LESSON 12 Exponential Models and Population Growth

Suppose a quantity y doubles every T units of time. If y 0 is the initial amount, then
Definition
An exponential function with base b is a function of the form the quantity y after t units of time is given by

f ( x )=bx ∨ y=b x y= y 0 ( 2 )t / T .
where b> 0, and b ≠ 1. Exponential Decay
Example 1. Let f ( x )=3 x , and evaluate the ff: Example 3. Suppose that the half-life of a certain radioactive substance is 10 days and there
are 10g initially, determine the amount of substance remaining after 30 days.
a. f (2) c. f (π)
Definition
−2
b. f ( )
3
d. f ( √2 )
decay.
The half-life of a radioactive substance is the time it takes for half of the substance to

Solution. Using a calculator, we obtain

Solution
a. f ( 2 ) =32=9 at t=0 , amount of substance¿ 10g
−2
−2 t=10, amount of substance¿ 5
b. f ( )
3
=3 3
≈ 0.4807
t=20, amount of substance¿ 2.5g
c. f ( π )=3π ≈ 31.544 t=30, amount of substance¿ 1.25g
t /10
f ( √ 2 ) =3√ 2 ≈ 4.7288 1
d.
Definition
An exponential model for this situation is given by y=10 ()
2
.

Let b> 0, and b ≠ 1. A transformation of an exponential function with base b is a Compound Interest
function of the form Example 4. Mrs. De la Cruz invested ₱100,000 in a company that offers 6 % interest
g ( x )=a ⋅ b x−c + d compounded annually. How much will this investment be worth at the end of each year for
where a , c , d ∈ R . the next five years?
Applications of Exponential Functions in Real-Life Situation Solution
Some of the most common applications in real-life of exponential functions and their at t=0 , investment = ₱100,000
transformations are population growth, exponential decay, and compound interest. t=1, investment = ₱100,000 ( 1.06 )=¿ ₱106,000
Population Growth t=2, investment = ₱106,000 ( 1.06 )=¿ ₱112,380
Example 2. Let t be the time in days. At t=0 , there were initially 20 bacteria. Suppose that t=3, investment = ₱112,380 ( 1.06 ) =¿ ₱119,101.60
the bacteria doubles every 100 hours. Give an exponential model for the bacteria as a t=4, investment = ₱119,101.60 ( 1.06 ) ≈ ₱126,247.70
function of t . t =5,investment = ₱126,247.70 ( 1.06 ) ≈ ₱1 33,822.56
Solution An exponential model for this situation is given by y=100,000 ( 1.06 )t .
at t=0 , no. of bacteria ¿ 20 Definition
t=100, no. of bacteria ¿ 40=20(2) If a principal P is invested at an annual rate of r , compounded annually, then the
t=200, no. of bacteria ¿ 80=20 ( 2 )2 amount after t years is given by
t=300, no. of bacteria ¿ 160=20 ( 2 )3 A=P ( 1+r )t
t=400, no. of bacteria ¿ 320=20 ( 2 ) 4 Example 5. Referring to Example 4, is it possible for Mrs. De la Cruz to double her money in 8
An exponential model for this situation is given by y=20 ( 2 )t / 100. years? in 10 years?
Solution 2. A barangay has 1,000 individuals and its population doubles every 60 years. Give an
t
Using the model y=100,000 ( 1 . 06 ) , substitute t=8 and t=10: exponential model for the population of the barangay. What is the barangay’s
• If t=8 , then population in 10 years?
y=100 , 000 ( 1 .06 )8=¿ ₱159 , 384 . 81 Application: Solve for what is asked.
• If t=10, then 3. Suppose that the half-life of a substance is 250 years. If there were initially 100 g of
the substance, (a) give an exponential model for the situation, and (b) how much will
y=100,000 ( 1 . 06 )10=¿ ₱179 , 084 . 77
remain after 500 years?

Since her money still has not reached ₱200 , 000 after 10 years, then she has not
doubled her money during this time.
The Natural Exponential Function
LESSON 13
While an exponential function may have various bases, a frequently used based is the Exponential Functions, Equations, and Inequalities
irrational numbere ≈2.71828 . Because e is a commonly used based, the natural exponential
Definition
function is defined having e as the base.
An Exponential Equation Exponential Inequality Exponential Function

