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Heat Transfer: Ecture

This lecture discusses heat transfer and heat exchangers. It outlines key topics including types of heat exchangers, thermal analysis methods for rating, designing and selecting heat exchangers, the overall heat transfer coefficient, and methodology for design calculations using the log mean temperature difference method. The lecture provides details on concentric-tube, cross-flow, shell-and-tube, and compact heat exchangers as well as correction factors for calculating the log mean temperature difference in shell-and-tube and cross-flow exchangers.

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68 views20 pages

Heat Transfer: Ecture

This lecture discusses heat transfer and heat exchangers. It outlines key topics including types of heat exchangers, thermal analysis methods for rating, designing and selecting heat exchangers, the overall heat transfer coefficient, and methodology for design calculations using the log mean temperature difference method. The lecture provides details on concentric-tube, cross-flow, shell-and-tube, and compact heat exchangers as well as correction factors for calculating the log mean temperature difference in shell-and-tube and cross-flow exchangers.

Uploaded by

ayma
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LECTURE 25

28 June 2021

Heat Transfer
PPE-211
Dr Atif Javaid

atifjavaid@uet.edu.pk
Department of Polymer & Process
Engineering, UET, Lahore
Outline
 Heat Exchangers
 Thermal and Selection Analysis of Heat Exchangers
 Types of Heat Exchangers
 Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
 Methodology for Design Calculations: Log Mean
Temp. Difference (LMTD) Method
 NTU Method

Theodore L. Bergman, Adrienne S. Lavine, Frank P. Incropera, David P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of


Heat and Mass Transfer, 8th Edition, Wiley, 2017. ISBN: ES8-1-119-32042-5. Ch 11
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Heat Exchangers
• Heat exchangers are used in energy conversion and utilization.
They involve heat exchange between two fluids separated by
solid and cover wide range of flow configurations.
Thermal Analysis of Heat Exchanger
• Known as heat exchanger specification problems and solutions.
• These are ‘rating’, ‘design’, and ‘selection’.
Rating Analysis
• Rating problem is evaluating thermo-hydraulic performance of
fully specified exchanger. Rating program determines:
 Heat transfer rate and fluid outlet temperatures for
prescribed fluid flow rates, inlet temperatures, and
 Pressure drop for existing heat exchanger, heat transfer
surface area and flow passage dimensions.
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Thermal Analysis of Heat Exchanger
Rating Analysis
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Thermal Analysis of Heat Exchanger
Design (Sizing) Analysis
• Design is process of determining all essential constructional
dimensions of exchanger that must perform given heat duty
and respect limitations on shell and tube-side pressure drop.
• In Design (sizing) Analysis,
• Appropriate type of heat exchanger is selected.
• Size to meet hot and cold fluid inlet and outlet temperatures,
flow rates, and pressure drop requirements, is determined.
• Constraints:
• Minimum or maximum flow velocities,
• Size and/or weight limitations,
• Ease of cleaning and maintenance, erosion, tube vibration,
and thermal expansion.
• Each design problem has number of potential solutions, but
only one will have best combination of characteristics and cost.
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Thermal Analysis of Heat Exchanger
Design (Sizing) Analysis

Basic
Design
Procedure
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Thermal Analysis of Heat Exchanger
Basic Design Procedure
• Heat exchanger must satisfy Heat transfer requirements
(design or process needs)
• Allowable pressure drop (pumping capacity and cost)
• Steps in designing a heat exchanger can be listed as:
 Identify the problem
 Select heat exchanger type
 Calculate/Select initial design parameters
 Rate the initial design
 Calculate thermal performance and pressure drops for
shell and tube side.
 Evaluate the design.
 Is performance and cost acceptable?
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Selection Analysis of Heat Exchangers

• Selection means choosing a heat exchanger


from among a number of units already exist.
• Typically, these are standard units listed in
catalogs of various manufacturers.
• Sufficient manufacturer’s data usually exist to allow
one to select comfortably oversized exchanger
with respect to both area and pressure drop.
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Types of Heat Exchangers
• Concentric-Tube Heat Exchangers

o Simplest configuration.
o Superior performance associated with counter flow.
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Types of Heat Exchangers
• Cross-flow Heat Exchangers

o For cross-flow over the tubes, fluid motion, and hence mixing,
in the transverse direction (y) is prevented for the finned
tubes, but occurs for the unfinned condition.
o Heat exchanger performance is influenced by mixing.
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Types of Heat Exchangers
• Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers
Shell is large vessel with number of tubes
inside it. Principle of operation is simple
Two fluids of different temperatures are
brought into close contact without
mixing each other.
One fluid runs through tubes, and another fluid flows over tubes
(through shell) to transfer heat between two fluids.

