main agents of global public
policy, including humanitarian aid and developmental efforts.

Technical

Development of a Global Information System, global telecommunications infrastructure and greater

transborder data flow, using such technologies as the Internet, communication satellites, submarine fiber
cable, and wireless telephones

Increase in the number of standards applied globally; e.g., copyright laws, patents and world trade
agreements.

Negative effects

Globalization has been one of the most hotly debated topics in international economics over the
past few years. Globalization has also generated significant international opposition over concerns that it
has increased inequality and environmental degradation. In the Midwestern United States, globalization
has eaten away at its competitive edge in industry and agriculture, lowering the quality of life in locations
that have not adapted to the change.

Drug and illicit goods trade

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) issued a report that the global drug
trade generates more than $320 billion a year in revenues. Worldwide, the UN estimates there are more
than 50 million regular users of heroin, cocaine and synthetic drugs. The international trade of
endangered species is second only to drug trafficking. Traditional Chinese medicine often incorporates
ingredients from all parts of plants, the leaf, stem, flower, root, and also ingredients from animals and
minerals. The use of parts of endangered species (such as seahorses, rhinoceros horns, saiga antelope
horns, and tiger bones and claws) has created controversy and resulted in a black market of poachers
who hunt restricted animals. In 2003, 29% of open sea fisheries were in a state of collapse.

Effects of Globalization to Law Enforcement (V. Delos Santos)

1. The facilitation of transnational crimes and criminals can be easily achieved.

2. There is a need for transnational policing. The cooperation among police organization in the world is
vital.

3. Training instructions for incoming law enforcement officers must include advance computer to prepare
them as cyber cops so they can be better prepared to deal with cyber crimes.

4. Development of new strategies to deal with international organized crimes is a must.

5. Provisions of law enforcement with updated legislations related to modernization theories of crime.
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Global policing

Policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to
grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community seeks to develop the rule of law and
reform security institutions in States recovering from conflict.

Transnational crimes

It is a term that has been used in comparative and international criminal justice study in recent
years to reflect the complexity and enormity of global crime issues. It is defined by the United Nations
(UN) offences whose inception, proportion and/or direct or indirect effects involve in more than one
country. The following are examples of transnational crimes discussed.

Money laundering
Drug trafficking
Terrorism
Human trafficking
Cyber crimes

Transnational crime

Transnational crime refers to crime that takes place across national borders. The term is
commonly used in the law enforcement and academic communities.

The word "transnational" describes crimes that are not only international (that is, crimes that
cross borders between countries), but crimes that by their nature involve border crossings as an essential
part of the criminal activity. Transnational crimes also include crimes that take place in one country, but
their consequences significantly affect another country. Examples of transnational crimes include:

the human trafficking,

people smuggling,
smuggling/trafficking of goods (such as arms trafficking and drug trafficking),
sex slavery,
pedophilia and (non-domestic) terrorism.

Transnational Organized Crime

Transnational organized crime involves the planning and execution of illicit business ventures by
groups or networks of individuals working in more than one country. These criminal groups use
systematic violence and corruption to achieve their goals. Crimes commonly include money laundering;
human smuggling; cyber crime; and trafficking of humans, drugs, weapons, endangered species, body
parts, or nuclear material.

Transnational crime ring activities weaken economies and financial systems and undermine
democracy. These networks often prey on governments that are not powerful enough to oppose them,
prospering on illegal activities, such as drug trafficking, that bring them immense profits. In carrying out
illegal activities, they upset the peace and stability of nations worldwide, often using bribery, violence, or
terror to achieve their goals.
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Human trafficking

Human trafficking is the illegal trade in human beings for the purposes of commercial sexual
exploitation or forced labor: a modern-day form of slavery. It is the fastest growing criminal industry in the
world, and tied with the illegal arms industry as the second largest, after the drug-trade.

Human Trafficking is a crime against humanity. It further defined as an act of recruiting,

transporting, transfering, harbouring or receiving a person through a use of force, coercion or other
means, for the purpose of exploiting them. Every year, thousands of men, women and children fall into
the hands of traffickers, in their own countries and abroad. Every country in the world is affected by
trafficking, whether as a country of origin, transit or destination for victims. UNODC, as guardian of the
United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) and the Protocols thereto,
assists States in their efforts to implement the  Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in
Persons (Trafficking in Persons Protocol).

Elements of human trafficking

On the basis of the definition given in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, it is evident that
trafficking in persons has three constituent elements;

The Act (What is done)

Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons

The Means (How it is done)

Threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability, or
giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the victim

The Purpose (Why it is done)

For the purpose of exploitation, which include exploiting the prostitution of others, sexual
exploitation, forced labour, slavery or similar practices and the removal of organs.

To ascertain whether a particular circumstance constitutes trafficking in persons, consider the

definition of trafficking in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the constituent elements of the offense,
as defined by relevant domestic legislation.

Drug trafficking

Drug trafficking involves selling drugs and drug paraphernalia, whether it is a local exchange
between a user and a dealer or a major international operation. Drug trafficking is a problem that affects
every nation in the world and exists on many levels.

Drug trafficking is the commercial exchange of drugs and drug paraphernalia. This includes any
equipment used to manufacture illegal drugs or use them.

Cybercrimes
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Cybercrimes are generally defined as any type of illegal activity that makes use of the Internet, a
private or public network, or an in-house computer system. While many forms of cybercrime revolve
around the appropriation of proprietary information for unauthorized use, other examples are focused
more on an invasion of privacy. As a growing problem around the world, many countries are beginning to
implement laws and other regulatory mechanisms in an attempt to minimize the incidence of cybercrime.

Terrorism

1. The use of violence and threats to intimidate or coerce, esp. for political purposes.
2. The state of fear and submission produced by terrorism or terrorization.
3. A terroristic method of governing or of resisting a government.

Terrorism is the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. At present, the
International community has been unable to formulate a universally agreed, legally binding, criminal law
definition of terrorism. Common definitions of terrorism refer only to those violent acts which are intended
to create fear (terror), are perpetrated for a religious, political or ideological goal, and deliberately target or
disregard the safety of non-combatants (civilians).

Some definitions also include acts of unlawful violence and war. The history of terrorist
organizations suggests that they do not select terrorism for its political effectiveness. Individual terrorists
tend to be motivated more by a desire for social solidarity with other members of their organization than
by political platforms or strategic objectives, which are often murky and undefined.

Money laundering

Money laundering is the process of creating the appearance that large amounts of money
obtained from serious crimes, such as drug trafficking, originated from a legitimate source. It is a crime in
many jurisdictions with varying definitions. It is a key operation of the underground economy.

In US law it is the practice of engaging in financial transactions to conceal the identity, source, or
destination of illegally gained money. In UK law the common law definition is wider. The act is defined as
taking any action with property of any form which is either wholly or in part the proceeds of a crime that
will disguise the fact that that property is the proceeds of a crime or obscure the beneficial ownership of
said property.

In the past, the term "money laundering" was applied only to financial transactions related to
organized crime. Today its definition is often expanded by government and international regulators such
as the US Office of the Comptroller of the Currency to mean any financial transaction which generates an
asset or a value as the result of an illegal act, which may involve actions such as tax evasion or false
accounting. In the UK, it does not even need to involve money, but any economic good. Courts involve
money laundering committed by private individuals, drug dealers, businesses, corrupt officials, members
of criminal organizations such as the Mafia, and even states.

As financial crime has become more complex, and "Financial Intelligence" (FININT) has become
more recognized in combating international crime and terrorism, money laundering has become more
prominent in political, economic, and legal debate. Money laundering is ipso facto illegal; the acts
generating the money almost always are themselves criminal in some way (for if not, the money would
not need to be laundered).
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Model Countries Comparative Police Systems

Australia Law Enforcement

China Law Enforcement
England Law Enforcement
Japan Law Enforcement
Singapore Law Enforcement
United States Law Enforcement
Other Asean countries

Australia Law Enforcement

Law enforcement in Australia is facilitated by police, sheriffs and bailiffs under the control of state,
territory and the Federal governments. A number of specialist agencies also administer a wide variety of
legislation related to white-collar crime.

The police are responsible for the criminal law.

The sheriff, sheriff's deputies and bailiffs in each state and territory are responsible for the
enforcement of the judgments of the courts exercising civil law (common law) jurisdictions.

There are two distinct, but similar levels of police force, the various state police forces and the
Australian Federal Police (AFP). The state police forces are responsible for enforcing state law within
their own states (including cities within the states) while the AFP is responsible for the investigation of
crimes against Commonwealth law which occurs throughout the nation. The AFP also has responsibility
for a community policing role (similar to the state police) in Commonwealth territories such as the
Australian Capital Territory. The boundaries between the two levels of law enforcement are somewhat
flexible and both state and federal police co-operate on or transfer cases between each other depending
on the specific circumstances.

Federal

Commonwealth policing and law enforcement agencies

Australian Federal Police (AFP)

Australian Crime Commission (ACC)
Commonwealth agencies with a law enforcement responsibility
Australian Customs Service (ACS)
Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC)
Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service (AQIS)
Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC)
Australian Taxation Office (ATO)
National Common Policing Services

The Australasian Police Professional Standards Committee (APPSC) was an organization that
served all Police Jurisdictions around Australia and New Zealand. APPSC was the peak body for police
education and training in Australia and New Zealand, the Council comprising each of the Police
Commissioners from Australia and New Zealand along with the President of the Police Federation of
Australia and the President of the New Zealand Police Association.
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Crime Stoppers programs run in each state and nationally. Crime Stoppers collects information
about crime and passes it on to the police ensuring that the community can participate in crime fighting.

CrimTrack is an intergovernmental policing agency that supports Australian policing through the
provision of forensic and other information and investigative tools between State and Federal Police
Departments. The National Automated Fingerprint Identification System (NAFIS) is national fingerprint
database, administered by CrimTrack.

State

Each State as well as the Northern Territory is responsible for maintaining its own police force
which is responsible for policing at the state and local level. This involves general law and order, traffic
policing, major crime, anti-terrorism branches, water police, search and rescue and in some states transit
police. Local policing in the Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory and Australia's external
territories is contracted to the Australian Federal Police (AFP).

In some states, local governments employ by-laws officers or rangers to enforce local by-laws or
ordinances relating to such matters as parking, dog ownership, retailing, littering or water usage. These
local government officers are not considered to be police forces as they generally only have the power to
issue fines and do not have the same powers as state police. They may rely upon appointment as a
Special Constable or legislated powers for their authority.

Policing agencies

State police also perform certain functions on behalf of the Australian Government such as the
enforcement of various Commonwealth Acts and Regulations in conjunction with the Australian Federal
Police and other Commonwealth officers.

While the Australian Capital Territory Police is under the jurisdiction of the Australian Federal
Police, the following policing agencies are regulated by their respective State or Territory Government
and are highly visible:

New South Wales Police Force

Northern Territory Police
Queensland Police Service
South Australia Police
Tasmania Police
Victoria Police
Western Australia Police
Sheriffs
In recent years, the states and territories have returned the responsibility of recovering court
ordered fines to their sheriffs. In practice, the police often carry out the functions of sheriffs and bailiffs in
the country and more sparsely populated areas of Australia.

China Law Enforcement

Chinese police consists of 5 main components these are:

State Security Police. Established in 1983, it is responsible for preventing espionage, sabotage, and
conspiracies.
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Prison Police. It is responsible for supervision of convicted offenders in prison.

Judicial Procuratorates Police. They escort suspects in cases investigated by the procuratorates
(prosecutors in the Phils.).

Judicial People’s Court Police. They maintain security and order in the various courts and also may
carryout death sentence.

Most Chinese police have graduated from universities and colleges coordinated by the Ministry of Public
Security. Training lasts for an average of six months, but it will vary depending on officers’ future positions
and specialization. Provincial police directors are trained directly by the ministry of Public Security while
officers are trained by their respective governmental offices: province, county, prefect, or municipality.

Law enforcement in the People's Republic of China consists of an extensive public security
system and a variety of enforcement procedures are used to maintain order in the country. Along with the
courts and procuratorates, the country's judicial and public security agencies included the Ministry of
Public Security and the Ministry of State Security, with their descending hierarchy of departments,
bureaus, subbureaus, and stations.

