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Chapter I - Introduction To Polygraph

This document provides an introduction to lie detection techniques, specifically the polygraph. It begins by defining the polygraph and its purpose in detecting deception through measuring physiological responses. It then discusses the historical motivation for seeking truth through detecting lies, dating back to early advocates in the late 1800s. Various primitive lie detection methods are described, such as trial by ordeal. The document outlines several classifications of modern lie detection techniques, including the polygraph, voice stress analysis, and brain scanning. It positions polygraph examination as one of the most complex psychophysiological techniques developed.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
784 views5 pages

Chapter I - Introduction To Polygraph

This document provides an introduction to lie detection techniques, specifically the polygraph. It begins by defining the polygraph and its purpose in detecting deception through measuring physiological responses. It then discusses the historical motivation for seeking truth through detecting lies, dating back to early advocates in the late 1800s. Various primitive lie detection methods are described, such as trial by ordeal. The document outlines several classifications of modern lie detection techniques, including the polygraph, voice stress analysis, and brain scanning. It positions polygraph examination as one of the most complex psychophysiological techniques developed.
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module: Lie Detection Techniques (3/1)

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION TO POLYGRAPH

Objectives:

At the end of this chapter the student’s should be able to understand:

 Enumerate the methods of detecting deception on early years;


 Explain why people seek for truth.

Polygraph is an instrument or device capable of recording changes in blood pressure,


pulse, respiration and skin resistance in the physiological
phenomena that may be used as bases for the application of
a reliable technique of diagnosing truth of deception.

It was derived from the two Greek words poly which


means “many or having several” and graph which means
“writings.” Hence, literally, polygraph means many writings.

Polygraphy (sometimes called scientific truth


verification) refers to the scientific method of detecting
deception with the use of the polygraph. It is administered by
a trained polygraphist, lie detector specialist (LDS),
forensic psychophysiologist (FP) or polygraph examiner
(PE) by asking questions to the subject relevant to the case
under investigation.

The polygraph is commonly called as lie detector; polygraph machine, deceptograph


and truth verifier.

A. THE SEARCH FOR TRUTH


Module: Lie Detection Techniques (3/1)

For as long as there are liars and deceitful persons, people will constantly find ways to
detect lies and discover the truth. Various methods have been developed using science and
technology to determine if people are telling the truth. Such fields include physiology, psychology,
psychiatry, chemistry, pharmacology, physics, engineering, electronics, and computer science.
Although scientifically based, most of these methods are not yet fully recognized by the courts as
legal means of proving the truth. In fact, most information developed using scientific lie detection
methods are not admissible evidences in court despite their expediency in criminal investigation.

Why do people seek truth?

1. In decision making process, success primarily depends on true information (simply


known as the truth). Decision makers must posses the ability to evaluate the veracity
of information that they are using in their decision.
2. The knowledge of truth is the fundamental requirement in administering justice.
3. In crime detection, the task of determining the truth initially lies on the hands of field
investigators.
Sometime in 1893, Dr. Hans Gross, an Austrian magistrate (judge) regarded as the
earliest advocate of criminal investigation as a science, published his book entitled Criminal
Investigation. In his book, Gross defined search for truth as “the basis and goal of all criminal
investigations.” (Weston and Wells, 1990)

In his earlier book System der Kriminalistiks, Gross emphasized that a large part of the
criminalist’s work involves battle against lies. The criminalist has to discover the truth and must
fight the opposite , which is lies and deceit. The criminalist encounters the opposite at every step
of his investigation (Trovillo, 1939)

B. METHODS OF DETECTING DECEPTION


Searching the truth and detecting lies has been a constant effort way back before the first
scientific instrument for lie detection was invented. In attempting to discover lies and deceit,
primitive people developed methods that are founded with magic and mysticism. Since early
people believed that their gods send them messages through fire and water, they used these
things as means to know the truth. This procedure is commonly called as TRIAL BY ORDEAL. In
some situations, faith in mysticism surprisingly let innocent people go unharmed while guilty ones
die or get seriously injured during their ordeal. (Trovillo, 1939).
Module: Lie Detection Techniques (3/1)

Some primitive lie detection methods were customs based on physiological principles.
Oriental people, for example, determine who are saying the truth and who are saying lies by
requiring suspected offenders to chew dry rice. While this was a simple task for innocent suspects,
those who were lying had difficulty in chewing. This practice cling into the belief that fear inhibit
the digestive process, including salivation. Thus, deceptive suspects have difficulty in chewing
rice and spitting out crushed wet rice because of fear. Fear that their lies will be discovered
prevents the production of their saliva. (Trovillo, 1939).

There are various methods of detecting lies and deceits. Lie detection methods available
today maybe grouped in four ways (Llamas Jr., 2002). It includes the following:

1. Cross-checking the information with: testimonies; physical evidence; or any other


existing information.
2. Psychological method – evaluation of the emotional, behavioral and cognitive
reactions of a person.
3. Interrogation and testing the credibility of a suspect’s statements using the polygraph
machine.

Dr. Pedro Solis (1993), in his book Legal Medicine provided a more elaborated
classification of lie detection methods available today.

1. Methods involving the use of scientific devices that record psychophysiological response:
a. Word Association Technique (WAT)
b. Psychological Stress Evaluation
c. Polygraph Method (or Polygraphy)
2. Methods involving the use of substances that “inhibit the inhibitor”
a. Administration of “truth serum”
b. Narcoanalysis or Narcosynthesis
c. Intoxication with alcohol
3. Hypnosis
4. Scientific Observation
Module: Lie Detection Techniques (3/1)

5. Scientific Interrogation

However, there are new sophisticated


techniques of detecting deception not mentioned
by Solis to include the following:

1. Computerized Voice Stress Analysis


2. Brain Scanning
3. Iris Analysis
As scientific lie detection methods are usually applied to resolve legal matters, the field of
lie detection is now included a one area of forensic science. Forensic lie detection is better known
in the academe as FORENSIC PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY. The most popular field of forensic
psychophysiology is the polygraph method.

According to Dr. William J. Yankee from the Department of Defense Polygraph Institute
(DoDPI) in the United States, polygraph examination is one of the most complex
psychophysiological examinations ever developed. (Matte 1996)

In advance countries, the following are preferred descriptions of lie detection through
polygraph examination.

1. Psychophysiological veracity examination (PVE)


2. Psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD)
3. Psychophysiological credibility assessment (PCA)

TOPICS VIDEO LINKS

Lie Detection and Interrogation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bdhgla6tHBI


(Polygraph)

Three (3) Methods of Detecting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgHgxfkme-8


Deception

The Science of Hypnosis https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RWMYNTnoEyQ


Module: Lie Detection Techniques (3/1)

References:
King-eo, Chester (2006). Introduction to Specific Lie Detection. Unpublished notes from the University of
the Cordilleras: Baguio City

http://www.truthverifier.com.html
http://wwwpolytest.org/polyfaq.htm

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