The natural exponential function is the function f ( x )=e x. An equation A function of the form
involving An inequality involving of f ( x )=bx where
The Natural Exponential Function DEFINITION
exponential exponential expressions
Example 5. A large slab of meat is expressions b> 0, b ≠ 1
t 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
taken from the refrigerator and placed in a x
2
1 f ( x )=( 1.8 ) or
pre- T 5 15 24 32 40 47 54 heated oven. The temperature T of EXAMPLE 72 x−x = 2x
5 −5 x +1
≤0
the slab t minutes after being placed in the
343 y= (1.8 )x
0. 006t
oven is given by T =170165 e degrees Celsius. Construct a table of values for the exponential expression is an expression of the form a ⋅b x−c + d
following values of t : 0 , 10, 20, 30, 40 , 50, 60 , and interpret your results. Round off values to where b> 0 and b ≠ 1.
the nearest integer.
Solution
Determine whether the following is an exponential function, exponential equation,
exponential inequality, or none of these.
a. f ( x )=2 x 3 f. y=0.5x
b. f ( x )=2 x g. 7 4 x <14 x+3
c. y=e x h. y=5 x 2
The slab of meat is increasing in temperature at roughly the same rate.
1 x
Application: Solve for what is asked.
1. A bank offers a 2 % annual interest rate, compounded annually, for a certain fund.
d. 4 ( 5 x+1 )=500 i. 2≥ () 2
Give an exponential model for an amount of ₱10,000 invested under this scheme. e. 625 ≥ 5x+ 8 j. 3 x 2=1
How much money will there be in the account after 20 years? LESSON 14
Application: Solve for what is asked.
Solving Exponential Equations, and Inequalities
 2
Recall Example 3. Solve the equation 9 x =3 x+3.
Definition. Let a ≠ 0. We define the following Solution
a 0=1
2
a. 9 x =3 x+3
1 x
2

b. a−n= ( 32 ) =3 x+3
an 2

Theorem. Let r , s ∈ Q. Then 32 x =3x+ 3

a r ar 2 x2 =x+3
a. a r as =ar +s c.
s
( a r ) =ars e. ()
b
= s
a 2 x2 −x−3=0
( 2 x−3 ) ( x+1 ) =0
ar r− s
b. s
=a d. ( ab )r=ar br 3
a x= ∨x=−1
2

One-to-one Property of Exponential Functions

If x 1 ≠ x 2, then b x =b x . Equivalently, if b x =b x , then x 1 ≠ x 2.
1 2 1 2

Property of Exponential Inequalities

To solve exponential equations:
If b> 1, then the exponential function y=b x is increasing for all x . This means that
1. Write both sides of the equation as powers of the same base.
2. Apply the one-to-one property of exponential functions. b x <b y if and only if x < y .
3. Solve for x . If 0< b<1, then the exponential function y=b x is decreasing for all x . This means that
Example 1. Solve the equation 4 x−1=16. b x <b y if and only if x > y .
Solution To solve exponential inequalities:
4 x−1=16
1. Write both sides of the equation as powers of the same base.
4 x−1=4 2
2. Apply the property of exponential inequalities.
x−1=2
3. Solve for x .
x=3
Verify
Example 4. Solve the inequality 3 x < 9x−2.
4 x−1=4 3−1=4 2=16
Solution

Example 2. Solve the equation 125 x−1 =25x +3. 3 x < 9x−2
x−2
Solution 3 x < ( 32 )
125 x−1 =25x +3 3 x < 32 (x−2 )
( 53 )
x−1
= ( 52 )
x+3 Since 3>1, x <2 ( x−2 )
x <2 x −4
53 ( x−1)=52 ( x+3 )
4<x
3 ( x−1 )=2(x +3)
Thus, the solution set is { x ∈ R∨x > 4 } or ( 4 ,+∞ ).
3 x−3=2 x +6
x=9
 x+5 3x x
1 1 1
Example 5. Solve the inequality ( ) ( )
10
≥
100
. Construct a table of values to sketch the graph of f ( x )=2 x and f ( x )= ()
2
Solution Graph of f ( x )=2 x
x+5 3x
1 1
( )
10
≥( )100
x f (x)
x+5 2 3x −4 0.0625
( 101 ) 1
( 10 )
≥ ( )
−3 0.125
x+5 6x
0.25
( 101 ) 1
≥( )
10
−2
−1 0.5
x +5 ≤6 x
5 ≤5 x 0 1
1≤x 1 2
2 4
3 8

Application: Solve for the value of x .

1. 162 x−3 =4 x+ 2
1 2 x 3 −x
2. ()
2
=2
x
1
3.
4.
7 x+4 =49 2 x−1
4 2 x +7 ≤ 322 x−3
Graph of f ( x )= ()
2

2 5 x−1 25
5. ()
5
≥
4

LESSON 15
Graphing Exponential Functions
Learning Outcome:
At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to represent an exponential
function through its table of values, graph, and equation, find the domain, range,
intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of an exponential function, and graph exponential
functions.
In general, depending on whether b> 1 or 0< b<1, the graph of f ( x )=bx has the following
behavior:
(a) b> 1 (b) 0< b<1
 rises faster than f ( x )=3 x as x increases.