Overview and further discussion

The national security system is made up of the

1. Ministry of State Security

The Ministry of State Security was established in 1983 to ensure "the security of the state through
effective measures against enemy agents, spies, and counterrevolutionary activities designed to
sabotage or overthrow China’s socialist system." The ministry is guided by a series of laws enacted in
1993, 1994, and 1997 that replaced the "counterrevolutionary" crime statutes. The ministry’s operations
include intelligence collection, both domestic and foreign. Authorities have used arrests on charges of
revealing state secrets, subversion, and common crimes to suppress political dissent and social
advocacy.

2. Ministry of Public Security

The Ministry of Public Security oversees all domestic police activity in China, including the
People’s Armed Police Force. The ministry is responsible for police operations and prisons and has
dedicated departments for internal political, economic, and communications security. Its lowest
organizational units are public security stations, which maintain close day-to-day contact with the public.
The People’s Armed Police Force, with its 1.5 million personnel, is organized into 45 divisions. These
include internal security police, border defense personnel, guards for government buildings and
embassies, and police communications specialists.

Further, the Ministry of Public Security is the principal police authority. It is responsible for
maintaining social and public order, and also for conducting investigations and arrest of suspects in
criminal cases. It maintains public order in accordance with the administrative power granted by law and
through the police force. It can also settle civil disputes between citizens.

3. People’s Armed Police

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The People's Armed Police is a paramilitary force which is used in cases of serious disturbances.

4. People’s Liberation Army (PLA)

5. State judicial, procuratorial, and penal systems

Organization and role

The Ministry of Public Security is the principal police authority. The ministry has functional
departments for areas such as internal security, intelligence, counter-terrorism, police operations, prisons,
and political, economic, and communications security. Subordinate to the ministry are provincial-level
public security departments; public security bureaus and sub-bureaus at the county level (the bureaus
located in the prefectures and large cities, the sub-bureaus in counties and municipal districts); and public
security stations at the township level.

While public security considerations have a strong influence at all levels of administration, the
police appear to wield progressively greater influence at the lower levels of government.

The organization of local public security stations can be inferred from the tasks with which the
police are charged. Generally, each station has sections for population control, pre-trial investigations,
welfare, traffic control, a detention center, and other activities.

England and the UK Law Enforcement

Organization Features

There are 41 large provincial police forces plus 2 in greater London called the Metropolitan Police
Force (the largest) and the London City Police.

Other kinds of Police, like British Transport Police, the Ministry of Defense Police and the Port London
Authority Police have responsibility in specific locales or over specific activities

Each region (country) contains a Police Authority Board which is similar to that of People’s Law
Enforcement Board (PLEB) in the Philippines.

Chief Constable is the main administrator of each provincial police force.

UK government Ministry is the overseeing body for the Metropolitan Police.

As all police forces are autonomous organizations there is much variation in organization and
nomenclature, however outlined below are the main strands of policing that makes up police forces.

All police forces have teams of officers who are responsible for general patrol duties and response to
emergency and non emergency calls from the public. These officers are generally the most visible and
will invariably be the first interface a member of the public has with police. In general terms these officers
will normally patrol by vehicle (though also on foot or bicycle in urban areas). They will generally patrol a
sub-division or whole division of a police force area or in the case of the Metropolitan Police Service, a
borough. Nearly all police officers begin their careers in this area of policing, with some moving on to
more specialist roles. The Metropolitan Police Service calls this area of policing 'Response Teams', whilst
other forces use terms such as 'patrol', 'section' and other variations.
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Most local areas or wards in the country have at least one police officer who is involved in trying to build
links with the local community and resolve long term problems. In London, the Metropolitan Police Service
addresses this area of policing with Safer Neighborhood Teams. This entails each political ward in
London having a Police Sergeant, two police constables and a few PCSOs who are ring fenced to
address problems and build community links in their respective wards. Other police forces have similar
systems but can be named 'Area officers', 'Neighborhood officers', 'Beat Constables' and a number of
other variations.

Criminal Investigation Departments (CID) can be found in all police forces. Generally these officers deal
with investigations of a more complex, serious nature, however this again can differ from force to force.
Most officers within this area are detectives. Depending on the force in question this area of policing can
be further divided into a myriad of other specialist areas such as fraud. Smaller forces tend to have
detectives who deal with a wide range of varied investigations whereas detectives in larger forces can
have a very specialist remit.

All police forces have specialist departments that deal with certain aspects of policing. Larger forces such
as Greater Manchester Police, Strathclyde Police and West Midlands Police have many and varied
departments and units such as traffic, firearms, marine, horse, tactical support all named differently
depending on the force. Smaller forces such Dyfed Powys Police and Warwickshire Police will have fewer
specialists and will rely on cross training, such as firearms officers also being traffic trained officers. The
Metropolitan Police, the largest force in the country, has a large number of specialist departments, some
of which are unique to the Metropolitan Police due to policing the capital and its national responsibilities.
For example, the Diplomatic Protection Group and Counter Terrorism Command.

Training Features

The training of English police entails a 14 week course during which recruits learn theoretical and
practical information on police related topics, followed by a` 10 week field experience under supervision of
an experience constable. After that 24- week period, the new constable remains on probation for the first
two years of service while gaining additional classroom training and supervision. Those who aspire to
become police administrators attend the police staff college education and leadership training.

Law Enforcement in the United Kingdom

Mounted officer of the Metropolitan Police at Buckingham Palace, London Law enforcement in
the United Kingdom is organized separately in each of the legal systems of the United Kingdom: England
& Wales, Northern Ireland and Scotland (administration of police matters is not generally affected by the
Government of Wales Act 2006).

Jurisdictions and territories

In the United Kingdom, every person has limited powers of arrest if they see a crime being
committed these are called 'every person powers', commonly referred to as a 'citizen's arrest'. In England
and Wales, the vast majority of attested constables enjoyed full powers of arrest and search as granted
by the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984. All police officers are "constables" in law, irrespective of
rank. Although police officers have wide ranging powers, they are still civilians and subject to the same
laws as members of the public. However there are certain legal restrictions on police officers such as the
illegality of taking industrial action and the ban on taking part in active politics.
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Types of law enforcement agency

There are four general types of agency, the first mostly concerned with policing the general public
and their activities and the rest concerned with policing of other, usually localized, matters:

1. Territorial police forces, who carry out the majority of policing. These are police forces that cover a
'police area' (a particular region) and have an independent Police Authority. The Police Act 1996, the
Police (Scotland) Act 1967 and the Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000, prescribe a number of issues such
as appointment of a Chief Constable, jurisdiction and responsibilities, for police forces in England and
Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland respectively.

2. Special police forces, which are national police forces that have a specific, non-regional jurisdiction,
such as the British Transport Police. The Serious Organized Crime and Police Act 2005 refers to these as
'special police forces'.

3. Non-police law enforcement agencies, whose officers are not police constables, but still enforce laws.

4. Miscellaneous police forces, mostly having their foundations in older legislation or Common Law.
These have a responsibility to police specific local areas or activities, such as ports and parks and before
the passing of recent legislation such as the Serious Organized Crime and Police Act 2005 were often
referred to as 'special police forces'; care must therefore be taken in interpreting historical use of that
phrase. These constabularies are not within the scope of the legislation applicable to the previously-
mentioned organizations but can still be the subject of statutes applicable to e.g. docks, harbours or
railways. Until the passing of Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003, the British Transport Police was
such a force.

Cross-border powers

Territorial police constables have certain powers of arrest in countries other than the one they
were attested in. There are four main provisions for them to do so - arrest with a warrant, arrest without a
warrant for an offence committed in their country, arrest without a warrant for an offence committed in
another country and mutual aid. Note: this section applies to territorial police constables only, and not to
others - except the British Transport Police, whose also have certain cross-border powers in addition to
their natural powers.

Japan Law Enforcement

Organization and Training Features

Japan had established kobans and chuzaisho. The former is applicable in the urban areas while the latter
is for rural areas. The most part function of the koban is the community safety center. Other functions of
kobans are administrative service, initial response to incidents and prevention of crimes and accidents.
Chuzaisho are manned by rural police called Chusai-san.

The chusai-san spends his time patrolling his district, visiting the residents, or conducting business out of
his office in the chuzaisho. He is required to visit each household twice per year, during which time he
becomes acquainted with family members, neighborhood news, and problems that might be occurring.
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To become a police officer in Japan, one must graduate from high school, pass the a national qualifying
exam (similar to PO1 entrance exam) pass an aptitude test, undergo an extensive background check, and
complete a series of personal interviews. After this process the recruit must attend the National Police
Agency training school. If the recruit is high school graduate, the training lasts one year; if he is college
graduate, it lasts six months. The training combines academic and legal courses with the martial arts.
After completing school training, the recruit receives one year of field experience and the returns to school
for six months for further training. The Japanese police are among the highly trained police in the world.

Law Enforcement in Japan is provided by the Prefectural Police under the oversight of the
National Police Agency or NPA. The NPA is headed by the National Public Safety Commission thus
ensuring that Japan's police are an apolitical body and free of direct central government executive control.
They are checked by an independent judiciary and monitored by a free and active press.

National Organization

National Public Safety Commission

The mission of the National Public Safety Commission is to guarantee the neutrality of the police
by insulating the force from political pressure and to ensure the maintenance of democratic methods in
police administration. The commission's primary function is to supervise the National Police Agency, and
it has the authority to appoint or dismiss senior police officers. The commission consists of a chairman,
who holds the rank of minister of state, and five members appointed by the prime minister with the
consent of both houses of the Diet. The commission operates independently of the cabinet, but liaison
and coordination with it are facilitated by the chairman's being a member of that body.

National Police Agency

As the central coordinating body for the entire police system, the National Police Agency
determines general standards and policies; detailed direction of operations is left to the lower echelons. In
a national emergency or large-scale disaster, the agency is authorized to take command of prefectural
police forces. In 1989 the agency was composed of about 1,100 national civil servants, empowered to
collect information and to formulate and execute national policies. The agency is headed by a
commissioner general who is appointed by the National Public Safety Commission with the approval of
the prime minister.

The Central Office includes the Secretariat, with divisions for general operations, planning,
information, finance, management, and procurement and distribution of police equipment, and five
bureaus.

Police Administration Bureau

The Administration Bureau is concerned with police personnel, education, welfare, training, and
unit inspections.

Criminal Investigation Bureau

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The Criminal Investigation Bureau is in charge of research statistics and the investigation of
nationally important and international cases. This bureau's Safety Department is responsible for crime
prevention, combating juvenile delinquency, and pollution control. In addition, the Criminal Investigation
Bureau surveys, formulates, and recommends legislation on firearms, explosives, food, drugs, and
narcotics. The Communications Bureau supervises police communications systems.

Traffic Bureau

The Traffic Bureau licenses drivers, enforces traffic safety laws, and regulates traffic. Intensive
traffic safety and driver education campaigns are run at both national and prefectural levels. The bureau's
Expressway Division addresses special conditions of the nation's growing system of express highways.

Security Bureau

The Security Bureau formulates and supervises the execution of security policies. It conducts
research on equipment and tactics for suppressing riots and oversaw and coordinates activities of the riot
police. The Security Bureau is also responsible for security intelligence on foreigners and radical political
groups, including investigation of violations of the Alien Registration Law and administration of the Entry
and Exit Control Law. The bureau also implements security policies during national emergencies and
natural disasters.

Regional Public Safety Bureaus

The National Police Agency has seven regional police bureaus, each responsible for a number of
prefectures. Each is headed by a Director and they are organization similar to the Central Office. They are
located in major cities of each geographic region. The Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department and
Hokkaido Prefectural Police Headquarters are excluded from the jurisdiction of RPBs. Headed by a
Director General, each RPB exercises necessary control and supervision over and provides support
services to prefectural police within its jurisdiction, under the authority and orders of NPA's Commissioner
General. Attached to each Regional Police Bureaus is a Regional Police School which provides police
personnel with education and training required of staff officers as well as other necessary education and
training.