• Baffles are used to establish cross-flow and


to induce turbulent mixing of shell-side
fluid, both of which enhance convection.
• Number of tube and shell passes may be
varied, Examples:
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Types of Heat Exchangers
• Compact Heat Exchangers
o Widely used to achieve large heat rates per unit volume,
particularly when one or both fluids is a gas.
o Characterized by large heat transfer surface areas per unit volume,
small flow passages, and laminar flow.
(a) Fin-tube (flat tubes,
continuous plate fins)
(b) Fin-tube (circular
tubes, continuous plate
fins)
(c) Fin-tube (circular
tubes, circular fins)
(d) Plate-fin (single
pass)
(e) Plate-fin (multipass)
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
• An essential requirement for heat exchanger design or
performance calculations.
• Contributing factors include convection and conduction
associated with the two fluids and the intermediate solid, as well
as the potential use of fins on both sides and the effects of time-
dependent surface fouling.
• With subscripts c and h used to designate the cold and hot fluids,
respectively, the most general expression for the overall
coefficient is:

1  1  1
UA UA c UA h

1 Rf ,c Rf ,h 1
   Rw  
o hAc o Ac o Ah o hAh
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
Rf  Fouling factor for a unit surface area (m 2  K/W)  Table 11.1
Rw  Wall conduction resistance (K/W)
o  Overall surface efficiency of fin array (Section 3.6.5)
 Af 
o,c or h  1   f 
1  
 A c or h
A  At  total surface area (fins and exposed base)
A f  surface area of fins only

Assuming an adiabatic tip, the fin efficiency is


 tanh  mL  
 f ,c or h  
 mL c or h
mc or h   2U p / k wt c or h
 h 
  partial overall coefficient
 1  hR 
U p ,c or h
 f  c or h
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Methodology for Design Calculations: Log Mean
Temp. Difference (LMTD) Method
• Form of Newton’s law of cooling may be applied to heat exchangers by
using log-mean value of temperature difference between two fluids:
q  U A T m
T1  T2
T m 
1n  T1 / T2 
• Evaluation of T1 and T2
depends on heat exchanger type.
• Counter-Flow Heat Exchanger:
T1  Th ,1  Tc ,1
 Th ,i  Tc ,o

T2  Th ,2  Tc ,2
 Th ,o  Tc ,i
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Methodology for Design Calculations: Log Mean
Temp. Difference (LMTD) Method
• Parallel-Flow Heat Exchanger:
T1  Th ,1  Tc ,1 T2  Th ,2  Tc ,2
 Th ,i  Tc ,i  Th ,o  Tc ,o
o Note that Tc,o cannot exceed Th,o for a
Parallel Flow Heat Exchanger, but can
do so for a Counter flow Heat Exchanger.
o For equivalent values of UA and
inlet temperatures,
T m ,CF  T m,PF
• Shell-and-Tube and Cross-Flow
Heat Exchangers:
T m  F T m ,CF
F  Figures 11S.1 - 11S.4
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Methodology for Design Calculations: Log Mean
Temp. Difference (LMTD) Method
• Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers: T m  F T m ,CF

Correction factor for a shell-and-


tube heat exchanger with one shell
and any multiple of two tube passes
(two, four, etc. tube passes)
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Methodology for Design Calculations: Log Mean
Temp. Difference (LMTD) Method
T m  F T m ,CF
• Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers:

Correction factor for a shell-and-tube


heat exchanger with two shell passes
and any multiple of four tube passes
(four, eight, etc. tube passes)
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Methodology for Design Calculations: Log Mean
Temp. Difference (LMTD) Method
• Crossflow Heat Exchangers: T m  F T m ,CF

Correction factor for a single-pass,


cross-flow heat exchanger with both
fluids unmixed
Heat Exchangers: Design Considerations
Methodology for Design Calculations: Log Mean
Temp. Difference (LMTD) Method
• Crossflow Heat Exchangers: T m  F T m ,CF

Correction factor for a single-pass,


cross-flow heat exchanger with one
fluid mixed and the other unmixed

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