LESSON 16
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Properties of Exponential Functions:
Group 1. Use the graph of y=2x to sketch the graphs of the functions y=−2x and y=2−x .
The following properties of f ( x )=bx , where b> 0 and b ≠ 1, can be observed from the graph:
a) The domain is the set R .
b) The range is the set ( 0 ,+ ∞ ) .
c) The y – intercept is ( 0,1 ) . There is no x – intercept.
d) The horizontal asymptote is the line y=0 ( or the x – axis). There is no vertical
asymptote.
e) It is a one-to-one function. It satisfies the Horizontal Line Test

Example. Complete the following table of values for f ( x )=3 x and g ( x )=4 x . Sketch the graph Observations:
the functions in the same Cartesian plane. Indicate the domain, range, y – intercept, and • The y – coordinate of each point on the graph of y=−2x is the negative of the
horizontal asymptote. Compare the two graphs. corresponding y – coordinate of the graph of y=2x . Thus, the graph of y=−2x is the
reflection of the graph of y=2x about the x – axis.
• The value of y=2−x at x is the same as that of y=2x at −x . Thus, the graph of
y=2−x is the reflection of the graph of y=2x about the y – axis.

For both functions:

• Domain: R
• Range: ( 0 ,+ ∞ )
• y – intercept: ( 0,1 )
• Horizontal asymptote: y=0
The two graphs have the same properties.
However, the graph of g ( x )=4 x
 Group 3. Use the graph of y=2x to sketch the graphs of the functions y=2x −3 and
Reflection y=2x +1.
• The graph of y=−f ( x ) is the reflection about the x – axis of the graph of y=f (x ).
• The graph of y=f (−x ) is the reflection about the y – axis of the graph of y=f (x ).
Group 2. Use the graph of y=2x to sketch the graphs of the functions y=3 ( 2 x ) and
y=0.4 ( 2 x ).
Observations:
• The domain for all three functions is the set
R.
• The range of y=2x +1 is ( 1 ,+∞ ) and the
range of y=2 x−3 is (−3 ,+∞ ) .
• The y – intercepts and horizontal
Observations:
asymptotes were also vertically translated
• The y – coordinate of each point on the graph of y=3 ( 2 x ) is 3 times the y – from the y – intercept and horizontal
coordinate of the corresponding point on y=2x . Similarly, the y – coordinate of each asymptote of y=2x .
point on the graph of y=0.4 ( 2 x ) is 0.4 times the y – coordinate of the corresponding • The horizontal asymptote of y=2x is y=0.
point on y=2x . Shift this 1 unit up to get the horizontal
asymptote of y=2x +1 which is y=1, and 3 units down to get the horizontal
Observations: asymptote of y=2x −3, which is y=−3.
• The domain for all three graphs • Vertical Shifts
is the set R .
• The y – intercepts were also • Let d be a real number. The graph of y=f ( x )+ d is a vertical shift of d units up, if
multiplied correspondingly. The y d >0 , or a vertical shift of d units down if d <0 , of the graph of y=f (x ).
x
– intercept of y=3 ( 2 ) is 3, and
Group 4. Use the graph of y=2x to sketch the graphs of the functions y=2x−2 and
the y – intercept of
y=2x+ 4.
y=0.4 ( 2 x ) is 0.4 .
• All three graphs have the same
horizontal asymptote y=0.
• The range of all three graphs is the set
( 0 ,+ ∞ ) .
Vertical Stretching or Shrinking
Let a> 0 be a constant. The graph of y=af (x) can be obtained by multiplying the y –
coordinate of each point on the graph of y=f (x ) by a . The effect is a vertical stretching, if Observations:
a> 1, or a vertical shrinking, if 0< a<1, of the graph of y=f (x ).
 • The domain of all three functions is the set R .
• The range of all three functions is the set ( 0 ,+ ∞ ) .
• The y – intercepts changed. To find them, substitute x=0 in the function. Thus, the y
– intercept of y=2x+ 4 is 24 =16 and the y – intercept of y=2x−2 is 2−2=0.25 .
• Translating a graph horizontally does not change the horizontal asymptote. Thus, the
horizontal asymptote of all three graphs is y=0.
Horizontal Shifts
• Let c be a real number. The graph of y=f ( x−c ) is a horizontal shift of c units to the
right, if c >0 , or a horizontal shift of c units to the left, if c <0 , of the graph of
y=f (x ).

Graph of f ( x )=a⋅ b x−c +d

• The value of b , where b> 1 or 0< b<1, determines whether the graph is increasing or
decreasing.
• The value of |a| determines the stretch or shrinking of the graph. Further, if a is
negative, there is a reflection of the graph about the x – axis.
• The vertical shift is d units up if d >0 , or d units down if d <0 .
• The horizontal shift is c units to the right if c >0 , or c units to the left if c <0 .