Police Communications Divisions

Metropolitan Tokyo and the island of Hokkaidō are excluded from the regional jurisdictions and
are run more autonomously than other local forces, in the case of Tokyo, because of its special urban
situation, and of Hokkaidō, because of its distinctive geography. The National Police Agency maintains
police communications divisions in these two areas to handle any coordination needed between national
and local forces.

Imperial Guard

In 1947 the Imperial Police Headquarters (, Kōgū-Keisatsu Honbu?) was created under the
control of the Home Ministry from the Imperial Household Ministry. It came under the aegis of the National
Police Agency of Japan in 1957. It provides personal security for the Emperor, Crown Prince and other
members of the Imperial Family of Japan, as well as protection of imperial properties, including the Tokyo
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Imperial Palace, Kyoto Imperial Palace, Katsura Imperial Villa, Shugakuin Imperial Villa (both in Kyoto),
Shosoin Imperial Repository in Nara and the imperial villas as Hayama, Kanagawa and Nasu, Tochigi.

Strength

As of 2008, the total strength reached approximately 289,800 personnel. The NPA total is about
7,600 with 1,800 police officers, 900 Imperial guards and 4,900 civilians. The Prefectural police total is
about 282,200 with 253,400 police officers and 28,800 civilians.

Nationwide, there are about 13,500 female police officers and about 11,800 female civilians.

Local organization

There are some 289,000 police officers nationwide, about 97 percent of whom were affiliated with
local police forces. Local forces include:

forty-three prefectural (ken) police forces;

Tokyo Metropolitan (to) police force, in Tokyo;

two urban prefectural (fu) police forces, in Osaka and Kyoto; and

one district (dō) police force, in Hokkaidō.

These forces have limited authority to initiate police actions. Their most important activities are
regulated by the National Police Agency, which provides funds for equipment, salaries, riot control, escort,
and natural disaster duties, and for internal security and multiple jurisdiction cases. National police
statutes and regulations establish the strength and rank allocations of all local personnel and the locations
of local police stations. Prefectural police finance and control the patrol officer on the beat, traffic control,
criminal investigations, and other daily operations.

Prefectural Police

Each prefectural police headquarters contains administrative divisions corresponding to those of

the bureaus of the National Police Agency. Headquarters are staffed by specialists in basic police
functions and administration and are commanded by an officer appointed by the local office of the
National Public Safety Commission. Most arrests and investigations are performed by prefectural police
officials (and, in large jurisdictions, by police assigned to substations), who are assigned to one or more
central locations within the prefecture. Experienced officers are organized into functional bureaus and
handle all but the most ordinary problems in their fields.

Kōban

Kōbans are substations near major transportation hubs and shopping areas and in residential
districts—form the first line of police response to the public. The Koban system is composed of about
6000 police boxes (Koban) and about 7000 residential police boxes (Chuzaisho). Koban is staffed by
relatively small number of police officers (3-5 officers in usual), and also Chuzaisho is usually staffed by a
single officer. About 20 percent of the total police force is assigned to koban. Staffed by officers working
in eight-hour shifts, they serve as a base for foot patrols and usually have both sleeping and eating
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facilities for officers on duty but not on watch. In rural areas, residential offices usually are staffed by one
police officer who resides in adjacent family quarters. These officers endeavor to become a part of the
community, and their families often aid in performing official tasks.

Vigilance at the Koban and Chuzaisho is maintained by standing watch in front or sitting watch
inside, enabling police officers to respond immediately to any incident. While keeping a constant watch,
they perform a myriad of routine tasks, such as receiving crime reports from citizens, handling lost and
found articles, counseling citizens in trouble and giving directions.

Outside their Koban and Chuzaisho, police officers patrol their beats either on foot, by bicycle or
by car. While on patrol, they gain a precise knowledge of the topography and terrain of the area, question
suspicious-looking persons, provide traffic guidance and enforcement, instruct juveniles, rescue the
injured, warn citizens of imminent dangers and protect lost children and those under the influence or
intoxicated.

Radio-equipped patrol cars are deployed at each PPH, police station, Koban and Chuzaisho.
Police officers use them for routine patrol and rapid response. These cars remain in constant radio
contact with their police station and the communications command center of the PPH. When an
emergency is reported, this rapid response capability plays a major role in the quick resolution of such
incidents.

Officers assigned to koban have intimate knowledge of their jurisdictions. One of their primary
tasks is to conduct twice-yearly house-by-house residential surveys of homes in their areas, at which time
the head of the household at each address fills out a residence information card detailing the names,
ages, occupations, business addresses, and vehicle registration numbers of household occupants and
the names of relatives living elsewhere. Police take special note of names of the aged or those living
alone who might need special attention in an emergency. They conduct surveys of local businesses and
record employee names and addresses, in addition to such data as which establishments stay open late
and which employees might be expected to work late. Participation in the survey is voluntary, and most
citizens cooperate, but an increasing segment of the population has come to regard the surveys as
invasions of privacy.

Information elicited through the surveys is not centralized but is stored in each police box, where
it is used primarily as an aid to locating people. When a crime occurs or an investigation is under way,
however, these files are invaluable in establishing background data for a case. Specialists from district
police stations spend considerable time culling through the usually poorly filed data maintained in the
police boxes.

Riot police

Within their security divisions, each prefecture level police department and the Tokyo police
maintain Kidotai, special riot units. These units were formed after riots at the Imperial Palace in 1952, to
respond quickly and effectively to large public disturbances. They are also used in crowd control during
festival periods, at times of natural disaster, and to reinforce regular police when necessary. Full-time riot
police can also be augmented by regular police trained in riot duties. Currently, there are 10,000 in the
whole riot force.
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In handling demonstrations and violent disturbances, riot units are deployed en masse, military
style. It is common practice for files of riot police to line streets through which demonstrations pass. If
demonstrators grow disorderly or deviate from officially sanctioned areas, riot police stand shoulder-to-
shoulder, sometimes three and four deep, to push with their hands to control the crowds. Individual action
is forbidden. Three-person units sometimes perform reconnaissance duties, but more often operations
are carried out by squads of nine to eleven, platoons of twenty-seven to thirty-three, and companies of
eighty to one hundred. Front ranks are trained to open to allow passage of special squads to rescue
captured police or to engage in tear gas assaults. Each person wears a radio with an earpiece to hear
commands given simultaneously to the formation.

The riot police are committed to using disciplined, nonlethal force and do not carry firearms while
engaged in riot control duties. They are trained to take pride in their poise under stress. Demonstrators
also are usually restrained. Police brutality is rarely an issue. When excesses occur, the perpetrator is
disciplined and sometimes transferred from the force if considered unable to keep his temper.

Extensive experience in quelling violent disorders led to the development of special uniforms and
equipment for the riot police units. Riot dress consists of a field-type jacket, which covered several pieces
of body armor and includes a corselet hung from the waist, an aluminum plate down the spine, and
shoulder pads. Armored gauntlets cover the hands and forearms. Helmets have faceplates and flared
padded skirts down the back to protect the neck. In case of violence, the front ranks carry 1.2-meter
shields to protect against stave and rocks and hold nets on high poles to catch flying objects. Specially
designed equipment includes water cannons, armored vans, and mobile tunnels for protected entry into
seized buildings.

Because riot police duties require special group action, units are maintained in virtually self-
sufficient compounds and trained to work as a coordinated force. The overwhelming majority of officers
are bachelors who live in dormitories within riot police compounds. Training is constant and focuses on
physical conditioning, mock battles, and tactical problems. A military atmosphere prevails—dress codes,
behavior standards, and rank differentiations are more strictly adhered to than in the regular police. Esprit
de corps is inculcated with regular ceremonies and institutionalization of rituals such as applauding
personnel dispatched to or returning from assignments and formally welcoming senior officers to the
mess hall at all meals.

Riot duty is not popular because it entails special sacrifices and much boredom in between
irregularly spaced actions. Although many police are assigned riot duty, only a few are volunteers. For
many personnel, riot duty serves as a stepping stone because of its reputation and the opportunities it
presents to study for the advanced police examinations necessary for promotion. Because riot duties
demands physical fitness—the armored uniform weighed 6.6 kilograms—most personnel are young, often
serving in the units after an initial assignment in a koban.

Special police

In addition to regular police officers, there are several thousand officials attached to various
agencies who perform special duties relating to public safety. They are responsible for such matters as
railroad security, forest preservation, narcotics control, fishery inspection, and enforcement of regulations
on maritime, labor, and mine safety.
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The largest and most important of these ministry-supervised public safety agencies is the Japan
Coast Guard, an external agency of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport that deals with
crime in coastal waters and maintains facilities for safeguarding navigation. The agency operates a fleet
of patrol and rescue craft in addition to a few aircraft used primarily for anti-smuggling patrols and rescue
activities. In 1990 there were 2,846 incidents in and on the waters. In those incidents, 1,479 people
drowned or were lost and 1,347 people were rescued.

There are other agencies having limited public safety functions. These agencies include the
Labor Standards Inspection Office of the Ministry of Labor, railroad police of Japan Railways Group,
immigration agents of the Ministry of Justice, postal inspectors of the Ministry of Posts and
Telecommunications, and revenue inspectors in the Ministry of Finance.

A small intelligence agency, the Public Security Intelligence Agency of the Ministry of Justice,
handles national security matters both inside and outside the country. Its activities are not generally
known to the public.

Special operations

The National Police Agency has a counter-terrorist unit known as the Special Assault Team,
operating under police control.

A small number of anti-riot-trained police officers had been trained to handle incidents that can
not be dealt with by regular police and riot police officers, but can operate independently or with SAT
cooperation. These units include the Special Investigations Team of the Tokyo Metropolitan Police, the
Osaka Police's Martial Arts Attack Team and the Chiba Police's Attack Response Team.

Conditions of service

Education is highly stressed in police recruitment and promotion. Entrance to the force is
determined by examinations administered by each prefecture. Examinees are divided into two groups:
upper-secondary-school graduates and university graduates. Recruits underwent rigorous training—one
year for upper-secondary school graduates and six months for university graduates—at the residential
police academy attached to the prefectural headquarters. On completion of basic training, most police
officers are assigned to local police boxes. Promotion is achieved by examination and requires further
course work. In-service training provides mandatory continuing education in more than 100 fields. Police
officers with upper-secondary school diplomas are eligible to take the examination for sergeant after three
years of on-the-job experience. University graduates can take the examination after only one year.
University graduates are also eligible to take the examination for assistant police inspector, police
inspector, and superintendent after shorter periods than upper-secondary school graduates. There are
usually five to fifteen examinees for each opening.

About fifteen officers per year pass advanced civil service examinations and are admitted as
senior officers. Officers are groomed for administrative positions, and, although some rise through the
ranks to become senior administrators, most such positions are held by specially recruited senior
executives.

The police forces are subject to external oversight. Although officials of the National Public Safety
Commission generally defer to police decisions and rarely exercise their powers to check police actions or
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operations, police are liable for civil and criminal prosecution, and the media actively publicizes police
misdeeds. The Human Rights Bureau of the Ministry of Justice solicits and investigates complaints
against public officials, including police, and prefectural legislatures could summon police chiefs for
questioning. Social sanctions and peer pressure also constrain police behavior. As in other occupational
groups in Japan, police officers develop an allegiance to their own group and a reluctance to offend its
principles.

Police-community relations

Despite legal limits on police jurisdiction, many citizens retain their views of the police as authority
figures to whom they can turn for aid. The public often seeks police assistance to settle family quarrels,
counsel juveniles, and mediate minor disputes. Citizens regularly consult police for directions to hotels
and residences—an invaluable service in cities where streets are often unnamed and buildings are
numbered in the order in which they have been built rather than consecutively. Police are encouraged by
their superiors to view these tasks as answering the public's demands for service and as inspiring
community confidence in the police. Public attitudes toward the police are generally favorable, although a
series of incidents of forced confessions in the late 1980s raised some concern about police treatment of
suspects held for pretrial detention.[citation needed]

New Zealand Law Enforcement

Organization and training features

New Zealand Police is a decentralized organization divided into twelve districts, each with a
geographical area of responsibility, three communications centers that each receive calls from *555
traffic, 111 emergency or general queues, and a Police National Headquarters that provides policy and
planning advice as well as national oversight and management of the organization.

