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CALENG1 Lesson 2 - From Dr. Arnel Beltran

This document provides an overview of key concepts in Calculus 1, including: - Defining the slope of a line and how to calculate the slope of a tangent line at a given point on a function. - Introducing the concept of the derivative as the limit of the slope of a secant line as it approaches the tangent line. - Explaining different notations used for derivatives and how to apply the four-step rule to calculate derivatives of various functions.

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Nygel Gian Santillan
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64 views16 pages

CALENG1 Lesson 2 - From Dr. Arnel Beltran

This document provides an overview of key concepts in Calculus 1, including: - Defining the slope of a line and how to calculate the slope of a tangent line at a given point on a function. - Introducing the concept of the derivative as the limit of the slope of a secant line as it approaches the tangent line. - Explaining different notations used for derivatives and how to apply the four-step rule to calculate derivatives of various functions.

Uploaded by

Nygel Gian Santillan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Calculus 1

 Lesson 2

 Slope of a line and Tangent line


 Definition of Derivative
 Four-Step Rule/Increment Method
Slope of a Line
The slope of a non-vertical
line passing through (x1,y1)
and (x2, y2) is

y y2 − y1
m= = , x1  x2
x x2 − x1

Slope is not defined for


vertical lines
Tangent Line Problem
Given a point P( c, f(c)) and the point is on the
function f(x). Define and calculate the slope of the
line tangent to f(x) at P.

A single point can


define a line!
Tangent Line Problem
• define point Q on f(x) such
that Q(c + Δx, f(c + Δx))
• The line PQ is define as a
secant line of f(x)
• The slope of PQ is

f (c + x ) − f (c )
mPQ =
c + x − c
f (c + x ) − f (c )
mPQ =
x
Tangent Line Problem
• as point Q approaches point P,
the slope of the secant line
approaches the slope of the
tangent line at point P
• This indicates that the slope of
the tangent line is the limit of
the slope of the secant line as
the distance of point Q from
point P approaches 0

mTL = lim mPQ


x →0
Tangent Line Problem
Tangent line approximation
Tangent Line Problem
The slope of the tangent line at point P is

f (c + x ) − f (c )
mTL @ P = lim
x →0 x
Tangent Line with Slope m
Definition
If f is defined on an open interval containing c and if
the limit
y f (c + x ) − f (c )
lim = lim =m
x →0 x x →0 x
exists, then the line passing through (c, f(c)) with
slope m is the tangent line to the graph of f at the
point (c, f (c)).
Tangent Line
Find the slopes of the tangent line to the
graph of function at the given point

1. f(x) = x2 + 1 (0, 1)
2. f(x) = x2 + 1 (-1, 2)
3. f(x) = x2 - 9 (2, -5)
4. f(x) = 5 - x2 (3, -4)
Derivatives
Differentiation - the process of finding the derivative
of a function

A function is differentiable at x when its derivative


exists at x and is differentiable on an open
interval (a, b) when it is differentiable at every
point in the interval.

The derivative of a function of a real variable


measures the sensitivity to change of a quantity
(a function or dependent variable) which is
determined by another quantity (the
independent variable).
Derivatives
The derivative of f at x is

f (x + x ) − f (x )
f (x ) = lim
x →0 x

provided the limit exists. For all x for which this


limit exists, f ’ is a function of x.
Notation of derivatives

f (x ), , y,  f (x ), Dx  y , Dx y


dy d
dx dx
Rate of Change
∆𝒚
The Rate of Change is the ratio , which
is the
∆𝒙
average rate of change over the interval Δx.

y y2 − y1 f ( x2 ) − f ( x1 )
= =
x x2 − x1 x
If Δx → 0 , this ratio in general approaches a limiting
value, which is defined as the rate of change of y
corresponding to the given value of x or the
INSTANTANEOUS RATE OF CHANGE.

dy y
= lim
dx x →0 x
Derivative Four Step Rule
Given: y = f(x)
Req’d: y’
Solution:

1. Substitute x + Δx for x and y + Δy for y in


y = f(x).
2. Solve for Δy.
3. Divide the equation by Δx.
4. Find the limit on both sides of the
equation as Δx→0.
Example
1. y = 2 x − 5 x + 3
2

3x
2. y =
x +1
1− x
3. y = 2
x
4. y = x
5. y = sin x
6. y = cos x
Homework
1. y = x + x
2. y = x +1
x
3. y =
x +1
2− x
4. y =
3− x
5. y = cos 3 x

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