District Commanders hold the rank of Superintendent, as do sworn National Managers, the road
policing manager in the Waitemata District, responsible for the motorway network and traffic alcohol
group, and the commandant of the Royal New Zealand Police College. Area Commanders hold the rank
of Inspector as do Shift Commanders based in each of the three Communications Centers. District
Section Commanders are typically Senior Sergeants. The New Zealand Police is a member of Interpol
and has close relationships with the Australian police forces, at both the state and federal level. Several
New Zealand Police representatives are posted overseas in key New Zealand diplomatic missions.

The Police also work closely with the Serious Fraud Office.

A recently graduated Constable is considered a Probationary Constable for up to two years, until
he or she has passed ten workplace assessment standards and a compulsory university paper. The
completion of the above is known as obtaining permanent appointment.

Detective ranks somewhat parallel the street ranks up to Detective Superintendent. Trainee
Detectives spend around 6–12 months time as a Constable on Trial after completing an intensive
Selection and Induction course, before progression to Detective Constable after successful completion of
several training modules. There is then a Workplace assessment for Detective Constables, and after
approximately 2–3 years in the Criminal Investigation Branch, a Detective Constable may take the pre-
requisite examination and qualifying course to become a Detective.
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The rank of Senior Constable is granted to Constables after 14 years of service and the
Commissioner of Police is satisfied with their conduct. Senior Constables are well regarded within the
New Zealand Police for their extensive policing experience, and are often used to train and mentor other
police officers.

Detective and Detective Constable are considered designations and not specific ranks. That is,
Detectives do not outrank uniformed constables. A police officer with a Detective designation will
generally assume control of a serious crime scene rather than a uniform staff member regardless of rank.

New Zealand police uniforms formerly followed the British model closely but since the 1970s a
number of changes have been implemented. These include the adoption of a medium blue shade in place
of dark blue, the abolition of helmets and the substitution of synthetic leather jackets for silver buttoned
tunics when on ordinary duty. AOS and STG members, when deployed, wear the usual charcoal-coloured
clothing used by armed-response and counter-terror units around the world.

Training & Educational Change

Under new management, in early 2009 The Royal New Zealand Police College embarked upon
an assessment of its quality, purpose and personnel. This assessment led to the initiation of a programme
of change. Within the programme are multiple projects, managed via four work streams addressing
change in the areas of:

Strategy & Growth

Business Planning & Performance

Learning Pathways

Technology Assisted Learning

In Sept 2009, the programme had submitted a restructure to the organization through formal
consultation. By Nov 2009, 400 formal submissions were recorded. Implementation planning is believed
to be underway.

The New Zealand Police (Māori: Ngā Pirihimana o Aotearoa) is the national police force of New
Zealand, responsible for enforcing criminal law, enhancing public safety, maintaining order and keeping
the peace throughout New Zealand. With over 11,000 staff it is the largest law enforcement agency in
New Zealand, and with few exceptions has primary jurisdiction over the majority of New Zealand criminal
law.

The New Zealand police also have responsibility for traffic and commercial vehicle enforcement
as well as other key responsibilities including dignitary protection, firearms licensing and matters of
national security.

History

Policing in New Zealand started in 1840 with the arrival of six constables accompanying Lt.
Governor Hobson's official landing party to form the colony of New Zealand. Early policing arrangements
were along similar lines to the UK and British colonial police forces, in particular the Royal Irish
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Constabulary and the New South Wales Police Force. Many of its first officers had seen prior service in
either Ireland or Australia. The early Force was initially part police and part militia.

At the outset, official establishment of sworn constables holding common law powers to arrest
people was achieved by Magistrates being given the power to swear them in via the Magistrates
Ordinance of 1842. By 1846 the emerging organisation of a police force was recognized with the passage
of the Armed Constabulary Ordinance. New Zealand's early police force continued to grow with the
colony, and was further enhanced with additional structure and rules with the passage of the first Police
Act, the New Zealand Armed Constabulary Act of 1867. The Armed Constabulary took part in land wars
against Māori opposed to colonial expansion at that time.

From the police force's beginnings in 1840 through the next forty years, policing arrangements
varied around New Zealand. Whilst the nationally organized Armed Constabulary split its efforts between
regular law enforcement functions and militia support to the Maori land wars, some provinces desired
local police forces of their own. This led to a separate Provincial Police Force Act being passed by the
Parliament. However, provincial policing models lasted only two decades as economic depression in the
1870s saw some provinces stop paying their police as they ran out of money. Eventually, government
decided a single nationally organized police would be the best and most efficient policing arrangement.

The New Zealand Police Force was established as a single national force under the Police Force
Act of 1886. The change in name was significant, and provincial policing arrangements were de-
established and their staff largely absorbed into the newly created New Zealand Police Force. At the
same time, government took the important step to hive off the militia functions of the old Armed
Constabulary, and form the genesis of today's New Zealand Defense Force, initially called in 1886 the
New Zealand Permanent Militia.

Just a decade later, policing in New Zealand was given a significant overhaul. In 1898 there was
a very constructive Royal Commission of Enquiry into New Zealand Police. The Royal Commission, which
included the reforming Commissioner Tunbridge who had come from the Metropolitan Police in London,
produced a far reaching report which laid the basis for positive reform of New Zealand Police for the next
several decades. A complete review of Police's legislation in 1908 built significantly off the Royal
Commission's work.

A further Police Force Act in 1947 reflected some changes of a growing New Zealand, and a
country coming out of World War II. But the most significant change in the structure and arrangement for
Police was to arrive after the departure of Commissioner Compton under a cloud of government and
public concern over his management of Police in 1955. The appointment of a caretaker civilian leader of
Police, especially titled "Controller General" to recognize his non-operational background, opened the
windows on the organization and allowed a period of positive and constructive development to take place.

In 1958, the word "Force" was removed from the name when legislation was significantly revised.

On 1 July 1992, the Traffic Safety Service of the Ministry of Transport was merged with the
Police. Up until that time, the Ministry of Transport and local councils had been responsible for traffic law
enforcement. In 2001, the Police re-established a specialist road policing branch known as the Highway
Patrol. Today the Police are responsible for enforcing traffic law, while local councils enforce parking
regulations.
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The Police Act 1958 was extensively reviewed starting in 2006, after a two and a half year
consultative process the Policing Act 2008 came into effect on 1 October 2008.[1] The process included
the world's first use of a wiki to allow the public to contribute wording for the new Policing Act. The wiki
was open for less than two weeks, but drew international attention.

Counter-terrorism and military assistance

The NZ Police are accountable for the operational response to threats to national security,
including terrorism. If an incident escalates to a level where their internal resources are unable to
adequately deal with the issue (for example, a major arms encounter or a significant terrorist threat), the
Police Incident Controller may call on extra assistance from the New Zealand Defence Force and in
particular NZ's Special Forces, the military focused Special Air Service and terrorism focused CTTAG
(Counter Terrorist Tactical Assault Group). Control of the incident remains with police throughout. As of
2009, the two military counter terrorist units have never been deployed in a domestic law-enforcement
operation. Military resources such as Light Armoured Vehicles have been used and requested before,
such as during the 2009 Napier Siege, and Royal New Zealand Air Force aircraft are often used to assist
in search and rescue and cannabis eradication operations.

Accountabilities

While the New Zealand Police is technically a government department and has political
representation in Government through the Minister of Police, the Commissioner and all sworn members
swear allegiance directly to the Sovereign and, by constitutional convention, have constabulary
independence from the government of the day.

Crime statistics

In addition to the annual report, the Police also publishes six-monthly statistical summaries of
crime for both New Zealand as a whole and each Police District. In early 2005, crime statistics for both
Recorded Crime and Recorded Apprehensions for the last 10 years were published by Statistics New
Zealand. These statistics provide offence statistics down to individual sections of legislation and appear to
be the most detailed national crime statistics available today.

Recent controversies

The New Zealand Police is considered one of the least corrupt police forces in the world. Despite
this, there have been a number of recent controversies that have put the Police under close scrutiny.
While the Police Complaints Authority is an independent body that investigates complaints against the
New Zealand Police, the following events have either fallen outside the authority's ambit or received
significant publicity.

Police culture

An investigation into "Police Culture" reported on 10 October 2005 that while the defunct
Emergency Response Group at Counties-Manukau used excessive force and took inappropriate and
degrading photographs of people in custody, there was no nationwide problem with police culture.

Saudi Arabia Law Enforcement

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Organization and Training Features

The main police force is called the Department of Public Safety. They handle most of the daily law
enforcement functions in the country. This department is divided into regular police and special
investigative police of the General Directorate of Investigation, the mubahith or secret police. This
mubahith conduct criminal investigations and handle matters pertaining to domestic security and counter
intelligence.

Another police force is the Department of Public Safety under this is the Saudi Arabia’s’ “morals force”
religious police known as mutawa which ensures that Saudi citizens live up to the rules of behavior
derived from the Qur’an.

The mutawa also ensures that businesses are closed during prayer hours. Mutawas’ actual leadsership
comes from the Ujama, the council of religious authorities who are deeply involved in most aspects of
Saudi life especially the administration of criminal justice.. Mutawa is separate from regular police but
cooperates closely.

The commissioned officers received three years of training and are promoted through the ranks from
second lieutenant to general. The director of public safety, who heads the Saudi police, usually is a
relative of the king. Non-commissioned police personnel must be literate and spend three months in
training. They are not eligible to become commissioned officers.

Singapore Law Enforcement

Generally, law enforcement in Singapore comes under the direct purview of the Singapore Police
Force, the main government agency entrusted with the maintenance of law and order in Singapore.
Assisting the police force, are a range of governmental as well as private sector organizations and
companies who engage in specialized roles and allow the main force to concentrate on their main public
policing roles. In addition, the strong emphasis on community policing since the 1980s has attempted to
promote a culture in which the man in the street can partake and contribute directly in law enforcement
efforts.

Agencies

Besides the Singapore Police Force, other government agencies also enforce specific laws as
follows:

1) Central Narcotics Bureau, dealing with drug related offences

2) Immigration and Checkpoints Authority, involved in prosecuting immigration related offences

3) Employment Inspectorate Department, Ministry of Manpower is the one that deals with violations of
manpower regulations like the employment of illegal immigrants.

Auxiliary police forces

The government agencies are augmented by the auxiliary police forces, which are private
companies with officers certified to perform security-related duties with arms.
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United States Law Enforcement

Law enforcement in the United States is one of three major components of the criminal justice
system, along with courts and corrections. Although there is an inherent interrelatedness between the
different groups that make up the criminal justice system based on their crime deterrence purpose, each
component operates independently from one another. However, the judiciary is vested with the power to
make legal determinations regarding the conduct of the other two components.

Apart from maintaining order and service functions, the purpose of policing is the investigation of
suspected criminal activity and the referral of the results of investigations and of suspected criminals to
the courts. Law enforcement, to varying degrees at different levels of government and in different
agencies, is also commonly charged with the responsibilities of deterring criminal activity and of
preventing the successful commission of crimes in progress; the service and enforcement of warrants,
writs and other orders of the courts.

Law enforcement agencies are also involved in providing first response to emergencies and other
threats to public safety; the protection of certain public facilities and infrastructure; the maintenance of
public order; the protection of public officials; and the operation of some correctional facilities (usually at
the local level).

Types of police

Policing in the United States is conducted by numerous types of agency at many different levels.
Every state has theirown nomenclature for agencies, and their powers, responsibilities and funding vary
from state to state.

Federal

Federal police possess full federal authority as given to them under United States Code (U.S.C.).
Federal Law Enforcement Officers are authorized to enforce various laws not only at the federal level, but
also state, county, and local in many circumstances.

Both types operate at the highest level and are endowed with police roles both may maintain a
small component of the other (for example, the FBI Police). The agencies have nationwide jurisdiction for
enforcement of federal law. All federal agencies are limited by the U.S. Code to investigating only matters
that are explicitly within the power of the federal government. However, federal investigative powers have
become very broad in practice, especially since the passage of the USA PATRIOT Act.

The Department of Justice (DOJ) is the largest and most pronounced law enforcement agency,
and handles most law enforcement duties at the federal level.[8] It includes the Federal Bureau of
Investigation (FBI), the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco,
Firearms, and Explosives (ATF), the United States Marshals Service, and others.

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is another branch with numerous federal law
enforcement agencies reporting to it. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), U.S. Immigration and
Customs Enforcement (ICE), United States Secret Service (USSS), United States Coast Guard (USCG),
and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) are some of the agencies that report to DHS.
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At a crime or disaster scene affecting large numbers of people, multiple jurisdictions, or broad
geographic areas, many police agencies may be involved by mutual aid agreements, for example the
United States Federal Protective Service responded to the Hurricane Katrina natural disaster. Command
in such situations remains a complex and flexible issue.

The federal government is prohibited from exercising general police powers due to restrictions in
the constitution, due to the fact that the United States is organized as a union of sovereign states, which
each retain their police, military and domestic law-making powers. For example, the State's National
Guard is the state's military. The constitution gives the federal government the power to deal with foreign
affairs and interstate affairs (affairs between the states). For policing, this means that if a domestic crime
such as murder is committed in a state and the fugitive does not flee the state, the federal government
has no jurisdiction. However, once the fugitive crosses a state line he violates the federal law of interstate
flight and is subject to federal jurisdiction, at which time federal law enforcement agencies may become
involved.

State

Most all states operate statewide government agencies that provide law enforcement duties,
including investigations and state patrols. They may be called State Police, State Patrol or Highway
Patrol, and are normally part of the state Department of Public Safety. In addition, the Attorney General's
office of each state has theirown state bureaus of investigation.

Various departments of State Governments may have their own enforcement division such as
capitol police, Departments of Correction, Water police, environmental (fish and game/wildlife) Game
Wardens or Conservation Officers (who have full police powers). In Colorado, for instance, the
Department of Revenue has its own investigative branch, as do many of the state funded universities.

County

Also known as parishes and boroughs, county law enforcement is provided by Sheriffs'
Departments or Offices and County police.

County police

County police tend to exist only in metropolitan counties and have countywide jurisdiction. In
some areas, there is a sheriff's department which only handles minor issues such as service of papers
such as a constable in other areas, along with security for the local courthouse. In other areas, there are
no county police and the local sheriff is the exclusive law enforcement agency and acts as both sheriff
and county police, which is much more common than there being a separate county police force. County
police tend to fall into three broad categories:

Full-service - provide the full spectrum of police services to the entire county, irrespective of local
communities, and may provide contractual security police services to special districts within the county.

Hawaii - Hawaii has only county police, there are no local police.

Limited service - provide services to unincorporated areas of the county (and may provide services to
some incorporated areas by contract), and usually provide contractual security police services to special
districts within the county.
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Restricted service - provide security police to county owned and operated facilities and parks. Some may
also perform some road patrol duties on county built and maintained roads, and provide support to
municipal police departments in the county. Some northeastern states maintain county detectives in their
county attorneys' offices.

Sheriffs' departments

Full service - The most common type, provide all traditional law-enforcement functions, including
countywide patrol and investigations irrespective of municipal boundaries.

Limited service - along with the above, perform some type of traditional law-enforcement function such as
investigations and patrol. This may be limited to security police duties on county properties (and others by
contract) to the performance of these duties in unincorporated areas of the county, and some
incorporated areas by contract.

Restricted service - provide basic court related services such as keeping the county jail, transporting
prisoners, providing courthouse security and other duties with regard to service of process and
summonses that are issued by county and state courts. The sheriff also often conducts auction sales of
real property in foreclosure in many jurisdictions, and is often also empowered to conduct seizures of
chattel property to satisfy a judgment. In other jurisdictions, these civil process duties are performed by
other officers, such as a marshal or constable.

Municipal

Municipal police range from one-officer agencies (sometimes still called the town marshal) to the
40,000 men and women of the New York City Police Department. Most municipal agencies take the form
(Municipality Name) Police Department. Many individual cities and towns will have their own police
department, with larger communities typically having larger departments with greater budgets, resources,
and responsibilities.

Metropolitan departments, such as the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department, have
jurisdiction covering multiple communities and municipalities, often over a wide area typically coterminous
with one or more cities or counties. Metropolitan departments have usually have been formed by a
merger between local agencies, typically several local police departments and often the local sheriff's
department or office, in efforts to provide greater efficiency by centralizing command and resources and
to resolve jurisdictional problems, often in communities experiencing rapid population growth and urban
sprawl, or in neighboring communities too small to afford individual police departments. Some county
sheriff's departments, such as the Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department, are contracted to provide full
police services to local cities within their counties.

Styles of Policing

Given the broad mandates of police work, and yet having limited resources, police administrators
must develop policies to prioritize and focus their activities. Some of the more controversial policies
restrict, or even forbid, high-speed vehicular pursuits.

Three styles of policing develop from a jurisdiction’s socioeconomic characteristics, government

organization, and choice of police administrators. According to a study by James Q. Wilson (”Varieties of
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Police Behavior”, 1968, 1978, Harvard University Press), there were three distinct types of policing
developed in his study of eight communities. Each style emphasized different police functions, and were
linked to specific characteristics of the community the department served. (Wilson’s field of study was in
the United States, and it is not clear if similar studies have been done for other countries with different
governmental organization and laws.)

Watchman. Emphasizes maintaining order, usually found in communities with a declining industrial base,
and a blue-collar, mixed ethnic/racial population. This form of policing is implicitly less pro-active than
other styles, and certain offenses may be “overlooked” on a variety of social, legal, and cultural grounds,
as long as the public order is maintained. Smith and Cole comment the broad discretion exercised in this
style of policing can result in charges of discrimination, when it appears police treatment of different
groups results in the perception that some groups get better treatment than others;

Legalistic. Emphasizes law enforcement and professionalism. This is usually found in reform-minded
cities, with mixed socioeconomic composition. Officers are expected to generate a large number of
arrests and citations, and act as if there were a single community standard for conduct, rather than
different standards for different groups. However, the fact that certain groups are more likely to have law
enforcement contact means this strict enforcement of laws may seem overly harsh on certain groups;

Service. Emphasizes the service functions of police work, usually found in suburban, middle-class
communities where residents demand individual treatment. Police in homogeneous communities can view
their work as protecting their citizens against “outsiders”, with frequent but often-informal interventions
against community members. The uniform make-up of the community means crimes are usually more
obvious, and therefore less frequent, leaving police free to deal with service functions, and traffic control.

Wilson’s study applies to police behavior for the entire department, over time. At any given time,
police officers may be acting in a watchman, service, or legalistic function by nature of what they’re doing
at the time, or temperament, or mood. Individual officers may also be inclined to one style or another,
regardless of supervisor or citizen demands.

Entry qualifications

Nearly all U.S. states and the federal government have by law adopted minimum-standard
standardized training requirements for all officers with powers of arrest within the state. Many standards
apply to in-service training as well as entry-level training, particularly in the use of firearms, with periodic
re-certification required. These standards often comply with standards promoted by the US Department of
Justice. These standards typically require a thorough background check that potential police recruits:

Be a United States citizen.

Must have a high school diploma or a G.E.D. and if necessary a college degree or served in the United
States military without a dishonorable discharge;
Be in good physical and psychological condition;
Maintain a clean criminal record without either serious or repeated misdemeanor or any felony
convictions;
Must have a valid driver's license with a clean driving record and that is not currently or has a history of
being suspended or revoked;
Be of high moral character;
Not have a history of prior narcotic or repeated marijuana use or alcoholism;
Not have a history of ethical, professional, prior employment, motor vehicle, or financial improprieties;
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Not have a history of domestic violence or mental illness;
Not to pose a safety and security risk;
Be legally eligible to own and carry a firearm.
Repeated interviews, written tests, medical examinations, physical fitness tests, comprehensive
background investigations, fingerprinting, drug testing, a polygraph examination and consultation with a
psychologist are common practices used to review the suitability of candidates. Recruiting in most
departments is competitive, with more suitable and desirable candidates accepted over lesser ones, and
failure to meet some minimum standards disqualifying a candidate entirely. Departments maintain records
of past applicants under review, and refer to them in the case of either reapplication or requests from
other agencies.

Lesson 5: Comparative Police Systems in Matrix: More on Asian Countries

This chapter presents the comparisons of police matters mostly in Asian countries which cover
the entry qualification, duration and type of training, organization and policing systems.

Philippines

The reason of presenting the PNP as first nation is toserve as a model or guide when we study
the systems of other contries.

Entry Qualification/Training Organization/Policing system

1. Entry Qualifications Philippine National Police (PNP): Headed by Director General

a. Citizen of the Philippines It is centralized police system.
b. Must be college graduate
c. 21-30 years old It is under the Department of Interior and Local Government
d. Must not have been Governing body: NAPOLCOM
convicted of crime PNP composed of offices in:
involving moral turpitude. National level, Regional levels, Provincial levels, City/Municipal levels
e. Height, 5’4” for male and and Precinct/sub- station levels
5’2” for female The PNP is responsible for maintenance of internal peace and order
f. Must pass the Police Officer 1 -which covers the ff:
entrance exam administered 1. Patrol division for crime prevention
by the National Police 2. Police Community Relation unit
Commission (NAPOLCOM) 3. Criminal Investigation division (with different unit and sections of
g. Must pass the PNPA specialization)
entrance exam for 4. Intelligence division
commissioned officer 5. Traffic division
6. SWAT/SAF
2. Training 7. Presidential Security Group
Under the Philippine Public Other Law Enforcement Agencies
Safety College PPSC NBI, PDEA, LTO, DENR, DOF etc…
a. PNPA for Commissioned B. Arm Forces of the Philippines (Under DND): for External Security
officer (4 years) and national threat which covers the ff:
b. PPSC Regional training 1. Philippine Army for rebel groups like
centers for non- Abu Sayaff and New Pepoles Army.
commissioned officers (1 2. Philippine Air Force
year) 3. Philippine Navy
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C. BJMP and BUCOR: for prisoner’s development and protection.
D. Bureau of Fire Protection: for fire prevention, extinction and rescue.
The word “policing system” as used in the matrix shall refer to maintenance of peace and
order while the word “organization” refers to the structure of the police force. These two groups of words
cannot be totally independent from one another since in studying comparative police system these are the
main concerns.

Afghanistan

Entry Qualification/Training Organization/Policing system

1. Entry Qualifications Decentralized police system

2. Training 1. Afghan Border Police ABP
In order to prepare for their It secure Afghanistan’s 5,529 kilometres (3,436 mi) border and
duties as ABP, recruits attend international airports. The ABP also is responsible to administer the
an 8-week course designed by country’s immigration process and administer customs regulations
the German Bundespolizei 2. Afghan National Civil Order Police (ANCOP)
(BPOL). The BPOL are still (ANCOP) is a special police unit of the law enforcement agency in
heavily involved in mentoring Afghanistan. Their mission is to provide civil order presence patrols,
ABP officers as of 2009. prevent violent public incidents, and provide crisis and anti-terror
3. Training centers: response in urban and metropolitan environments.
a. Kabul Police Academy - 3. Afghan National Police - ANP
established by the German The ANP is the primary national police force in Afghanistan. It
police mission serves as a single law enforcement agency all across the country. The
b. Central Training Facility in Afghan police force was first created with the establishment of the
Kabul led by US training Afghan nation in the early 18th century. The agency is under the
c. 7 Regional Training Centers - responsibility of Afghanistan's Ministry of Interior.
training from US forces 4. Afghan Special Narcotics Force (ASNF)
d. 200 modern-design stations - The (ASNF) is in charge of counter narcotics operations in
expected to be built before Afghanistan. It began at the end of 2003.
2013. 5. Counter Narcotics Police of Afghanistan (CNPA)
The (CNPA) is specialist force under the Afghan Ministry of the
Interior. The CNPA is the lead agency for counter narcotics
investigations in Afghnaistan and has an establishment of some 2500
officers.
6. Khadamat-e Etela'at-e Dawlati
KHAD: "Government Information Agency". However, this phrase is
more correctly translated as Government Intelligence Service.
7. National Directorate of Security
The (NDS, (Persian) also referred to as Amniyat or Amaniyat) is
the domestic intelligence agency of the government of Afghanistan.
8. Ring of Steel
The Ring of Steel is a series of 25 Afghan National Police
checkpoints in central Kabul.
9. The Sarandoy (Defenders of the Revolution)
The Sarandoy ("Defenders of the Revolution") were a gendarme
police force of the Soviet-backed Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
during the 1980s.
10. Vice and Virtue Ministry
The Vice and Virtue Ministry was a government department during
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the reign of the Taliban in Afghanistan. It set and enforced the moral
standards required to be followed in society. Utilizing a squad of over
30,000 men, shopkeepers were forced to close during prayer time,
video and cassette tapes were banned, television and kite-flying were
outlawed. It has been alleged that schools for females were shut down
but Taliban spokesperson Rahmatallah Hashimi has dismissed the
allegation stating that all schools were initially shut down due to safety
concerns, but were later reopened upon achieving stability in the
controlled regions. The squads allegedly harassed and attacked
women if their head-to-toe burqa veils revealed skin and men if their
beards did not meet the required length.

Bangladesh
Entry Qualification/Training Organization/Policing system

1. Entry Qualifications Centralized police system

2. Training

Brunei Darussalam
Entry Qualification/Training Organization/Policing system
1. Entry Qualifications Centralized police system
2. Training

Cambodia
Entry Organization/Policing system
Qualification/Training
1. Entry Qualifications Centralized police system
2. Training

Indonesia

Entry Qualification/Training Organization/Policing system

1. Entry Qualifications It is centralized police system

a. Grade six education Indonesia National Police ( Polisi Republik Indonesia, POLRI)
b. Those officers with Ministry of Defense
secondary education could Indonesian police has a centralized command and divided into
apply for officer training territorial forces i.e. provincial police , regional police , city or regency
after 3 years of service police and sub-district police .
c. Physical fitness Regional commands (POLDA)
d. Good moral character District
e. Passing grade on Sub-district
competitive Municipal (pamongpradja)
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entrance examination Village
Civil Defense (Hansip)
2. Training SATPAM for services for private and government and property
protection

Lesson 6: Comparative Police Rank Systems: More on Asian Countries

This chapter presents the tables of comparison on Philippine National Police ranks with other
countries. The main police force/s, governing body and the department of the government where the
police force are situated were also included in the tables.

Australia

Country : Philippines Country : Australia

Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force : Australian Federal Police
(PNP) (AFP)
Administrative Body :National Police Administrative Body :
Commission
Department : Interior and Local Government Department :
Director General (the Chief of PNP) Commissioner
Deputy Director General (for Administration and for Deputy Commissioner
Operation) Assistant Commissioner
Director Chief Supt. (Commander)
Chief Superintendent Superintendent
Senior Superintendent Inspector
Superintendent Station Sergeant
Chief Inspector Senior Sergeant
Senior Inspector Sergeant
Inspector Senior Constable
Senior Police Officer 4 1st Constable
Senior Police Officer 3 Constable
Senior Police Officer 2 Probationary constable
Senior Police Officer 1
Police Officer 3
Police Officer 2
Police Officer 1

Bahrain
Country : Bahrain
Country : Philippines
Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force :
(PNP)
Administrative Body :National Police Commission Administrative Body :
Department : Interior and Local Government Department :
Director General Marshal/Field Marshal
Dep. Director Gen.,(for Administration/Operation) General
Director Brigadier
Chief Superintendent Colonel
Senior Superintendent Lt. Colonel
Superintendent Major/Commander
Chief Inspector Captain
Senior Inspector Lieutenant
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Inspector 2nd Lieutenant
Senior Police Officer 4 Officer Cadet
Senior Police Officer 3
Senior Police Officer 2
Senior Police Officer 1
Police Officer 3
Police Officer 2
Police Officer 1

Bangladesh

Country : Philippines Country : Bangladesh

Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force : Bangladesh Police
(PNP)
Administrative Body :National Police Commission Administrative Body : Under the Ministry of
Home Affairs
Department : Interior and Local Government Department : Under the Ministry of
Home Affairs
Director General Superior Officers
Dep. Director Gen.,(for Administration/Operation) POLICE METROPOLITAN
Director Inspector General of POLICE
Chief Superintendent Police (IGP) Police Commissioner
Senior Superintendent Additional Inspector Additional
Superintendent General of Police (Addl Commissioner of Police
Chief Inspector IGP) Joint Commissioner of
Senior Inspector Deputy Inspector Police
Inspector General of Police (DIG Deputy Commissioner
Senior Police Officer 4 of Police) of Police (DC)
Senior Police Officer 3 Additional Deputy Additional Deputy
Senior Police Officer 2 Inspector General of Commissioner of Police
Senior Police Officer 1 Police (Addl DIG of (ADC)
Police Officer 3 Police) Senior Assistant
Police Officer 2 Superintendent of PoliceCommissioner of Police
Police Officer 1 (SP) / Assistant (Senior AC)
Inspector General (AIG) Assistant Commissioner
(in Police HQ) / Special of Police (AC)
Superintendent (SS) (in
SB & CID) /
Superintendent of
Railway Police (SRP) (in
Railway Police)
Additional
Superintendent of Police
(Addl SP)
Senior Assistant
Superintendent of Police
(Senior ASP)
Assistant
Superintendent of Police
(ASP)

Bhutan
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Country : Philippines Country : Bhutan
Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force : Royal Bhutan Police
(PNP)
Administrative Body :National Police Commission Administrative Body : Ministry of Home and
Cultural Affairs.
Department : Interior and Local Government Department : Ministry of Home and
Cultural Affairs.
Director General
Dep. Director Gen.,(for Administration/Operation) Police Rank Designation
Director Gagpoen Chief of Police
Chief Superintendent Thrimdag Deputy Chief of Police
Senior Superintendent Chichhab
Superintendent Thrimdag Senior Superintendent
Chief Inspector Gongma
Senior Inspector Thrimdag Superintendent
Inspector Wogma
Senior Police Officer 4 Dungda Additional Superintendent
Senior Police Officer 3 Yongzin Officer Commanding (OC)
Senior Police Officer 2 Dechhab Officer Commanding (OC)
Senior Police Officer 1 Gopoen Officer Probationer
Police Officer 3 Lopjongpa
Police Officer 2 Jugpoen Officer-In-charge
Police Officer 1 Gongma
Jugpoen Officer-In-charge
Jugpoen Officer In-charge
Wogma
Juglop In-charge
Gongma
Juglop In-charge
Quilop
Gongma
Quilop
Denkul
Gopa
Gagpa

China

Country : Philippines Country : China

Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force :
(PNP)
Administrative Body :National Police Commission Administrative Body : Ministry of Public
Security
Department : Interior and Local Government Department : Ministry of Public Security
Director General Commissioner General
Dep. Director Gen.,(for Administration/Operation) Deputy Commissioner General
Director Commissioner 1st Class
Chief Superintendent Commissioner 2nd Class
Senior Superintendent Commissioner 3rd Class
Superintendent Supervisor 1st Class
Chief Inspector Supervisor 2nd Class
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Senior Inspector Supervisor 3rd Class
Inspector Superintendent 1st Class
Senior Police Officer 4 Superintendent 2nd Class
Senior Police Officer 3 Superintendent 3rd Class
Senior Police Officer 2 Constable 1st Class
Senior Police Officer 1 Constable 2nd Class
Police Officer 3
Police Officer 2
Police Officer 1

England
Country : England (Europe)
Country : Philippines
Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force :
(PNP)
Administrative Body :National Police Commission Administrative Body :
Department : Interior and Local Government Department :
Director General Chief Constable
Dep. Director Gen.,(for Administration/Operation) Deputy Chief Constable
Director Assistant Chief Constable
Chief Superintendent Chief Superintendent
Senior Superintendent Superintendent
Superintendent Chief Inspector
Chief Inspector Inspector
Senior Inspector Serageant
Inspector Constable
Senior Police Officer 4
Senior Police Officer 3
Senior Police Officer 2
Senior Police Officer 1
Police Officer 3
Police Officer 2
Police Officer 1

Indonesia
Country : Indonesia
Country : Philippines
Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force : Indonesian National Police
(PNP)
Administrative Body :National Police Commission Administrative Body :
Department : Interior and Local Government Department :
Director General Police General
Dep. Director Gen.,(for Administration/Operation) Police Commissioner General
Director Police Inspector General
Chief Superintendent Police Brigadier General
Senior Superintendent Mid rank officers
Superintendent Police Grand Commissioner
Chief Inspector Police Grand Commissioner Adjutant
Senior Inspector Police Commissioner
Inspector Low rank officers
Senior Police Officer 4 Police Commissioner Adjutant
Senior Police Officer 3 First Police Inspector
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Senior Police Officer 2 Second Police Inspector
Senior Police Officer 1 Warrant officers
Police Officer 3 First Police Inspector Adjutant
Police Officer 2 Second Police Inspector Adjutant
Police Officer 1 Non-commissioned officers
Chief Police Brigadier
Police Brigadier
First Police Brigadier
Second Police Brigadier
Enlisted
Police Brigadier Adjutant
First Police Brigadier Adjutant
Second Police Brigadier Adjutant
Chief Bhayangkara
First Bhayangkara
Second Bhayangkara

Iran
Country : Iran
Country : Philippines
Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force : Iran National Police
(PNP)
Administrative Body :National Police Commission Administrative Body :
Department : Interior and Local Government Department : Ministry of the Interior
Director General General
Dep. Director Gen.,(for Administration/Operation) Lieutenant General
Director Major General
Chief Superintendent Brigadier General
Senior Superintendent Second Brigadier General
Superintendent Colonel
Chief Inspector Lieutenant Colonel
Senior Inspector Major
Inspector Captain
Senior Police Officer 4 First Lieutenant
Senior Police Officer 3 Second Lieutenant
Senior Police Officer 2 Third Lieutenant
Senior Police Officer 1 Sergeant Major
Police Officer 3 First Sergeant
Police Officer 2 Second Sergeant
Police Officer 1 Third Sergeant
Corporal
First Private
Second Private

Japan

Country : Philippines Country : Japan

Main Police Force : Philippine National Police Main Police Force : National Police Agency
(PNP) (NPA)
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Administrative Body :National Police Commission Administrative Body : National Public Safety
(NAPOLCOM) Commission (NPSC)

Department : Interior and Local Government Department :

Director General Superintendent General
Dep. Director Gen.,(for Administration/Operation) Superintendent Supervisor
Director Chief Superintendent
Chief Superintendent Senior Superintendent
Senior Superintendent Superintendent
Superintendent Police Inspector
Chief Inspector Assistant Police Inspector
Senior Inspector Police Sergeant
Inspector Police Officer
Senior Police Officer 4
Senior Police Officer 3
Senior Police Officer 2
Senior Police Officer 1
Police Officer 3
Police Officer 2
Police Officer 1

Lesson7: Police Associations

ASEAN Chiefs of Police

Europol
IACP
Interpol
UN policing

ASEAN Chiefs of Police (ASEANAPOL)

Aseanapol (ASEAN chiefs of police) was established in 1981 and has since been the premier
regional platform for all the ASEAN Police Chiefs and respective delegates to interact as well as to
discuss, exchange views and update each other on the latest development in law enforcement and
transnational issues in their respective countries. After twenty-four years, ASEANAPOL has grown from
the original five Chiefs of Police who kicked off the ground to strengthen regional police cooperation to a
solid force of the ASEAN TEN, signaling the emergence of a regional alliance that is determined to secure
not only our own individual sovereignties but also the peace and progress of our community.

Member countries include:

Indonesia
Malaysia
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Brunei Darussalam
Vietnam
Lao PDR
Myanmar
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Cambodia
 

The objectives of ASEANAPOL

1. Enhancing police professionalism

2. Forging stronger regional co-operation in police work and promoting lasting friendship amongst the
police officers of ASEAN countries.

The ASEANAPOL has also established its own database system, to facilitate the exchange of
criminal information among the ASEAN members where it was proposed during the 11th ASEANAPOL
Conference held in Singapore on May 5 to 9, 1991 and finally launched during the 18th ASEANAPOL
conference on May 24 to 27, 1998 in Brunei Darussalam.

The system aims to provide an effective means for the collection, coordination, exchange and
dissemination of operational intelligence and information among the participating ASEAN National Central
Bureaus (NCBs).

  An enhanced version was launched which enables the uploading of e-ADS data onto the Interpol
system.

EUROPOL

European Police Office or Europol

Europol is the European Union's criminal intelligence agency. It became fully operational on 1
July 1999.

Europol's aim is to improve the effectiveness and co-operation between the competent authorities
of the member states primarily by sharing and pooling intelligence to prevent and combat serious
international organized crime. Its mission is to make a significant contribution to the European Union's law
enforcement efforts targeting organized crime.

Europol has no executive powers. It is a support service for the law enforcement agencies of the
EU member states. This means that Europol officials are not entitled to conduct investigations in the
member states or to arrest suspects. In providing support, Europol with its tools – information exchange,
intelligence analysis, expertise and training – can contribute to the executive measures carried out by the
relevant national authorities.

Europol is a multi-disciplinary agency, comprising not only regular police officers but staff
members from the member states' various law enforcement agencies: customs, immigration services,
border and financial police, etc. Secondly, Europol helps to overcome the language barriers in
international police co-operation. Any law enforcement officer from a member state can address a request
to their Europol National Unit (ENU) in her/his mother tongue and receive the answer back in this
language.

Three different levels of co-operation are possible: The first one is technical co-operation or to
provide training. The next step is strategic co-operation aimed at exchanging general trends in organised
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crime and how to fight it and the exchange of threat assessments. The top level of co-operation includes
the exchange of personal data and requires the fulfilment of Europol's standards in the field of data
protection and data security.

Authorities

The Directorate of Europol is appointed by the Council of the European Union (Ministers for
Justice and Home Affairs). It currently consists of Director Rob Wainwright (UK) and Deputy Directors
Tom Driessen (Netherlands), Michel Quillé (France) and Eugenio Orlandi (Italy).

Europol is politically accountable to the Justice and Home Affairs Council via the Europol
Management Board. The Council controls the appointment of Europol's Director and Deputy Directors. It
also controls Europol's budget, financed from member state contributions, rather than the EU budget and
any legislative instruments it deems necessary for Europol. The Europol Management Board is staffed
with Interior Ministry officials with one representative from every participating member state. It meets at
least twice per year and exercises political control over more routine staffing and budgetary matters,
amongst other things. The Joint Supervisory Body oversees data protection in Europol and has two
representatives from each participating state's data protection supervisory body.

Financial supervision over Europol is aided by a committee of auditors drawn from the
membership of the European Court of Auditors and known as the Joint Audit Committee. The Joint Audit
Committee is not technically part of the European Court of Auditors as the Europol budget is not part of
the overall EU budget. This unusual arrangement preserves the intergovernmental character of Europol.

The European Court of Justice has minimal jurisdiction over Europol with its remit extending only
to limited interpretation of the Europol Convention.

The European Ombudsman, while not given a formal role in the Europol Convention, seems to
have gained de facto recognition as an arbitrator in Europol matters relating to requests for access to
documents and Europol staff disputes.

What is Europol's mission?

Europol is the European Union law enforcement agency that handles criminal intelligence. Its aim
is to improve the effectiveness and co–operation between the competent authorities of the Member
States in preventing and combating all forms of serious international organised crime and terrorism.

The mission of Europol is to make a significant contribution to the European Union‘s law
enforcement action against organised crime and terrorism with an emphasis on targeting criminal
organisations.

How does Europol assist Member States investigations?

Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the Member States by:

facilitating the exchange of information between Europol and Europol Liaison Officers (ELOs).
These ELOs are seconded to Europol by the Member States as representatives of their national
law enforcement agencies, thus they are not under the command of Europol and its Director as
such. Furthermore, they act in accordance with their national law.
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providing operational analysis and support to Member States’ operations;

providing expertise and technical support for investigations and operations carried out within
the EU, under the supervision and the legal responsibility of the Member States;

generating strategic reports (e.g. threat assessments) and crime analysis on the basis of
information and intelligence supplied by Member States or gathered from other sources.

What is Europol’s mandate?

Europol supports the law enforcement activities of the member states mainly against:

Illicit drug trafficking;

Illicit immigration networks;

Terrorism;

Forgery of money (counterfeiting of the euro) and other means of payment;

Trafficking in human beings (including child pornography);

Illicit vehicle trafficking;

Money laundering.

In addition, other main priorities for Europol include combating crimes against persons, financial
crime and cybercrime. Europol comes into action when an organised criminal structure is involved or a
case of terrorism or serious crime has occurred which affects two or more Member States. The recent
extension of the mandate means that Europol may support Member States investigations into serious
crime that is not necessarily carried out by organised groups; e.g. a serial killer operating in two or more
Member States.

Europol supports member states by:

Facilitating the exchange of information, in accordance with national law, between Europol liaison officers
(ELOs). ELOs are seconded to Europol by the member states as representatives of their national law
enforcement agencies;

Providing operational analysis in support of operations;

Generating strategic reports (e.g. threat assessments) and crime analysis on the basis of information and
intelligence supplied by member states and third parties;

Providing expertise and technical support for investigations and operations carried out within the EU,
under the supervision and the legal responsibility of the member states concerned.

Europol is also active in promoting crime analysis and harmonization of investigative techniques
within the member states.
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Computerized System of Collected Information

The Europol Council Decision states that Europol shall establish and maintain a computerised
system to allow the input, access and analysis of data. The Council Decision also provides the legal
framework for the management of these systems, in particular as regards data protection, confidentiality
and external supervision. The Europol computerized system has three principal components:

An information system;
An analysis system;
An index system.

Does Europol only act on request?

Yes, Europol only acts on request at present. However, the Protocol of the 28 November 2002
amending the Europol convention, allows Europol to request the competent authorities of the Member
States to investigate. Article 3 b) of the Protocol states that "Member States should deal with any request
from Europol to initiate, conduct or co-ordinate investigations in specific cases and should give such
requests due consideration. Europol should be informed whether the requested investigation will be
initiated".

What is the added value of having Europol as a European law enforcement agency?

There are numerous advantages for the European law enforcement community. Europol is
unique in this field as it is a multi–disciplinary agency, comprising not only regular police officers but staff
members from the various law enforcement agencies of the Member States and covering specialised
areas such as customs, immigration services, intelligence services, border and financial police.

One exceptional added value is that Europol helps to overcome the language barriers in
international law enforcement co–operation. In practice this means that any law enforcement officer from
a Member State can address a request to his/her Europol National Unit (ENU) in his/her native language.

Is Europol democratically controlled?

Yes. According to the Europol Council Decision, there are series of control and governance
supervision. These include guidance by the Management Board, financial audits by the European Court
of Auditors (ECA), as well as specific other audit activities by the Internal Audit Function (IAF) and the
Internal Audit Service (IAS) of the European Commission. Regarding data protection, Europol is subject
to the control of the independent Joint Supervisory Body. Finally, the European Parliament plays a
significant role in adopting the budget of the organization, including the discharge of the financial
accounts. All of the aforementioned measures ensure that Europol is accountable on a number of levels
and is as such democratically run.

Europol is a relatively young European organization. What has been achieved so far?

Europol has contributed substantively to operational successes in many European countries.

Information about some of these cases can be found in the regular press releases. However the number
of information requests directed at Europol is increasing every year, which is a clear indicator that more
and more law enforcement officers are making use of Europol’s resources in the fight against organised
crime.
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How does Europol co-operate with non-EU countries and international organisations?

The Justice and Home Affairs Council adopted the Council decision of 27 March 2000 (amended
by the Council decision of 6 December 2001 and the Council decision of 13 June 2002) which authorises
the Director of Europol to enter into negotiations on co-operation agreements with third States and non-
EU related bodies.

There are two types of co-operation agreements that can be signed. Strategic agreements are
limited to the exchange of non-personal data, which means strategic and technical data. Operational
agreements include the possibility to exchange personal data, which means data relating to an identified
or identifiable natural person.

What is the difference between Europol and Interpol?

Interpol and Europol are structured differently and therefore provide different possibilities for
international law enforcement co–operation. Interpol is a network of police agencies in countries
worldwide, whereas Europol mainly supports the EU Member States. Interpol and Europol have different
but related roles in the fight against organised crime and therefore there is no competition between the
organisations. To enhance international law enforcement co–operation a co-operation agreement was
signed between the two organisations in 2001.

Management and Control

Europol is accountable to the Council of Ministers for Justice and Home Affairs. The Council is
responsible for the guidance and control of Europol. It appoints the Director and the Deputy Directors and
approves, together with the European Parliament, Europols budget, which is part of the general budget of
the EU .

The Council of Ministers consists of Justice and Home Affairs ministers from all Member States.
As of January 2010, the democratic control of Europol is significantly strengthened through a greater
involvement of the European Parliament, in particular during the adoption of the annual budget and the
adoption of new Council Regulations concerning Europol.

Europol’s governing board, the Europol Management Board, gives strategic guidance and
oversees the implementation of Europol’s tasks. It comprises one high-ranking representative from each
Member State and the European Commission. It decides by a majority of two thirds of its members.

The Joint Supervisory Body, comprising two data protection experts from each Member State,
independently monitors the content and use of all personal data held by Europol.

International cooperation

In order to fight international organised crime effectively, Europol cooperates with a number of
Non–EU countries and organisations, but also EU agencies and institutions, for example (in alphabetical
order): Albania, Australia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Canada, CEPOL (European Police College),
Colombia, Croatia, Eurojust, European Central Bank, European Commission, European Monitoring
Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Frontex, Iceland, Interpol,
Moldova, Norway, OLAF (European Anti–Fraud Office), Russian Federation, Serbia, Switzerland,
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SITCEN (EU Joint Situation Centre), Turkey, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, USA, World
Customs Organisation.

IACP

The International Association of Chiefs of Police is the world's oldest and largest nonprofit
membership organization of police executives, with over 20,000 members in over 89 different countries.
IACP's leadership consists of the operating chief executives of international, federal, state and local
agencies of all sizes.

History

Founded in 1893, the association's goals are to advance the science and art of police services; to
develop and disseminate improved administrative, technical and operational practices and promote their
use in police work; to foster police cooperation and the exchange of information and experience among
police administrators throughout the world; to bring about recruitment and training in the police profession
of qualified persons; and to encourage adherence of all police officers to high professional standards of
performance and conduct.

Since 1893, the International Association of Chiefs of Police has been serving the needs of the
law enforcement community. Throughout those past 100-plus years, we have been launching historically
acclaimed programs, conducting ground-breaking research and providing exemplary programs and
services to our membership across the globe.

Professionally recognized programs such as the FBI Identification Division and the Uniform Crime
Records system can trace their origins back to the IACP. In fact, the IACP has been instrumental in
forwarding breakthrough technologies and philosophies from the early years of our establishment to now,
as we begin the 21st century. From spearheading national use of fingerprint identification to partnering in
a consortium on community policing to gathering top experts in criminal justice, the government and
education for summits on violence, homicide, and youth violence, IACP has realized our responsibility to
positively effect the goals of law enforcement.

Missions

The IACP shall

1. advance professional police services;

2. promote enhanced administrative, technical, and operational police practices;

3. foster cooperation and the exchange of information and experience among police leaders and police
organizations of recognized professional and technical standing throughout the world.

IACP shall champion the recruitment and training of qualified persons in the police profession and
encourage all police personnel worldwide to achieve and maintain the highest standards of ethics,
integrity, community interaction and professional conduct.

Interpol
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Interpol is the short form of International Criminal Police Organization. It began in 1923, and at
that time its name was International Criminal Police Commission. In 1956, its name became International
Criminal Police Organization. The word Interpol was a short form of International Criminal Police
Organization. This short form served as the address to receive telegrams. Slowly, the name of this
international organization became famous as Interpol. Now, Interpol is the second biggest international
organization; the United Nations is the first. Some important information about

Interpol:

Present Headquarters: Lyon, France

Previous Headquarters: Saint Cloud, a town located near Paris
Total members: 184 countries
Annual expenses: more than 30 million Euros - all member countries share the expenses

History

In 1923, Interpol begun its functioning from Austria. At that time, its name was International
Criminal Police Commission (ICPM). During the Second World War, Nazi Germany controlled Austria.
ICPM also came under Nazi control. They used it for collecting many types of information. After the
Second World War, senior military men of Belgium, France, Scandinavia, and the United Kingdom made
many changes in ICPM. Thereafter, ICPM started to work in its new form.

Most countries at present are members of the International Criminal Police Organization
(Interpol), established to detect and fight trans-national crime and provide for international co-operation
and co-ordination of other police activities, such as notifying relatives of the death of foreign nationals.
Interpol does not conduct investigations nor arrests by itself, but only serves as a central point for
information on crime, suspects and criminals. Political crimes are excluded from its competencies.

Office

The Interpol General Secretariat is the main office of Interpol. The highest-ranking officer of
Interpol is the president. Just below him, there is a secretary general. In 2001, about 384 persons from 54
countries worked in this secretariat. Earlier the working time was from 9 o’clock in the morning till 5
o’clock in the evening. Now, this secretariat works all 24 hours without any break. In 2001, Interpol could
help in arresting or finding out about 1400 persons, generally criminals.

Method

Interpol does not take any political side in its work. It takes cases where the crime or the matter
relates to more than one country. It looks after many types of cases. Some of them are note below:

Terrorism
Organized crime
Illicit drug production
Drug trafficking
Weapons smuggling
People smuggling
Money laundering
Child pornography
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Financial crime
High-tech crime
Political corruption

Over the years, Interpol has developed a method of its working. Each member country keeps a
special office. The name of this office in every member country is National Central Bureau (NCB). If
necessary, Interpol contacts this office for getting information or for any other action. In turn, the National
Central Bureau gets in touch with Interpol (on behalf of the member country) to ask for any assistance.

Interpol also has collected a large data about criminals and crimes. Such information includes
information about illegal drug trade, lost and stolen passports and visas. Member countries may use the
information. Officers of Interpol do not directly conduct any enquiry or investigation. This is always done
through the policemen of the member country.

Concepts of Interpol

Interpol is crime fighting organization, just like your local police department. Their focused is to
help other member countries that need to co-operate by connecting all members of Interpol by a network
of files of criminals and cases if any of Interpol’s 182 nations need them.

Interpol records any information about something that was in a criminal case, ex: information on
criminals, type of crime, vehicles, anything to help any police officer with information about a certain
crime.

 Why was Interpol created?

The countries in Europe needed a co-operation between countries. This was needed because
criminals would commit crimes in one county in Europe and then skip to another country to avoid
prosecution. Since Europe is a tightly packed Continent, police didn’t have enough time to catch
criminals, and the idea was created.

Building law enforcement capacity

Police training and development plays a key role in INTERPOL’s overall mission to promote
international police co-operation. The aim is to help officials in INTERPOL’s 188 member countries to
improve their operational effectiveness, enhance their skills and build their capacity to address the
increasingly globalized and sophisticated nature of crime today.

INTERPOL offers many tools and services – for example, databases – to its member countries.
To ensure that members can maximize their use, INTERPOL has launched a number of initiatives to
develop expertise and facilitate knowledge-sharing.

To acknowledge the considerable importance that INTERPOL attaches to the training needs of
member countries, the Organization designated Police training and development as its fourth core
function in 2007.

Objectives

The strategic objectives for INTERPOL’s training activities for 2008-2010 are as follows:
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Assist member countries in bridging the gap between national and international policing;

Provide member countries with the knowledge, skills and best practices to meet the policing challenges of
the 21st century;

Training sessions in 2008

In 2008, a total of 83 police training programmes were delivered, benefiting 2,722 participants
from 169 countries.

INTERPOL International Police Training Programme

INTERPOL has developed an advanced 10-week training programme for police officers from law
enforcement agencies and National Central Bureaus (NCBs). The INTERPOL International Police
Training Programme (IIPTP) is aimed at officers with responsibility for international police co-operation,
and of sufficient rank to bring about change and improvement upon return to their respective
administrations. Participants gain knowledge and skills, in particular of INTERPOL’s systems and
services, through training and hands-on experience at the General Secretariat. Three sessions are
conducted each year.

Executive Police Development Programme

The Executive Police Development Programme (EPDP) is an exclusive and in-depth training
programme targeting African law-enforcement officers at police senior management level. It is developed
as part of the “OASIS Africa” programme (Operational Assistance, Services and Infrastructure Support)
funded by the German Government.

The nine-week programme is divided into three modules. While back in their countries between
the modules, the participants are required to complete project work and prepare strategic documents
using the new tools, information and networking they have acquired.

Through attending the event, police leaders enhance their knowledge and capacity to prevent and
combat national, regional and international crime. The learning objectives are practical and specifically
designed to meet the policing challenges of the 21st century.

Core competency guidelines for NCB staff

Core competency guidelines for NCB staff have been developed by a group of NCB volunteers
representing each of INTERPOL’s regions, together with representatives from the General Secretariat.
The guidelines outline five main areas of competencies required of NCB staff.

INTERPOL “Training Quality Assurance” (TQA)

A project is under way to define an INTERPOL “Training Quality Assurance” (TQA). The aims of
the TQA are to ensure that General Secretariat training programmes apply the standards as
recommended in the “INTERPOL Guide to Effective Training”, that the training cycle is fully respected to
reach the best quality, and that resources are used efficiently.

Sharing knowledge among member countries

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A number of initiatives are in place in order to facilitate co-operation and the sharing of learning
resources among member countries:

The INTERPOL Global Learning Centre (IGLC) will deliver a web-based learning platform, divided in two
phases over 2009 and 2010. Phase one will centralize all available INTERPOL police training information,
including a directory of training experts, a library of e-learning modules, a calendar of training events and
a list of online links. As part of phase two, a knowledge bank will be developed allowing member countries
to input and share their training resources and feed the repository of research papers and best practices.

INTERPOL’s Regional Bureaus (RBs) are being strengthened in collaboration with regional police chiefs’
bodies and other organizations. Each Bureau has been equipped with modern training facilities, and the
role of RBs is currently being examined with a view to enhancing their training services.
National Central Bureaus (NCBs) are INTERPOL’s link with national police forces and they are
increasingly called upon to play a greater operational role as INTERPOL expands the range of its
activities and services.     

INTERPOL is exploring opportunities to establish a network of training institutions and universities that
can address priority crime areas and enhance our skills in using hi-tech tools. Several co-operation
agreements are signed and being prepared. An INTERPOL Anti-Heroin Smuggling Training Centre has
been established in Moscow, and an INTERPOL-UNODC Anti-Corruption Academy is being created in
Austria.

Internal training for General Secretariat staff

INTERPOL has a responsibility to ensure that all staff members are fully trained to perform their
duties effectively and efficiently. Training is competency-based, meaning that a set of common
capabilities (knowledge, skills, experience, values, behavior and attitudes) have been identified and are
applied as appropriate to individual posts. This allows the post holder to perform as effectively as possible
and permits consistency in evaluations. In addition, continuity and “organizational memory” is being
promoted through the sharing of knowledge.

United Nations Policing

United Nations Police are a crucial part of UN peace operations around the world. More than 12,500 UN
Police, from over 90 countries, are currently working in 17 different field missions. The Department of
Peacekeeping Operations is mandated to deploy up to 16,500 police officers. Every day these women
and men patrol, provide training, advise domestic policing services, help ensure compliance with
international human rights standards and assist in a wide range of activities to restore and promote
security, public safety and the rule of law.

The benefits of this work are clear: UN Police help to create a safer environment where communities will
be better protected and criminal activities will be prevented. The diverse national experiences of these
United Nations Police officers, and their commitment to peace and security, are their best tools to
promote sustainable peace through justice and security.

The United Nations has been deploying police officers for service in peace operations since the 1960s.
Traditionally, the mandate of police components in peace operations was limited to monitoring, observing
and reporting. Beginning in the early 1990s, advisory, mentoring and training functions were integrated
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into the monitoring activities in order to offer peace operations the opportunity to act as a corrective
mechanism with domestic police and other law enforcement agencies.

At the end of the 1990s, UN Police were called upon to provide interim law enforcement in Eastern
Slavonia, Kosovo and Timor-Leste, and in 2000 the Panel on United Nations Policing and Peace
Operations concluded that the primary goal of the police in peace operations should be "to focus primarily
on the reform and restructuring of local police forces in addition to traditional advisory, training and
monitoring tasks."

United Nations peacekeeping missions

Peacekeeping is defined by the United Nations, as way to help countries torn by conflict create
conditions for sustainable peace. UN peacekeepers—soldiers and military officers, civilian police officers
and civilian personnel from many countries—monitor and observe peace processes that emerge in post-
conflict situations and assist ex-combatants in implementing the peace agreements they have signed.
Such assistance comes in many forms, including confidence-building measures, power-sharing
arrangements, electoral support, strengthening the rule of law, and economic and social development. All
operations must include the resolution of conflicts through the use of force to be considered valid under
the charter of the United Nations.

The Charter of the United Nations gives the Security Council the power and responsibility to take
collective action to maintain international peace and security. For this reason, the international community
usually looks to the Security Council to authorize peacekeeping operations. Most of these operations are
established and implemented by the United Nations itself with troops serving under UN operational
command. In other cases, where direct UN involvement is not considered appropriate or feasible, the
Council authorizes regional organizations such as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Economic
Community of West African States or coalitions of willing countries to implement certain peacekeeping or
peace enforcement functions. In modern times, peacekeeping operations have evolved into many
different functions, including diplomatic relations with other countries, international bodies of justice (such
as the International Criminal Court), and eliminating problems such as landmines that can lead to new
incidents of fighting.

What UN Police Do?

Assistance to host-state police and other law enforcement agencies

United Nations Police Officers support the reform, restructuring and rebuilding of domestic police
and other law enforcement agencies through training and advising. Direct assistance is also provided,
often through trust funds, for the refurbishment of facilities and the procurement of vehicles,
communication equipment and other law enforcement material. Such assistance has been provided in the
past, for example, by the police components of peace operations in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi,
Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo,  Haiti, Kosovo, Liberia and Sierra Leone.

Interim law enforcement

In some missions, United Nations Police Officers are directly responsible for all policing and other
law enforcement functions and have a clear authority and responsibility for the maintenance of law and
order. They are, among other things, entrusted with powers to arrest, detain and search. These
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responsibilities have historically been given as part of United Nations transitional administrations (as was
the case in Kosovo and Timor-Leste).

Formed Police Units

A Formed Police Unit is a cohesive and trained team of 140 armed and well equipped (for crowd
control) police officers. There has been a rapid growth in the number of Formed Police Units (FPUs)
deployed in UN peacekeeping missions. FPUs are rapidly deployable, well equipped and trained to act as
a cohesive body capable of responding to a wide range of contingencies. They are self-sufficient, able to
operate in ‘high-risk’ environments and are deployed to accomplish policing duties such as crowd control
rather than to respond to military threats. FPUs were first deployed to Kosovo and Timor-Leste in 1999,
where the UN had full responsibility for enforcing the law and dealing with threats to public order. In these
volatile situations, the UN also wanted to have a more robust and armed police capacity.

Protecting UN Personnel and Material

United Nations police officers, particularly members of Formed Police Units, support host-state
police and law enforcement agencies in the execution of their functions. They are not, however,
considered as law enforcement officers under the legislation of the host country and their prerogatives are
consequently limited: they may, however, stop, detain and search individuals in accordance with the
mandate of the mission and specific directives issued by the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.
They also play a key role in the protection of United Nations personnel and facilities. Such security
functions, in support of domestic law enforcement agencies, are currently performed by members of
Formed Police Units assigned to the United Nations missions in the Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of
Congo, Haiti and Liberia.